Main Article Content
Abstract
Chief Financial Officer (CFO) is a chief executive whose responsibilities are related to accounting and audit work. However, there is a downward trend in hiring CFOs with an accounting background. Therefore, we aim to study the relationship between accountant CFO and audit outcomes. This paper use samples of non-financial firms listed on the Indonesia Exchange Stock (IDX) from 2010 to 2018 and using OLS with a cluster by the firm in Stata 17.0 to analyze the relationship between accountant CFO and audit outcomes. We document that accountant CFOs tend to appoint Big4 accounting firms because they demand a higher audit quality. Furthermore, the results suggest that accountant CFOs are more likely to have a higher audit fee, a higher audit quality, and a shorter audit report lag. This finding shows that the accountant CFO can be related to the audit outcomes and this shows how auditors value the accountant CFOs. We expect this paper contributes to enrich the literature on accountant CFO and helps firms in hiring their CFO.
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References
- Abernathy, J. L., Guo, F., Kubick, T. R., & Masli, A. (2019). Financial statement footnote readability and corporate audit outcomes. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 38(2), 1–26.
- Aier, J. K., Comprix, J., Gunlock, M. T., & Lee, D. (2005). The financial expertise of CFOs and accounting restatements. Accounting Horizons, 19(3), 123–135.
- Albrecht, A., Mauldin, E. G., & Newton, N. J. (2018). Do auditors recognize the potential dark side of executives’ accounting competence? The Accounting Review, 93(6), 1–28.
- Alzoubi, E. S. S. (2018). Audit quality, debt financing, and earnings management: Evidence from Jordan. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 30, 69–84.
- Basioudis, I. G., & Francis, J. R. (2007). Big 4 audit fee premiums for national and office‐level industry leadership in the United Kingdom. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 26(2), 143–166.
- Beck, M. J., & Mauldin, E. G. (2014). Who’s really in charge? Audit committee versus CFO power and audit fees. The Accounting Review, 89(6), 2057–2085.
- Bedard, J. C., Hoitash, R., & Hoitash, U. (2014). Chief Financial Officers as Inside Directors. Contemporary Accounting Research, 31(3), 787–817. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12045
- Bernard, D., Ge, W., Matsumoto, D., & Toynbee, S. (2021). Implied Tradeoffs of Chief Financial Officer Accounting Expertise: Evidence from Firm-Manager Matching. Management Science, 67(9), 5776–5799.
- Chen, M.-C., Chang, C.-W., & Lee, M.-C. (2020). The effect of chief financial officers’ accounting expertise on corporate tax avoidance: the role of compensation design. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 54(1), 273–296.
- Cho, M., Kwon, S. Y., & Krishnan, G. V. (2021). Audit fee lowballing: Determinants, recovery, and future audit quality. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 40(4), 106787.
- Condie, E. R., Obermire, K. M., Seidel, T. A., & Wilkins, M. S. (2021). Prior Audit Experience and CFO Financial Reporting Aggressiveness. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 40(4), 99–121.
- Dauth, T., Pronobis, P., & Schmid, S. (2017). Exploring the Link Between Internationalization of Top Management and Accounting Quality: The CFO’s International Experience Matters. International Business Review, 26(1), 71–88.
- Dechow, P. M., & Dichev, I. D. (2002). The Quality of Accruals and Earnings: The Role of Accrual Estimation Errors. The Accounting Review, 77, 35–59. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3203324
- Durand, G. (2019). The determinants of audit report lag: a meta-analysis. Managerial Auditing Journal.
- Eshleman, J. D., & Guo, P. (2014). Do Big 4 auditors provide higher audit quality after controlling for the endogenous choice of auditor? Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 33(4), 197–219.
- Evelina, L. W. (2019). Komunitas adalah Pesan: Studi Netnografi Virtual di Situs Wisata TripAdvisor. Warta ISKI, 1(02), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.25008/wartaiski.v1i02.19
- Feng, M., Ge, W., Luo, S., & Shevlin, T. (2011). Why do CFOs become involved in material accounting manipulations? Journal of Accounting and Economics, 51(1–2), 21–36. https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:jaecon:v:51:y:2011:i:1-2:p:21-36
- Francis, J. R. (2011). A Framework for Understanding and Researching Audit Quality. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 30(2), 125–152.
