Main Article Content
Abstract
This study explores the relationship between IT governance and audit outcomes, including audit costs, quality, report lag, opinions, and the readability of financial statement footnotes in Indonesian public companies. Utilizing regression analysis, the research finds that while IT governance does not significantly affect audit costs, report lag, or opinions, it positively influences audit quality. Contrary to expectations, higher IT capabilities do not lead to increased audit costs but reduce them by lowering audit efforts. Furthermore, IT governance does not notably impact footnote readability, potentially due to information overload in annual reports. These findings shed light on the importance of IT governance in shaping audit quality and provide valuable insights for stakeholders in Indonesian public companies. Further research is encouraged to explore these relationships in different contexts and industries.
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References
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- Anthony Jr, B. (2018). Using green it governance as a catalyst to improve sustainable practices adoption: a contingency theory perspective. International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management, 8(2), 124-157.
- Antle, R., & Nalebuff, B. (1991). Conservatism and auditor-client negotiations. Journal of Accounting Research, 29, 31-54. https://doi.org/10.2307/2491002
- Askary, S., Goodwin, D., & Lanis, R. (2012). Improvements in audit risks related to information technology frauds. International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems (IJEIS), 8(2), 52-63. doi: 10.4018/jeis.2012040104
- Batyashe, T. N., & Iyamu, T. (2017). Examining it governance through diffusion of innovations: a case of a South African telecom. Information Resources Management Journal (IRMJ), 30(3), 26-40. doi: 10.4018/IRMJ.2017070102
- Becker, C. L., DeFond, M. L., Jiambalvo, J., & Subramanyam, K. (1998). The effect of audit quality on earnings management. Contemporary Accounting Research, 15(1), 1-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1911-3846.1998.tb00547.x
- Benaroch, M., & Chernobai, A. (2017). Operational it failures, it value-destruction, and board-level it governance changes. MIS Quarterly, Forthcoming. doi: 10.25300/MISQ/2017/41.3.04
- Bierstaker, J. L., Burnaby, P., & Thibodeau, J. (2001). The impact of information technology on the audit process: an assessment of the state of the art and implications for the future. Managerial Auditing Journal, 16(3), 159-164. doi: 10.1108/02686900110385489
- Board, F. A. S. (1980). Statement of financial accounting concepts No. 2: qualitative characteristics of accounting information. Financ Acc Stand Board.
- Courtis, J. K. (1995). Readability of annual reports: Western versus Asian evidence. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 8(2), 4-17. doi: 10.1108/09513579510086795
- De Franco, G., Wong, M. F., & Zhou, Y. (2011). Accounting adjustments and the valuation of financial statement note information in 10-K filings. The Accounting Review, 86(5), 1577-1604. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1569644
- De Haes, S., & Van Grembergen, W. (2008). Analysing the relationship between it governance and business/it alignment maturity. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2008).doi: 10.1109/HICSS.2008.66
- Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). 2014. Notes to financial statements. exposure draft. Chapter 8. Norwalk, CT: FASB.
- Felix Jr, W. L., & Kinney Jr, W. R. (1982). Research in the auditor's opinion formulation process: state of the art. Accounting review, 245-271.
- Francis, J. R., & Krishnan, J. (1999). Accounting accruals and auditor reporting conservatism. Contemporary Accounting Research, 16(1), 135-165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1911-3846.1999.tb00577.x
- Francis, T. (2014). To be clear, sec reviewers want filings in plain English, period. Wall Street Journal.
- Givoly, D., & Palmon, D. (1982). Timeliness of annual earnings announcements: some empirical evidence. Accounting review, 486-508. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/i302500
- Gregory, R. W., Kaganer, E., Henfridsson, O., & Ruch, T. J. (2018). IT Consumerization and the transformation of it governance. Mis Quarterly, 42(4), 1225-1253. doi: 10.25300/MISQ/2018/13703
- Habib, A., & Bhuiyan, M. B. U. (2018). Overlapping membership on audit and compensation committees, equity holdings of overlapping members and audit outcomes. Accounting Research Journal, 31(4), 509-530. doi: 10.1108/ARJ-09-2015-0116
- Havelka, D., & Merhout, J. W. (2013). Internal information technology audit process quality: theory development using structured group processes. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 14(3), 165-192. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accinf.2012.12.001
- Henderson, J. C., & Venkatraman, H. (1999). Strategic alignment: leveraging information technology for transforming organizations. IBM systems journal, 38(2.3), 472-484. Retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5387398
- Hoffman, B. W., Sellers, R. D., & Skomra, J. (2018). The impact of client information technology capability on audit pricing. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 29, 59-75. doi: 10.1016/j.accinf.2018.03.002
- Iliescu, F. M. (2010). Auditing IT governance. Informatica Economica, 14(1), 93.
