Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examines the effect of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) scores on firm value in ASEAN. This study uses data from 184 public companies listed on the stock exchanges of each country from 2010 to 2019. This study finds that ESG scores have a negative effect on firm value (Tobin's Q). This finding shows that the higher the ESG value, the lower the firm value (undervalued) in ASEAN. Furthermore, this study shows the influence of each pillar, namely the environmental, social, and governance. The environmental and social pillars negatively affect firm value, while the governance pillar has no effect. In ASEAN, a high ESG score is not considered an advantage for a company. This research has implications for companies to consider increasing information and compliance with environmental and social aspects of the company to increase their values. In addition, it also adds to the literature regarding the determinants of firm value on non-financial factors.
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References
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- Abrams, R., Han, S. & Hossain, M.T. (2021). Environmental performance, environmental management and company valuation. Journal of Global Responsibility, 12(4), 400-415. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGR-10-2020-0092
- Fauziah, D. A., Sukoharsono, E. G., & Saraswati, E. (2020). Corporate social responsibility disclosure towards firm value: Innovation as mediation. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), 9(7), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i7.967
- Alareeni, B. A., & Hamdan, A. (2020). ESG impact on the performance of US S&P 500-listed firms. Corporate Governance (Bingley), 20(7), 1409–1428. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-06-2020-0258
- Albuquerque, R. Durnev, A. and Koskinen, Y. (2012). Corporate social responsibility and asset pricing in industry equilibrium. available at SSRN 1961971.
- Alsayegh, M. F., Rahman, R. A., & Homayoun, S. (2020). Corporate economic, environmental, and social sustainability performance transformation through ESG disclosure. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(9): 3910. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093910
- Apriyono, A., & Taman, A. (2013). Analisis Overreation pada Saham Perusahaan Manufaktur di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) Periode 2005 - 2009. Jurnal Nomina, II, 75–76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21831/nominal.v2i2.1665
- Arif, M., Sajjad, A., Farooq, S., Abrar, M., & Joyo, A. S. (2021). The impact of audit committee attributes on the quality and quantity of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosures. Corporate Governance, 21(3), 497–514. https://doi.org/10.1108/cg-06-2020-0243
- Atidhira, A. T., & Yustina, A. I. (2017). The Influence of Return on Asset, Debt to Equity Ratio, Earnings per Share, and Company Size on Share Return in Property and Real Estate Companies. JAAF (Journal of Applied Accounting and Finance), 1(2), 128–146. http://doi.org/10.33021/jaaf.v1i2.363
- Bing, T., & Li, M. (2019). Does CSR signal the firm value? Evidence from China.
- Sustainability, 11(15), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154255
- Buallay, A. (2019). Is sustainability reporting (ESG) associated with performance? Evidence from the European banking sector. Management of Environmental Quality, 30 (1), 98-115. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-12-2017-0149
- Chouaibi, S., Chouaibi, J. and Rossi, M. (2022). ESG and corporate financial performance: the mediating role of green innovation: UK common law versus Germany civil law. EuroMed Journal of Business, 17(1), 46-71. https://doi.org/10.1108/EMJB-09-2020-0101
- Chairani, C. and Siregar, S.V. (2021). The effect of enterprise risk management on financial performance and firm value: the role of environmental, social and governance performance. Meditari Accountancy Research, 29(3), 647-670. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-09-2019-0549
- Chung, K. H., & Pruitt, S. W. (1994). A Simple Approximation of Tobin’s q. Financial Management, 23(3), 70–74. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/3665623
- Dang, C., (Frank) Li, Z., & Yang, C. (2018). Measuring firm size in empirical corporate finance. Journal of Banking and Finance, 86, 159–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2017.09.006
- Ehsan, S., Nazir, M. S., Nurunnabi, M., Khan, Q. R., Tahir, S., & Ahmed, I. (2018). A multimethod approach to assess and measure corporate social responsibility disclosure and practices in a developing economy. Sustainability, 10(8), 2955. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082955
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- Fahad, P., & Busru, S. A. (2021). CSR disclosure and firm performance: evidence from an emerging market. Corporate Governance (Bingley), 21(August), 553–568. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-05-2020-0201
- Freeman, R. E. E., & McVea, J. (2005). A stakeholder approach to strategic management.
- SSRN Electronic Journal, March 2018. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.263511.
- Garcia-Sanchez, I.-M., Cuadrado-Ballesteros, B. and Sepulveda, C. (2014). Does media pressure moderate CSR disclosures by external directors?. Management Decision, 52 (6), 1014-1045. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-09-2013-0446
- Gharaibeh, A. M. O., & Qader, A. (2017). As measured by Tobin's Q, factors influencing firm value: Empirical evidence from the Saudi Stock Exchange (TADAWUL). International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research, 15(6), 333–358.