- Francis, Jere R. (2004). What do we know about audit quality? The British Accounting Review, 36(4), 345–368.
- Gaynor, L. M., Kelton, A. S., Mercer, M., & Yohn, T. L. (2016). Understanding the relation between financial reporting quality and audit quality. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 35(4), 1–22.
- Gray, G. L., & Ratzinger, N. V. S. (2010). Perceptions of preparers, users and auditors regarding financial statement audits conducted by Big 4 accounting firms. International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 7(4), 344–363.
- Guan, Y., & Su, L. (2016). Wu, D., & Yang, Z.(2016). Do school ties between auditors and client executives influence audit outcomes. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 61(2–3), 506–525.
- Guo, J., Kim, S., Yu, Y., & Kim, J. Y. J. (2021). Does CFO accounting expertise matter to corporate social responsibility disclosure in 10-Ks? Journal of Applied Accounting Research.
- Habib, A., Bhuiyan, M. B. U., Huang, H. J., & Miah, M. S. (2019). Determinants of audit report lag: A meta‐analysis. International Journal of Auditing, 23(1), 20–44.
- Habib, A., Wu, J., Bhuiyan, M. B. U., & Sun, X. (2019). Determinants of auditor choice: Review of the empirical literature. International Journal of Auditing, 23(2), 308–335.
- Hambrick, D. C. (2007). Upper echelons theory: An update. Academy of Management Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510.
- Hay, D. (2013). Further evidence from meta‐analysis of audit fee research. International Journal of Auditing, 17(2), 162–176.
- Hay, D. C., Knechel, W. R., & Wong, N. (2006). Audit fees: A meta‐analysis of the effect of supply and demand attributes. Contemporary Accounting Research, 23(1), 141–191.
- Hellman, N. (2011). Chief Financial Officer Influence on Audit Planning. International Journal of Auditing, 15(3), 247–274. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1943328
- Hoitash, R., Hoitash, U., & Kurt, A. C. (2016). Do accountants make better chief financial officers? Journal of Accounting and Economics, 61(2–3), 414–432.
- Jiang, J. X., Petroni, K. R., & Wang, I. Y. (2010). CFOs and CEOs: Who have the most influence on earnings management? Journal of Financial Economics, 96(3), 513–526.
- Knechel, W. R., & Payne, J. L. (2001). Additional evidence on audit report lag. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 20(1), 137–146.
- Lee, H., & Lee, H. (2013). Do Big 4 audit firms improve the value relevance of earnings and equity? Managerial Auditing Journal.
- Lennox, C. (2005). Audit quality and executive officers’ affiliations with CPA firms. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 39(2), 201–231.
- Li, C., Sun, L., & Ettredge, M. (2010). Financial executive qualifications, financial executive turnover, and adverse SOX 404 opinions. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(1), 93–110.
- Lin, Z. J., & Liu, M. (2009). The impact of corporate governance on auditor choice: Evidence from China. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 18(1), 44–59.
- Murphy, M. (2013). Boards look for CFOs with general-management chops. Wall Str. J., B6.
- Oradi, J. (2021). CEO succession origin, audit report lag, and audit fees: Evidence from Iran. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 45, 100414.
- Payne, J. L., & Williamson, R. (2021). An examination of the influence of mutual CFO/audit firm tenure on audit quality. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 40(4), 106825.
- Petersen, M. A. (2009). Estimating standard errors in finance panel data sets: Comparing approaches. The Review of Financial Studies, 22(1), 435–480.
- Ross, J. (2019). The Future of the CFO: From Number Cruncher to Value Driver. Visual Capitalist.
- Simunic, D. A. (1980). The Pricing of Audit Services: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Accounting Research, 18(1), 161–190. https://doi.org/10.2307/2490397
- Sun, L., Johnson, G., & Rahman, F. A. (2015). CFO financial expertise and corporate governance concerns. International Journal of Law and Management, 57, 573–581.
- Widmann, M., Follert, F., & Wolz, M. (2021). What is it going to cost? Empirical evidence from a systematic literature review of audit fee determinants. Management Review Quarterly, 71(2), 455–489.