- IT Governance Institute [ITGI]. (2003). Board briefing on it governance. IT Governance Institute, 2nd Edition. Retrieved from http://www.itgi.org
- Jacobson, D. D. (2009). Revisiting IT governance in the light of institutional theory. Paper presented at the 2009 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. doi: 10.1109/HICSS.2009.374
- Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305–360. doi: 10.1002/9780470752135.ch17
- Johnstone, K. M., & Bedard, J. C. (2003). Risk management in client acceptance decisions. The Accounting Review, 78(4), 1003-1025. doi: 10.2308/accr.2003.78.4.1003
- Jones, M. J., & Shoemaker, P. A. (1994). Accounting narratives: A review of empirical studies of content and readability. Journal of accounting literature, 13, 142.
- Joshi, A., Bollen, L., Hassink, H., De Haes, S., & Van Grembergen, W. (2018). Explaining IT governance disclosure through the constructs of it governance maturity and IT strategic role. Information & Management, 55(3), 368-380.doi: 10.1016/j.im.2017.09.003
- Karim, M. A., & Sarkar, S. (2019). Auditors' quality, footnotes, and earnings persistence. Managerial Finance. doi: 10.1108/MF-11-2018-0569
- Lai, K.-W. (2019). Audit report lag, audit fees, and audit quality following an audit firm merger: Evidence from Hong Kong. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 100271. doi: 10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2019.100271
- Lai, M., Basiruddin, R., & Menshawy, I. M. (2022). A Review of Board level it governance: a taxonomy to inform the quality of financial reports.
- Lee, T. A., & Tweedie, D. (1975). Accounting information: an investigation of private shareholder usage. Accounting and Business Research, 5(20), 280-291.
- Leliveld, I., & Jeffrey, M. (2004). Best practices in it portfolio management. MIT Sloan Management Review.
- Lehavy, R., Li, F., & Merkley, K. (2011). The effect of annual report readability on analyst following and the properties of their earnings forecasts. The Accounting Review, 86(3), 1087-1115. doi: 10.2308/accr.00000043
- Li, F. (2008). Annual report readability, current earnings, and earnings persistence. Journal of Accounting and economics, 45(2-3), 221-247. doi: 10.1016/j.jacceco.2008.02.003
- Lowe, D. J., Bierstaker, J. L., Janvrin, D. J., & Jenkins, J. G. (2017). Information technology in an audit context: have the big 4 lost their advantage? Journal of Information Systems, 32(1), 87-107.
- doi: 10.2308/isys-51794
- Lunardi, G. L., Becker, J. L., Maçada, A. C. G., & Dolci, P. C. (2014). The impact of adopting it governance on financial performance: an empirical analysis among Brazilian firms. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 15(1), 66-81. doi: 10.1016/j.accinf.2013.02.001
- Maizlish, B., & Handler, R. (2005). IT (information technology) portfolio management step-by-step: Unlocking the business value of technology: John Wiley & Sons.
- Marchand, D. A. (2005). Reaping the business value of IT. Business & Economic Review, 51(4), 21-24.
- Mata, F. J., Fuerst, W. L., & Barney, J. B. (1995). Information technology and sustained competitive advantage: a resource-based analysis. Mis Quarterly, 487-505. doi: 10.2307/25148626
- Mazza, T., & Azzali, S. (2018). Information technology controls quality and audit fees: evidence from Italy. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 33(1), 123-146. doi: 10.1177/0148558X15625582
- Newton, J. D., & Ashton, R. H. (1989). The association between audit technology and audit delay. Auditing-a Journal of Practice & Theory, 8, 22-37.