- Gray, R., Owen, D. and Adams, C., Eds. (1996) Accounting and accountability: changes and challenges in corporate social and environmental reporting. Prentice-Hall: London.
- Guo, Z., Hou, S., & Li, Q. 2020. Corporate social responsibility and firm value: The moderating effects of financial flexibility and R&D investment. Sustainability, 12(20), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208452
- Han, J.-J., Kim, H. J., & Yu, J. (2016). An empirical study on the relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance in Korea. Asian Journal of Sustainability and Social Responsibility, 1(1), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41180-016-0002-3
- Humphrey, R. Lee, D. D, Shen, Y. (2012). Does it cost to be sustainable? Journal of Corporate Finance, 18(3), 626-639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2012.03.002
- Ionescu, G. H., Firoiu, D., Pirvu, R., & Vilag, R. D. (2019). The impact of ESG factors on the market value of companies from the travel and tourism industry. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 25 (5), 820–849. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2019.10294
- Jensen, M. C. 2017. Value maximization, stakeholder theory, and the corporate objective function. Unfolding Stakeholder Thinking: Theory, Responsibility, and Engagement, 01, 65–84. https://doi.org/10.2307/3857812
- Kim, W. S., Park, K., & Lee, S. H. 2018. Corporate social responsibility, ownership structure, and firm value: evidence from Korea. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(7), 2497. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072497
- Korwatanasakul, U & Majoe, A. (2019). ESG investment towards sustainable development in ASEAN and Japan. Tokyo: AJC.
- Korwatanasakul, U. (2020). Environmental, social, and governance investment: concepts, prospects, and the policy landscape. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute.
- Lumoly, S., Murni, S., & Untu, V. N. 2018. Pengaruh likuiditas, ukuran perusahaan dan profitabilitas terhadap nilai perusahaan (studi pada perusahaan logam dan sejenisnya yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia). Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis dan Akuntansi, 6(3), 1108–1117. https://doi.org/10.35794/emba.6.3.2018.20072
- Melinda, A., & Wardhani, R. (2020). The effect of environmental, social, governance, and controversies on firms' value: evidence from Asia. Barnett, W.A. and Sergi, B.S. (Ed.) Advanced Issues in the Economics of Emerging Markets (International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics, 27), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, 147-173. https://doi.org/10.1108/s1571-038620200000027011
- Miralles, M. M., J. L., & Gonçalves, L. M. V. (2018). The value relevance of environmental, social, and governance performance: The Brazilian case. Sustainability, 10(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030574
- Nguyen, B. T. N., Tran, H. T. T., Le, O. H., Nguyen, P. T., Trinh, T. H., & Le, V. (2015). Association between corporate social responsibility disclosures and firm value– empirical evidence from Vietnam. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting, 1(1), 212-228. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v5i1.7394
- Reuters, T. 2017. Date of issue: March 2017. Thomson Reuters EIKON, March.
- Signori, S., San-Jose, L., Retolaza, J. L., & Rusconi, G. 2021. Stakeholder value creation: Comparing ESG and value-added in European companies. Sustainability, 13(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031392
- Smith, M., Yahya, K. and Marzuki, A. (2007). Environmental disclosure and performance reporting in Malaysia. Asian Review of Accounting, 15(2), 185-199. https://doi.org/10.1108/13217340710823387
- Sujoko, S. 2018. Pengaruh struktur kepemilikan, strategi diversifikasi, leverage, faktor intern dan faktor ekstern terhadap nilai perusahaan (studi empirik pada perusahaan manufaktur dan non manufaktur di bursa efek Jakarta). EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan), 11 (2), 236–254. https://doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2007.v11.i2.317
- Tarmuji, I., Maelah, R., & Tarmuji, N. H. 2016. The impact of environmental, social and governance practices (ESG) on economic performance: evidence from esg score. International Journal of Trade, Economics, and Finance, 7(3), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijtef.2016.7.3.501
- MSCI. 2021. What is ESG. Retrieved March 29, 2021, from https://www.msci.com/our-solutions/esg-investing/what-is-esg
- Widiastari, P. A., & Yasa, G. W. 2018. Pengaruh profitabilitas, free cash flow, dan ukuran perusahaan pada nilai perusahaan. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 23(2), 957-981. https://doi.org/10.24843/eja.2018.v23.i02.p06
- Wu, C.-H. 2021. On the moderating effects of country governance on the relationships between corporate governance and firm performance. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(3), 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14030140
- Xu, J., Liu, F., & Shang, Y. 2020. R&D investment, ESG performance and green innovation performance: evidence from China. Kybernetes, 50(3), 737-756. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-12-2019-0793
- Yoon, B., Lee, J. H., & Byun, R. 2018. Does esg performance enhance firm value? Evidence from korea. Sustainability, 10(10), 3635. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103635
References
Aboud, A., & Diab, A. (2018). The impact of social, environmental and corporate governance disclosures on firm value: Evidence from Egypt. Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies, 8(4), 442–458. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAEE-08-2017-0079
Abrams, R., Han, S. & Hossain, M.T. (2021). Environmental performance, environmental management and company valuation. Journal of Global Responsibility, 12(4), 400-415. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGR-10-2020-0092
Fauziah, D. A., Sukoharsono, E. G., & Saraswati, E. (2020). Corporate social responsibility disclosure towards firm value: Innovation as mediation. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), 9(7), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i7.967
Alareeni, B. A., & Hamdan, A. (2020). ESG impact on the performance of US S&P 500-listed firms. Corporate Governance (Bingley), 20(7), 1409–1428. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-06-2020-0258
Albuquerque, R. Durnev, A. and Koskinen, Y. (2012). Corporate social responsibility and asset pricing in industry equilibrium. available at SSRN 1961971.
