Main Article Content
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to obtain empirical evidence of the influence of the elements of fraud diamond namely: pressure, opportunity, rationalization, and capability on fraudulent financial reporting. The samples in the study were selected by usifigureng a non-probability sampling technique with a purposive sampling method with a total number of samples that met the sample selection criteria of 76 samples, namely 19 manufacturing companies during the four years of the 2011–2014 observation period. The collected data were analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. Fraudulent financial reporting was measured using Dechow et al's F-Score (2007) which can be included as a first-pass test in evaluating the possibility of manipulation. This research showed that opportunity and rationalization are proven to be fraud diamond elements that most influence the occurrence of fraudulent financial reporting in the companies. While pressure and capability have no effect on fraudulent financial reporting. The implication of this study is that the ratio of total inventory as a proxy for opportunity measurement and the ratio of total accrual to total assets as a proxy for measurement of rationalization has a significant effect on fraudulent financial reporting, meaning that these ratios can be used by management to detect fraudulent financial reporting practices in manufacturing companies.
Keywords
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References
- Aborbie, S. (2015). Narrowing the Gap of Financial Fraud Detection in Corporations. Ph.D Dissertation, Walden University at Minneapolis.
- Association of Certified Fraud Examiner. (2012). Report to The Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse. Austin: Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, Inc.
- American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. (2002). Statement on Auditing Standards No. 99. New York: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, Inc.
- Albrecht, W. S., C. C. Albrecht, and C. O. Albrecht. (2004). Fraud and Corporate Executives: Agency, Stewardship and Broken Trust. Journal of Forensic Accounting, 5, 109–130.
- Amaliah, B. N., Y. Januarsi, dan Y. I Ibrani. (2016). Perspektif Fraud Diamond Theory Dalam Menjelaskan Earnings Management Non-GAAP Pada Perusahaan. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Auditing Indonesia, 19 (1), 51–67.
- Arles, L. (2014). Faktor – Faktor Pendorong Terjadinya Fraud: Predator vs. Accidental Fraudster Diamond theory Refleksi Teori Fraud Triangle (Klasik) Suatu Kajian Teoritis. Working Paper, Universitas Riau.
- Assem, T. Van Den. (2011). Income Smoothing Across Europe: the Informativeness Explored. Thesis, Erasmus University at Rotterdam.
- Beasley, M. S., J. V. Carcello, D. R. Hermanson, and P. D. Lapides. (2000). Fraudulent Financial Reporting: Consideration of Industry Traits and Corporate Governance Mechanisms. Accounting Horizons, 14 (4), 441–454.
- Beneish, M. D. (1999). The Detection of Earnings Manipulation. Financial Analysts Journal, 5 (June), 24–36.
- Brooks, L. J. and P. Dunn. (2015). Bussiness and Professional Ethics 7th. Ohio: South-Western CENGAGE Learning.
- Budiartha, I. G. W. (2017). Pengaruh Kinerja Keuangan pada Nilai Perusahaan dengan Pengungkapan Corporate Social Responsibility sebagai Variabel Pemoderasi. Thesis, Universitas Udayana.
- Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. (2010). Fraudulent Financial Reporting 1998 - 2007: An Analysis of U.S. Public Companies. Diunduh tanggal 21 Juli 2015, http://www.coso.org.
- Dechow, P. M., W. Ge, C. R. Larson, and R. G. Sloan. (2007). Predicting Material Accounting Misstatements. Contemporary Accounting Research, 28 (1), 17–82.
- Ebrahim, A. (2007). Earnings Management and Board Activity: An Additional Evidence. Review of Accounting and Finance, 6 (1), 42–58.
- Gagola, A. S. C. (2011). Analisis Faktor Risiko yang Mempengaruhi Kecenderungan Kecurangan Pelaporan Keuangan Perusahaan Publik di Indonesia. Thesis, Universitas Diponegoro.
- Ghozali, I. (2012). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS 20 Edisi 6. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
- Gilmore, J. B. and R. Johnson. (2013). The Fraud Diamond vs. Fraud Triangle Analytics: Evaluating “Capability†As a Modification for Auditing Unstructured Enterprise Data. Working Paper, Frostburg State University at Maryland.
- Halim, J., C. Meiden, dan R. L. Tobing. (2005). Pengaruh Manajemen Laba Pada Tingkat Pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Termasuk dalam Indeks LQ-45.
- Simposium Nasional Akuntansi VIII Solo, (September), 15–16.