- Peterson, R. R. (2004). Integration strategies and tactics for information technology governance Strategies for information technology governance (pp. 37-80): Igi Global. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Reima-Suomi/publication/314501133_Governance_Structures_for_IT_in_the_Health_Care_Industry/links/5519414a0cf2d241f355f085/Governance-Structures-for-IT-in-the-Health-Care-Industry.pdf
- Prasad, A., Green, P., & Heales, J. (2012). On it governance structures and their effectiveness in collaborative organizational structures. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 13(3), 199-220. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220890025_IT_Governance_in_Collaborative_Organizational_Structures
- Rubino, M., Vitolla, F., & Garzoni, A. (2017). The impact of an it governance framework on the internal control environment. Records Management Journal, 27(1), 19-41. doi: 10.1108/RMJ-03-2016-0007
- Sambamurthy, V., & Zmud, R. W. (2000). Research commentary: The organizing logic for an enterprise's it activities in the digital era—a prognosis of practice and a call for research. Information systems research, 11(2), 105-114. doi: 10.1287/isre.11.2.105.11780
- Schwarz, A., & Hirschheim, R. (2003). An extended platform logic perspective of it governance: managing perceptions and activities of it. The journal of strategic information systems, 12(2), 129-166. doi: 10.1016/S0963-8687(03)00021-0
- Fung, S. Y. K., Raman, K., & Zhu, X. K. (2017). Does the PCAOB international inspection program improve audit quality for non-US-listed foreign clients? Journal of Accounting and economics, 64(1), 15-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jacceco.2017.04.002
- Tallon, P. P., Ramirez, R. V., & Short, J. E. (2013). The information artifact in it governance: toward a theory of information governance. Journal of Management Information Systems, 30(3), 141-178. doi: 10.2753/MIS0742-1222300306
- Van Grembergen, W. (2004). Strategies for information technology governance: Igi Global. doi: 10.4018/978-1-59140-140-7
- Van Grembergen, W., & De Haes, S. (2009). Enterprise governance of information technology: achieving strategic alignment and value. New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-25918-1_1
- Veerankutty, F., Ramayah, T., & Ali, N. A. (2018). Information technology governance on audit technology performance among Malaysian public sector auditors. Social Sciences, 7(8), 124. doi: 10.15405/epfe.23081.1
- Weill, P., & Vitale, M. (2002). What it infrastructure capabilities are needed to implement e-business models? Mis Quarterly, 1(1), 17. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220500707_What_IT_Infrastructure_Capabilities_are_Needed_to_Implement_E-Business_Models
- Willson, P., & Pollard, C. (2009). Exploring it governance in theory and practice in a large multi-national organisation in Australia. Information Systems Management, 26(2), 98-109. doi: 10.1080/10580530902794760
- Xue, L., Ray, G., & Gu, B. (2011). Environmental uncertainty and it infrastructure governance: a curvilinear relationship. Information systems research, 22(2), 389-399.doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1593115
- Xue, Y., Liang, H., & Boulton, W. R. (2008). Information technology governance in information technology investment decision processes: the impact of investment characteristics, external environment, and internal context. Mis Quarterly, 67-96. doi: 10.2307/25148829
- You, H., & Zhang, X.-j. (2009). Financial reporting complexity and investor underreaction to 10-k information. Review of Accounting studies, 14(4), 559-586. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.985365
- Zhang, J. H. (2018). Accounting comparability, audit effort, and audit outcomes. Contemporary Accounting Research, 35(1), 245-276. doi: 10.1111/1911-3846.12381
References
Abernathy, J. L., Guo, F., Kubick, T. R., & Masli, A. (2018). Financial statement footnote readability and corporate audit outcomes. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory.
Anthony Jr, B. (2018). Using green it governance as a catalyst to improve sustainable practices adoption: a contingency theory perspective. International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management, 8(2), 124-157.