Alsayegh, M. F., Rahman, R. A., & Homayoun, S. (2020). Corporate economic, environmental, and social sustainability performance transformation through ESG disclosure. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(9): 3910. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093910
Apriyono, A., & Taman, A. (2013). Analisis Overreation pada Saham Perusahaan Manufaktur di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) Periode 2005 - 2009. Jurnal Nomina, II, 75–76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21831/nominal.v2i2.1665
Arif, M., Sajjad, A., Farooq, S., Abrar, M., & Joyo, A. S. (2021). The impact of audit committee attributes on the quality and quantity of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosures. Corporate Governance, 21(3), 497–514. https://doi.org/10.1108/cg-06-2020-0243
Atidhira, A. T., & Yustina, A. I. (2017). The Influence of Return on Asset, Debt to Equity Ratio, Earnings per Share, and Company Size on Share Return in Property and Real Estate Companies. JAAF (Journal of Applied Accounting and Finance), 1(2), 128–146. http://doi.org/10.33021/jaaf.v1i2.363
Bing, T., & Li, M. (2019). Does CSR signal the firm value? Evidence from China.
Sustainability, 11(15), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154255
Buallay, A. (2019). Is sustainability reporting (ESG) associated with performance? Evidence from the European banking sector. Management of Environmental Quality, 30 (1), 98-115. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-12-2017-0149
Chouaibi, S., Chouaibi, J. and Rossi, M. (2022). ESG and corporate financial performance: the mediating role of green innovation: UK common law versus Germany civil law. EuroMed Journal of Business, 17(1), 46-71. https://doi.org/10.1108/EMJB-09-2020-0101
Chairani, C. and Siregar, S.V. (2021). The effect of enterprise risk management on financial performance and firm value: the role of environmental, social and governance performance. Meditari Accountancy Research, 29(3), 647-670. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-09-2019-0549
Chung, K. H., & Pruitt, S. W. (1994). A Simple Approximation of Tobin’s q. Financial Management, 23(3), 70–74. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/3665623
Dang, C., (Frank) Li, Z., & Yang, C. (2018). Measuring firm size in empirical corporate finance. Journal of Banking and Finance, 86, 159–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2017.09.006
Ehsan, S., Nazir, M. S., Nurunnabi, M., Khan, Q. R., Tahir, S., & Ahmed, I. (2018). A multimethod approach to assess and measure corporate social responsibility disclosure and practices in a developing economy. Sustainability, 10(8), 2955. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082955
Elgergeni, S., Khan, N. and Kakabadse, N. (2018). Firm ownership structure impact on corporate social responsibility: evidence from austerity UK. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 25(7), 602-618 https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2018.1450306
Fahad, P., & Busru, S. A. (2021). CSR disclosure and firm performance: evidence from an emerging market. Corporate Governance (Bingley), 21(August), 553–568. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-05-2020-0201
Freeman, R. E. E., & McVea, J. (2005). A stakeholder approach to strategic management.
SSRN Electronic Journal, March 2018. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.263511.
Garcia-Sanchez, I.-M., Cuadrado-Ballesteros, B. and Sepulveda, C. (2014). Does media pressure moderate CSR disclosures by external directors?. Management Decision, 52 (6), 1014-1045. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-09-2013-0446
Gharaibeh, A. M. O., & Qader, A. (2017). As measured by Tobin's Q, factors influencing firm value: Empirical evidence from the Saudi Stock Exchange (TADAWUL). International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research, 15(6), 333–358.