- Xiao, T., Geng, C., & Yuan, C. (2020). How audit effort affects audit quality: An audit process and audit output perspective. China Journal of Accounting Research, 13(1), 109–127.
- Zang & Liu, W. (2010). Research on the Relation between the CFO Characteristic Variables in Chinese Listed Companies and the Quality of Accounting Information. International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering, 477–482.
- Zhang, J. H. (2018). Accounting comparability, audit effort, and audit outcomes. Contemporary Accounting Research, 35(1), 245–276.
References
Abernathy, J. L., Guo, F., Kubick, T. R., & Masli, A. (2019). Financial statement footnote readability and corporate audit outcomes. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 38(2), 1–26.
Aier, J. K., Comprix, J., Gunlock, M. T., & Lee, D. (2005). The financial expertise of CFOs and accounting restatements. Accounting Horizons, 19(3), 123–135.
Albrecht, A., Mauldin, E. G., & Newton, N. J. (2018). Do auditors recognize the potential dark side of executives’ accounting competence? The Accounting Review, 93(6), 1–28.
Alzoubi, E. S. S. (2018). Audit quality, debt financing, and earnings management: Evidence from Jordan. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 30, 69–84.
Basioudis, I. G., & Francis, J. R. (2007). Big 4 audit fee premiums for national and office‐level industry leadership in the United Kingdom. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 26(2), 143–166.
Beck, M. J., & Mauldin, E. G. (2014). Who’s really in charge? Audit committee versus CFO power and audit fees. The Accounting Review, 89(6), 2057–2085.
Bedard, J. C., Hoitash, R., & Hoitash, U. (2014). Chief Financial Officers as Inside Directors. Contemporary Accounting Research, 31(3), 787–817. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12045
Bernard, D., Ge, W., Matsumoto, D., & Toynbee, S. (2021). Implied Tradeoffs of Chief Financial Officer Accounting Expertise: Evidence from Firm-Manager Matching. Management Science, 67(9), 5776–5799.
Chen, M.-C., Chang, C.-W., & Lee, M.-C. (2020). The effect of chief financial officers’ accounting expertise on corporate tax avoidance: the role of compensation design. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 54(1), 273–296.
Cho, M., Kwon, S. Y., & Krishnan, G. V. (2021). Audit fee lowballing: Determinants, recovery, and future audit quality. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 40(4), 106787.
Condie, E. R., Obermire, K. M., Seidel, T. A., & Wilkins, M. S. (2021). Prior Audit Experience and CFO Financial Reporting Aggressiveness. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 40(4), 99–121.
Dauth, T., Pronobis, P., & Schmid, S. (2017). Exploring the Link Between Internationalization of Top Management and Accounting Quality: The CFO’s International Experience Matters. International Business Review, 26(1), 71–88.
Dechow, P. M., & Dichev, I. D. (2002). The Quality of Accruals and Earnings: The Role of Accrual Estimation Errors. The Accounting Review, 77, 35–59. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3203324
Durand, G. (2019). The determinants of audit report lag: a meta-analysis. Managerial Auditing Journal.
Eshleman, J. D., & Guo, P. (2014). Do Big 4 auditors provide higher audit quality after controlling for the endogenous choice of auditor? Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 33(4), 197–219.
Evelina, L. W. (2019). Komunitas adalah Pesan: Studi Netnografi Virtual di Situs Wisata TripAdvisor. Warta ISKI, 1(02), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.25008/wartaiski.v1i02.19
Feng, M., Ge, W., Luo, S., & Shevlin, T. (2011). Why do CFOs become involved in material accounting manipulations? Journal of Accounting and Economics, 51(1–2), 21–36. https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:jaecon:v:51:y:2011:i:1-2:p:21-36
Francis, J. R. (2011). A Framework for Understanding and Researching Audit Quality. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 30(2), 125–152.
Francis, Jere R. (2004). What do we know about audit quality? The British Accounting Review, 36(4), 345–368.
Gaynor, L. M., Kelton, A. S., Mercer, M., & Yohn, T. L. (2016). Understanding the relation between financial reporting quality and audit quality. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 35(4), 1–22.