Antle, R., & Nalebuff, B. (1991). Conservatism and auditor-client negotiations. Journal of Accounting Research, 29, 31-54. https://doi.org/10.2307/2491002
Askary, S., Goodwin, D., & Lanis, R. (2012). Improvements in audit risks related to information technology frauds. International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems (IJEIS), 8(2), 52-63. doi: 10.4018/jeis.2012040104
Batyashe, T. N., & Iyamu, T. (2017). Examining it governance through diffusion of innovations: a case of a South African telecom. Information Resources Management Journal (IRMJ), 30(3), 26-40. doi: 10.4018/IRMJ.2017070102
Becker, C. L., DeFond, M. L., Jiambalvo, J., & Subramanyam, K. (1998). The effect of audit quality on earnings management. Contemporary Accounting Research, 15(1), 1-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1911-3846.1998.tb00547.x
Benaroch, M., & Chernobai, A. (2017). Operational it failures, it value-destruction, and board-level it governance changes. MIS Quarterly, Forthcoming. doi: 10.25300/MISQ/2017/41.3.04
Bierstaker, J. L., Burnaby, P., & Thibodeau, J. (2001). The impact of information technology on the audit process: an assessment of the state of the art and implications for the future. Managerial Auditing Journal, 16(3), 159-164. doi: 10.1108/02686900110385489
Board, F. A. S. (1980). Statement of financial accounting concepts No. 2: qualitative characteristics of accounting information. Financ Acc Stand Board.
Courtis, J. K. (1995). Readability of annual reports: Western versus Asian evidence. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 8(2), 4-17. doi: 10.1108/09513579510086795
De Franco, G., Wong, M. F., & Zhou, Y. (2011). Accounting adjustments and the valuation of financial statement note information in 10-K filings. The Accounting Review, 86(5), 1577-1604. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1569644
De Haes, S., & Van Grembergen, W. (2008). Analysing the relationship between it governance and business/it alignment maturity. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2008).doi: 10.1109/HICSS.2008.66
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). 2014. Notes to financial statements. exposure draft. Chapter 8. Norwalk, CT: FASB.
Felix Jr, W. L., & Kinney Jr, W. R. (1982). Research in the auditor's opinion formulation process: state of the art. Accounting review, 245-271.
Francis, J. R., & Krishnan, J. (1999). Accounting accruals and auditor reporting conservatism. Contemporary Accounting Research, 16(1), 135-165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1911-3846.1999.tb00577.x
Francis, T. (2014). To be clear, sec reviewers want filings in plain English, period. Wall Street Journal.
Givoly, D., & Palmon, D. (1982). Timeliness of annual earnings announcements: some empirical evidence. Accounting review, 486-508. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/i302500
Gregory, R. W., Kaganer, E., Henfridsson, O., & Ruch, T. J. (2018). IT Consumerization and the transformation of it governance. Mis Quarterly, 42(4), 1225-1253. doi: 10.25300/MISQ/2018/13703
Habib, A., & Bhuiyan, M. B. U. (2018). Overlapping membership on audit and compensation committees, equity holdings of overlapping members and audit outcomes. Accounting Research Journal, 31(4), 509-530. doi: 10.1108/ARJ-09-2015-0116
Havelka, D., & Merhout, J. W. (2013). Internal information technology audit process quality: theory development using structured group processes. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 14(3), 165-192. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accinf.2012.12.001
Henderson, J. C., & Venkatraman, H. (1999). Strategic alignment: leveraging information technology for transforming organizations. IBM systems journal, 38(2.3), 472-484. Retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5387398
Hoffman, B. W., Sellers, R. D., & Skomra, J. (2018). The impact of client information technology capability on audit pricing. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 29, 59-75. doi: 10.1016/j.accinf.2018.03.002
Iliescu, F. M. (2010). Auditing IT governance. Informatica Economica, 14(1), 93.
IT Governance Institute [ITGI]. (2003). Board briefing on it governance. IT Governance Institute, 2nd Edition. Retrieved from http://www.itgi.org
Jacobson, D. D. (2009). Revisiting IT governance in the light of institutional theory. Paper presented at the 2009 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. doi: 10.1109/HICSS.2009.374
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305–360. doi: 10.1002/9780470752135.ch17
Johnstone, K. M., & Bedard, J. C. (2003). Risk management in client acceptance decisions. The Accounting Review, 78(4), 1003-1025. doi: 10.2308/accr.2003.78.4.1003
Jones, M. J., & Shoemaker, P. A. (1994). Accounting narratives: A review of empirical studies of content and readability. Journal of accounting literature, 13, 142.
Joshi, A., Bollen, L., Hassink, H., De Haes, S., & Van Grembergen, W. (2018). Explaining IT governance disclosure through the constructs of it governance maturity and IT strategic role. Information & Management, 55(3), 368-380.doi: 10.1016/j.im.2017.09.003
Karim, M. A., & Sarkar, S. (2019). Auditors' quality, footnotes, and earnings persistence. Managerial Finance. doi: 10.1108/MF-11-2018-0569
Lai, K.-W. (2019). Audit report lag, audit fees, and audit quality following an audit firm merger: Evidence from Hong Kong. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 100271. doi: 10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2019.100271
Lai, M., Basiruddin, R., & Menshawy, I. M. (2022). A Review of Board level it governance: a taxonomy to inform the quality of financial reports.