Gray, R., Owen, D. and Adams, C., Eds. (1996) Accounting and accountability: changes and challenges in corporate social and environmental reporting. Prentice-Hall: London.
Guo, Z., Hou, S., & Li, Q. 2020. Corporate social responsibility and firm value: The moderating effects of financial flexibility and R&D investment. Sustainability, 12(20), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208452
Han, J.-J., Kim, H. J., & Yu, J. (2016). An empirical study on the relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance in Korea. Asian Journal of Sustainability and Social Responsibility, 1(1), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41180-016-0002-3
Humphrey, R. Lee, D. D, Shen, Y. (2012). Does it cost to be sustainable? Journal of Corporate Finance, 18(3), 626-639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2012.03.002
Ionescu, G. H., Firoiu, D., Pirvu, R., & Vilag, R. D. (2019). The impact of ESG factors on the market value of companies from the travel and tourism industry. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 25 (5), 820–849. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2019.10294
Jensen, M. C. 2017. Value maximization, stakeholder theory, and the corporate objective function. Unfolding Stakeholder Thinking: Theory, Responsibility, and Engagement, 01, 65–84. https://doi.org/10.2307/3857812
Kim, W. S., Park, K., & Lee, S. H. 2018. Corporate social responsibility, ownership structure, and firm value: evidence from Korea. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(7), 2497. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072497
Korwatanasakul, U & Majoe, A. (2019). ESG investment towards sustainable development in ASEAN and Japan. Tokyo: AJC.
Korwatanasakul, U. (2020). Environmental, social, and governance investment: concepts, prospects, and the policy landscape. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute.
Lumoly, S., Murni, S., & Untu, V. N. 2018. Pengaruh likuiditas, ukuran perusahaan dan profitabilitas terhadap nilai perusahaan (studi pada perusahaan logam dan sejenisnya yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia). Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis dan Akuntansi, 6(3), 1108–1117. https://doi.org/10.35794/emba.6.3.2018.20072
Melinda, A., & Wardhani, R. (2020). The effect of environmental, social, governance, and controversies on firms' value: evidence from Asia. Barnett, W.A. and Sergi, B.S. (Ed.) Advanced Issues in the Economics of Emerging Markets (International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics, 27), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, 147-173. https://doi.org/10.1108/s1571-038620200000027011
Miralles, M. M., J. L., & Gonçalves, L. M. V. (2018). The value relevance of environmental, social, and governance performance: The Brazilian case. Sustainability, 10(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030574
Nguyen, B. T. N., Tran, H. T. T., Le, O. H., Nguyen, P. T., Trinh, T. H., & Le, V. (2015). Association between corporate social responsibility disclosures and firm value– empirical evidence from Vietnam. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting, 1(1), 212-228. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v5i1.7394
Reuters, T. 2017. Date of issue: March 2017. Thomson Reuters EIKON, March.
Signori, S., San-Jose, L., Retolaza, J. L., & Rusconi, G. 2021. Stakeholder value creation: Comparing ESG and value-added in European companies. Sustainability, 13(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031392
Smith, M., Yahya, K. and Marzuki, A. (2007). Environmental disclosure and performance reporting in Malaysia. Asian Review of Accounting, 15(2), 185-199. https://doi.org/10.1108/13217340710823387
Sujoko, S. 2018. Pengaruh struktur kepemilikan, strategi diversifikasi, leverage, faktor intern dan faktor ekstern terhadap nilai perusahaan (studi empirik pada perusahaan manufaktur dan non manufaktur di bursa efek Jakarta). EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan), 11 (2), 236–254. https://doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2007.v11.i2.317
Tarmuji, I., Maelah, R., & Tarmuji, N. H. 2016. The impact of environmental, social and governance practices (ESG) on economic performance: evidence from esg score. International Journal of Trade, Economics, and Finance, 7(3), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijtef.2016.7.3.501
MSCI. 2021. What is ESG. Retrieved March 29, 2021, from https://www.msci.com/our-solutions/esg-investing/what-is-esg
Widiastari, P. A., & Yasa, G. W. 2018. Pengaruh profitabilitas, free cash flow, dan ukuran perusahaan pada nilai perusahaan. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 23(2), 957-981. https://doi.org/10.24843/eja.2018.v23.i02.p06
Wu, C.-H. 2021. On the moderating effects of country governance on the relationships between corporate governance and firm performance. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(3), 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14030140
Xu, J., Liu, F., & Shang, Y. 2020. R&D investment, ESG performance and green innovation performance: evidence from China. Kybernetes, 50(3), 737-756. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-12-2019-0793
Yoon, B., Lee, J. H., & Byun, R. 2018. Does esg performance enhance firm value? Evidence from korea. Sustainability, 10(10), 3635. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103635