- Healy, P. M. and J. M. Wahlen. (1999). A Review of the Earnings Management Literature and Its Implications for Standard Setting. Accounting Horizons, 13 (4), 365–383.
- Hutomo, O. S. (2012). Cara Mendeteksi Fraudulent Financial Reporting dengan Menggunakan Rasio-rasio Finansial (Studi Kasus Perusahaan Yang Terdaftar di Annual Report Bapepam). Thesis, Universitas Diponegoro.
- Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia. (2001). Standar Profesional Akuntan Publik. Jakarta: Divisi Penerbit IAI.
- Jensen, M. C. and W. H. Meckling. (1976). Theory of the Firm : Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305–360.
- Koroy, T. R. (2008). Pendeteksian Kecurangan (Fraud) Laporan Keuangan oleh Auditor Eksternal. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 10 (1), 22–23.
- Lou, Y. and M. Wang. (2009). Fraud Risk Factor Of The Fraud Triangle Assessing The Likelihood Of Fraudulent Financial Reporting. Journal of Business & Economics Research, 7 (2), 61–78.
- Marinakis, P. (2011). An Investigation of Earnings Management and Earnings Manipulation in The UK. Ph.D Dissertation, The University of Nottingham.
- Martantya dan Daljono. (2013). Pendeteksian Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan Melalui Faktor Risiko Tekanan dan Peluang (Studi Kasus pada Perusahaan yang Mendapat Sanksi dari Bapepam Periode 2002-2006). Jurnal Akuntansi Fakultas Ekonomika Dan Bisnis Universitas Diponegoro, 2 (2), 1–12.
- Molida, R. dan A. Chariri. (2011). Pengaruh Financial Stability, Personal Financial Need dan Ineffective Monitoring pada Financial Statement Fraud dalam Perspektif Fraud Triangle. Jurnal Akuntansi Fakultas Ekonomika dan Bisnis Universitas Diponegoro, 1 (1), 1–34.
- Nabila, A. R. (2013). Deteksi Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan Dalam Perspektif Fraud Triangle. Thesis, Universitas Diponegoro.
- Nguyen, K. (2010). Financial Statement Fraud: Motives, Methods, Cases and Detection. Diunduh tanggal 23 Agustus 2015, http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781119202356.ch6.
- Norbarani, L. (2012). Pendeteksian Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan dengan Analisis Fraud Triangle yang Diadopsi dalam SAS No. 99. Thesis, Universitas Diponegoro.
- Pardosi, R. W. (2015). Analisis Fraud Diamond Dalam Mendeteksi Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Indonesia dengan Menggunakan Fraud Score Model. Diunduh tanggal 19 Juli 2015, http://digilib.unila.ac.id/7050/.
- Prasastie, A. (2015). Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan dengan Perspektif Fraud Diamond (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan LQ-45 yang Terdaftar di BEI Tahun 2009-2013). Diunduh tanggal 28 April 2016, http://digilib.unila.ac.id/7979/.
- Rahman, M. M., M. Moniruzzaman, and M. J. Sharif. (2013). Techniques, Motives and Controls of Earnings Management. International Journal of Information Technology and Business Management, 11 (1), 22–34.
- Richardson, S. A., R. G. Sloan, M. T. Soliman, and I. Tuna. (2005). The implications of firm growth and accounting distortions for accruals and profitability. The Accounting Review, 81 (May), 1–51.
- Rini, V. Y. dan T. Achmad. (2012). Analisis Prediksi Potensi Risiko Fraudulent Financial Statement melalui Fraud Score Model. Jurnal Akuntansi Fakultas Ekonomika Dan Bisnis Universitas Diponegoro, 1 (1), 1–15.
- Ruankaew, T. (2013). The Fraud Factors. International Journal of Management and Administrative Sciences (IJMAS), 2 (2), 1–5.
- Rudewicz, F. (2011). The Fraud Diamond : Use of Investigative Due Diligence to Identify the “Capability Element of Fraudâ€. Connecticut Turnaround Management Association (CTTMA) Newsletter, IV (1), 1–13.
- Rustendi, T. (2009). Analisis Terhadap Faktor Pemicu Terjadinya Fraud (Suatu Kajian Teoritis Bagi Kepentingan Audit Internal). Jurnal Akuntansi, 4 (2), 705–714.
- Scott, W. R. (2003). Financial Accounting Theory. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
- Sekaran, U. (2003). Metodologi Penelitian untuk Bisnis. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.