Gray, G. L., & Ratzinger, N. V. S. (2010). Perceptions of preparers, users and auditors regarding financial statement audits conducted by Big 4 accounting firms. International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 7(4), 344–363.
Guan, Y., & Su, L. (2016). Wu, D., & Yang, Z.(2016). Do school ties between auditors and client executives influence audit outcomes. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 61(2–3), 506–525.
Guo, J., Kim, S., Yu, Y., & Kim, J. Y. J. (2021). Does CFO accounting expertise matter to corporate social responsibility disclosure in 10-Ks? Journal of Applied Accounting Research.
Habib, A., Bhuiyan, M. B. U., Huang, H. J., & Miah, M. S. (2019). Determinants of audit report lag: A meta‐analysis. International Journal of Auditing, 23(1), 20–44.
Habib, A., Wu, J., Bhuiyan, M. B. U., & Sun, X. (2019). Determinants of auditor choice: Review of the empirical literature. International Journal of Auditing, 23(2), 308–335.
Hambrick, D. C. (2007). Upper echelons theory: An update. Academy of Management Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510.
Hay, D. (2013). Further evidence from meta‐analysis of audit fee research. International Journal of Auditing, 17(2), 162–176.
Hay, D. C., Knechel, W. R., & Wong, N. (2006). Audit fees: A meta‐analysis of the effect of supply and demand attributes. Contemporary Accounting Research, 23(1), 141–191.
Hellman, N. (2011). Chief Financial Officer Influence on Audit Planning. International Journal of Auditing, 15(3), 247–274. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1943328
Hoitash, R., Hoitash, U., & Kurt, A. C. (2016). Do accountants make better chief financial officers? Journal of Accounting and Economics, 61(2–3), 414–432.
Jiang, J. X., Petroni, K. R., & Wang, I. Y. (2010). CFOs and CEOs: Who have the most influence on earnings management? Journal of Financial Economics, 96(3), 513–526.
Knechel, W. R., & Payne, J. L. (2001). Additional evidence on audit report lag. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 20(1), 137–146.
Lee, H., & Lee, H. (2013). Do Big 4 audit firms improve the value relevance of earnings and equity? Managerial Auditing Journal.
Lennox, C. (2005). Audit quality and executive officers’ affiliations with CPA firms. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 39(2), 201–231.
Li, C., Sun, L., & Ettredge, M. (2010). Financial executive qualifications, financial executive turnover, and adverse SOX 404 opinions. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(1), 93–110.
Lin, Z. J., & Liu, M. (2009). The impact of corporate governance on auditor choice: Evidence from China. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 18(1), 44–59.
Murphy, M. (2013). Boards look for CFOs with general-management chops. Wall Str. J., B6.
Oradi, J. (2021). CEO succession origin, audit report lag, and audit fees: Evidence from Iran. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 45, 100414.
Payne, J. L., & Williamson, R. (2021). An examination of the influence of mutual CFO/audit firm tenure on audit quality. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 40(4), 106825.
Petersen, M. A. (2009). Estimating standard errors in finance panel data sets: Comparing approaches. The Review of Financial Studies, 22(1), 435–480.
Ross, J. (2019). The Future of the CFO: From Number Cruncher to Value Driver. Visual Capitalist.
Simunic, D. A. (1980). The Pricing of Audit Services: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Accounting Research, 18(1), 161–190. https://doi.org/10.2307/2490397
Sun, L., Johnson, G., & Rahman, F. A. (2015). CFO financial expertise and corporate governance concerns. International Journal of Law and Management, 57, 573–581.
Widmann, M., Follert, F., & Wolz, M. (2021). What is it going to cost? Empirical evidence from a systematic literature review of audit fee determinants. Management Review Quarterly, 71(2), 455–489.
Xiao, T., Geng, C., & Yuan, C. (2020). How audit effort affects audit quality: An audit process and audit output perspective. China Journal of Accounting Research, 13(1), 109–127.
Zang & Liu, W. (2010). Research on the Relation between the CFO Characteristic Variables in Chinese Listed Companies and the Quality of Accounting Information. International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering, 477–482.
Zhang, J. H. (2018). Accounting comparability, audit effort, and audit outcomes. Contemporary Accounting Research, 35(1), 245–276.