- Shelton, A. M. (2014). Analysis of Capabilities Attributed to the Fraud Diamond. Diunduh tanggal 23 Agustus 2015, http://dc.etsu.edu/honors/213.
- Sihombing, K. S. (2014). Analisis Fraud Diamond Dalam Mendeteksi Financial Statement Fraud (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan LQ-45 yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2010-2012). Jurnal Akuntansi Fakultas Ekonomika dan Bisnis Universitas Diponegoro, 3 (2), 1–12.
- Skousen, C. J., K. R. Smith, and C. J. Wright. (2009). Detecting and predicting financial statement fraud: The effectiveness of the fraud triangle and SAS No. 99. Advances in Financial Economics, 13 (99), 53–81.
- Stribu, D., M. Moraru, N. Farcane, R. Blidisel, and A. Popa. (2009). Fraud and Error. Auditors’ Responsibility Levels. Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica, 11 (1), 54–64.
- Sugiyono. (2013). Metode Penelitian Bisnis. Bandung: Alfabeta.
- Summers, S. L. and J. T. Sweeney. (1998). Fraudulently misstated financial statements and insider trading: An empirical analysis. The Accounting Review, 73 (1), 131–146.
- Tugas, F. C. (2012). Exploring a new element of fraud: A study on selected financial accounting fraud cases in the world. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 2 (6), 112–121.
- Ujiyantho, M. A. dan B. A. Pramuka. (2007). Mekanisme Corporate Governance, Manajemen Laba dan Kinerja Keuangan (studi pada perusahaan go publik sektor manufaktur). Simposium Nasional Akuntansi X Makassar, (Juli), 1–26.
- Vermeer, T. E. (2003). The Impact of SAS No. 82 on An Auditor’s Tolerance of Earnings Management. Journal of Forensic Accounting, 5, 21–34.
- Wandeca, J. S. (2012). Analisis Pengaruh Pergantian Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Terhadap Praktek Manajemen Laba (Studi Pada Perusahaan BUMN dan Non BUMN di Bursa Efek Indonesia). Diunduh tanggal 19 Juli 2015, http://fe-akuntansi.unila.ac.id.
- Wells, P. (2002). Earnings management surrounding CEO changes. Accounting and Finance, 42 (2), 169–193.
- Wirayudha, I. G. B. (2017). Manajemen Laba pada Saat Pergantian Chief Executive Officer (CEO). Thesis, Universitas Udayana.
- Wolfe, D. T. and D. R. Hermanson. (2004). The Fraud Diamond: Considering the Four Elements of Fraud. CPA Journal, 74 (12), 38–42.
- Zimbelman, M. F., C. C. Albrecht, W. S. Albrecht, and C. O. Albrecht. (2014). Akuntansi Forensik. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.
References
Aborbie, S. (2015). Narrowing the Gap of Financial Fraud Detection in Corporations. Ph.D Dissertation, Walden University at Minneapolis.
Association of Certified Fraud Examiner. (2012). Report to The Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse. Austin: Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, Inc.
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. (2002). Statement on Auditing Standards No. 99. New York: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, Inc.
Albrecht, W. S., C. C. Albrecht, and C. O. Albrecht. (2004). Fraud and Corporate Executives: Agency, Stewardship and Broken Trust. Journal of Forensic Accounting, 5, 109–130.
Amaliah, B. N., Y. Januarsi, dan Y. I Ibrani. (2016). Perspektif Fraud Diamond Theory Dalam Menjelaskan Earnings Management Non-GAAP Pada Perusahaan. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Auditing Indonesia, 19 (1), 51–67.
Arles, L. (2014). Faktor – Faktor Pendorong Terjadinya Fraud: Predator vs. Accidental Fraudster Diamond theory Refleksi Teori Fraud Triangle (Klasik) Suatu Kajian Teoritis. Working Paper, Universitas Riau.
Assem, T. Van Den. (2011). Income Smoothing Across Europe: the Informativeness Explored. Thesis, Erasmus University at Rotterdam.
Beasley, M. S., J. V. Carcello, D. R. Hermanson, and P. D. Lapides. (2000). Fraudulent Financial Reporting: Consideration of Industry Traits and Corporate Governance Mechanisms. Accounting Horizons, 14 (4), 441–454.
Beneish, M. D. (1999). The Detection of Earnings Manipulation. Financial Analysts Journal, 5 (June), 24–36.
Brooks, L. J. and P. Dunn. (2015). Bussiness and Professional Ethics 7th. Ohio: South-Western CENGAGE Learning.
Budiartha, I. G. W. (2017). Pengaruh Kinerja Keuangan pada Nilai Perusahaan dengan Pengungkapan Corporate Social Responsibility sebagai Variabel Pemoderasi. Thesis, Universitas Udayana.
Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. (2010). Fraudulent Financial Reporting 1998 - 2007: An Analysis of U.S. Public Companies. Diunduh tanggal 21 Juli 2015, http://www.coso.org.
Dechow, P. M., W. Ge, C. R. Larson, and R. G. Sloan. (2007). Predicting Material Accounting Misstatements. Contemporary Accounting Research, 28 (1), 17–82.
Ebrahim, A. (2007). Earnings Management and Board Activity: An Additional Evidence. Review of Accounting and Finance, 6 (1), 42–58.
Gagola, A. S. C. (2011). Analisis Faktor Risiko yang Mempengaruhi Kecenderungan Kecurangan Pelaporan Keuangan Perusahaan Publik di Indonesia. Thesis, Universitas Diponegoro.
Ghozali, I. (2012). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS 20 Edisi 6. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Gilmore, J. B. and R. Johnson. (2013). The Fraud Diamond vs. Fraud Triangle Analytics: Evaluating “Capability†As a Modification for Auditing Unstructured Enterprise Data. Working Paper, Frostburg State University at Maryland.
Halim, J., C. Meiden, dan R. L. Tobing. (2005). Pengaruh Manajemen Laba Pada Tingkat Pengungkapan Laporan Keuangan Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Termasuk dalam Indeks LQ-45.
Simposium Nasional Akuntansi VIII Solo, (September), 15–16.
Healy, P. M. and J. M. Wahlen. (1999). A Review of the Earnings Management Literature and Its Implications for Standard Setting. Accounting Horizons, 13 (4), 365–383.
Hutomo, O. S. (2012). Cara Mendeteksi Fraudulent Financial Reporting dengan Menggunakan Rasio-rasio Finansial (Studi Kasus Perusahaan Yang Terdaftar di Annual Report Bapepam). Thesis, Universitas Diponegoro.
Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia. (2001). Standar Profesional Akuntan Publik. Jakarta: Divisi Penerbit IAI.
Jensen, M. C. and W. H. Meckling. (1976). Theory of the Firm : Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305–360.
Koroy, T. R. (2008). Pendeteksian Kecurangan (Fraud) Laporan Keuangan oleh Auditor Eksternal. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 10 (1), 22–23.
Lou, Y. and M. Wang. (2009). Fraud Risk Factor Of The Fraud Triangle Assessing The Likelihood Of Fraudulent Financial Reporting. Journal of Business & Economics Research, 7 (2), 61–78.
Marinakis, P. (2011). An Investigation of Earnings Management and Earnings Manipulation in The UK. Ph.D Dissertation, The University of Nottingham.
Martantya dan Daljono. (2013). Pendeteksian Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan Melalui Faktor Risiko Tekanan dan Peluang (Studi Kasus pada Perusahaan yang Mendapat Sanksi dari Bapepam Periode 2002-2006). Jurnal Akuntansi Fakultas Ekonomika Dan Bisnis Universitas Diponegoro, 2 (2), 1–12.
Molida, R. dan A. Chariri. (2011). Pengaruh Financial Stability, Personal Financial Need dan Ineffective Monitoring pada Financial Statement Fraud dalam Perspektif Fraud Triangle. Jurnal Akuntansi Fakultas Ekonomika dan Bisnis Universitas Diponegoro, 1 (1), 1–34.
Nabila, A. R. (2013). Deteksi Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan Dalam Perspektif Fraud Triangle. Thesis, Universitas Diponegoro.
Nguyen, K. (2010). Financial Statement Fraud: Motives, Methods, Cases and Detection. Diunduh tanggal 23 Agustus 2015, http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781119202356.ch6.
Norbarani, L. (2012). Pendeteksian Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan dengan Analisis Fraud Triangle yang Diadopsi dalam SAS No. 99. Thesis, Universitas Diponegoro.
Pardosi, R. W. (2015). Analisis Fraud Diamond Dalam Mendeteksi Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Indonesia dengan Menggunakan Fraud Score Model. Diunduh tanggal 19 Juli 2015, http://digilib.unila.ac.id/7050/.
Prasastie, A. (2015). Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan dengan Perspektif Fraud Diamond (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan LQ-45 yang Terdaftar di BEI Tahun 2009-2013). Diunduh tanggal 28 April 2016, http://digilib.unila.ac.id/7979/.
Rahman, M. M., M. Moniruzzaman, and M. J. Sharif. (2013). Techniques, Motives and Controls of Earnings Management. International Journal of Information Technology and Business Management, 11 (1), 22–34.
Richardson, S. A., R. G. Sloan, M. T. Soliman, and I. Tuna. (2005). The implications of firm growth and accounting distortions for accruals and profitability. The Accounting Review, 81 (May), 1–51.
Rini, V. Y. dan T. Achmad. (2012). Analisis Prediksi Potensi Risiko Fraudulent Financial Statement melalui Fraud Score Model. Jurnal Akuntansi Fakultas Ekonomika Dan Bisnis Universitas Diponegoro, 1 (1), 1–15.
Ruankaew, T. (2013). The Fraud Factors. International Journal of Management and Administrative Sciences (IJMAS), 2 (2), 1–5.
Rudewicz, F. (2011). The Fraud Diamond : Use of Investigative Due Diligence to Identify the “Capability Element of Fraudâ€. Connecticut Turnaround Management Association (CTTMA) Newsletter, IV (1), 1–13.
Rustendi, T. (2009). Analisis Terhadap Faktor Pemicu Terjadinya Fraud (Suatu Kajian Teoritis Bagi Kepentingan Audit Internal). Jurnal Akuntansi, 4 (2), 705–714.
Scott, W. R. (2003). Financial Accounting Theory. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Sekaran, U. (2003). Metodologi Penelitian untuk Bisnis. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.
Shelton, A. M. (2014). Analysis of Capabilities Attributed to the Fraud Diamond. Diunduh tanggal 23 Agustus 2015, http://dc.etsu.edu/honors/213.
Sihombing, K. S. (2014). Analisis Fraud Diamond Dalam Mendeteksi Financial Statement Fraud (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan LQ-45 yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2010-2012). Jurnal Akuntansi Fakultas Ekonomika dan Bisnis Universitas Diponegoro, 3 (2), 1–12.
Skousen, C. J., K. R. Smith, and C. J. Wright. (2009). Detecting and predicting financial statement fraud: The effectiveness of the fraud triangle and SAS No. 99. Advances in Financial Economics, 13 (99), 53–81.
Stribu, D., M. Moraru, N. Farcane, R. Blidisel, and A. Popa. (2009). Fraud and Error. Auditors’ Responsibility Levels. Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica, 11 (1), 54–64.
Sugiyono. (2013). Metode Penelitian Bisnis. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Summers, S. L. and J. T. Sweeney. (1998). Fraudulently misstated financial statements and insider trading: An empirical analysis. The Accounting Review, 73 (1), 131–146.
Tugas, F. C. (2012). Exploring a new element of fraud: A study on selected financial accounting fraud cases in the world. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 2 (6), 112–121.
Ujiyantho, M. A. dan B. A. Pramuka. (2007). Mekanisme Corporate Governance, Manajemen Laba dan Kinerja Keuangan (studi pada perusahaan go publik sektor manufaktur). Simposium Nasional Akuntansi X Makassar, (Juli), 1–26.
Vermeer, T. E. (2003). The Impact of SAS No. 82 on An Auditor’s Tolerance of Earnings Management. Journal of Forensic Accounting, 5, 21–34.
Wandeca, J. S. (2012). Analisis Pengaruh Pergantian Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Terhadap Praktek Manajemen Laba (Studi Pada Perusahaan BUMN dan Non BUMN di Bursa Efek Indonesia). Diunduh tanggal 19 Juli 2015, http://fe-akuntansi.unila.ac.id.
Wells, P. (2002). Earnings management surrounding CEO changes. Accounting and Finance, 42 (2), 169–193.
Wirayudha, I. G. B. (2017). Manajemen Laba pada Saat Pergantian Chief Executive Officer (CEO). Thesis, Universitas Udayana.
Wolfe, D. T. and D. R. Hermanson. (2004). The Fraud Diamond: Considering the Four Elements of Fraud. CPA Journal, 74 (12), 38–42.
Zimbelman, M. F., C. C. Albrecht, W. S. Albrecht, and C. O. Albrecht. (2014). Akuntansi Forensik. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.