Lee, T. A., & Tweedie, D. (1975). Accounting information: an investigation of private shareholder usage. Accounting and Business Research, 5(20), 280-291.
Leliveld, I., & Jeffrey, M. (2004). Best practices in it portfolio management. MIT Sloan Management Review.
Lehavy, R., Li, F., & Merkley, K. (2011). The effect of annual report readability on analyst following and the properties of their earnings forecasts. The Accounting Review, 86(3), 1087-1115. doi: 10.2308/accr.00000043
Li, F. (2008). Annual report readability, current earnings, and earnings persistence. Journal of Accounting and economics, 45(2-3), 221-247. doi: 10.1016/j.jacceco.2008.02.003
Lowe, D. J., Bierstaker, J. L., Janvrin, D. J., & Jenkins, J. G. (2017). Information technology in an audit context: have the big 4 lost their advantage? Journal of Information Systems, 32(1), 87-107.
doi: 10.2308/isys-51794
Lunardi, G. L., Becker, J. L., Maçada, A. C. G., & Dolci, P. C. (2014). The impact of adopting it governance on financial performance: an empirical analysis among Brazilian firms. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 15(1), 66-81. doi: 10.1016/j.accinf.2013.02.001
Maizlish, B., & Handler, R. (2005). IT (information technology) portfolio management step-by-step: Unlocking the business value of technology: John Wiley & Sons.
Marchand, D. A. (2005). Reaping the business value of IT. Business & Economic Review, 51(4), 21-24.
Mata, F. J., Fuerst, W. L., & Barney, J. B. (1995). Information technology and sustained competitive advantage: a resource-based analysis. Mis Quarterly, 487-505. doi: 10.2307/25148626
Mazza, T., & Azzali, S. (2018). Information technology controls quality and audit fees: evidence from Italy. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 33(1), 123-146. doi: 10.1177/0148558X15625582
Newton, J. D., & Ashton, R. H. (1989). The association between audit technology and audit delay. Auditing-a Journal of Practice & Theory, 8, 22-37.
Peterson, R. R. (2004). Integration strategies and tactics for information technology governance Strategies for information technology governance (pp. 37-80): Igi Global. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Reima-Suomi/publication/314501133_Governance_Structures_for_IT_in_the_Health_Care_Industry/links/5519414a0cf2d241f355f085/Governance-Structures-for-IT-in-the-Health-Care-Industry.pdf
Prasad, A., Green, P., & Heales, J. (2012). On it governance structures and their effectiveness in collaborative organizational structures. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 13(3), 199-220. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220890025_IT_Governance_in_Collaborative_Organizational_Structures
Rubino, M., Vitolla, F., & Garzoni, A. (2017). The impact of an it governance framework on the internal control environment. Records Management Journal, 27(1), 19-41. doi: 10.1108/RMJ-03-2016-0007
Sambamurthy, V., & Zmud, R. W. (2000). Research commentary: The organizing logic for an enterprise's it activities in the digital era—a prognosis of practice and a call for research. Information systems research, 11(2), 105-114. doi: 10.1287/isre.11.2.105.11780
Schwarz, A., & Hirschheim, R. (2003). An extended platform logic perspective of it governance: managing perceptions and activities of it. The journal of strategic information systems, 12(2), 129-166. doi: 10.1016/S0963-8687(03)00021-0
Fung, S. Y. K., Raman, K., & Zhu, X. K. (2017). Does the PCAOB international inspection program improve audit quality for non-US-listed foreign clients? Journal of Accounting and economics, 64(1), 15-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jacceco.2017.04.002
Tallon, P. P., Ramirez, R. V., & Short, J. E. (2013). The information artifact in it governance: toward a theory of information governance. Journal of Management Information Systems, 30(3), 141-178. doi: 10.2753/MIS0742-1222300306
Van Grembergen, W. (2004). Strategies for information technology governance: Igi Global. doi: 10.4018/978-1-59140-140-7
Van Grembergen, W., & De Haes, S. (2009). Enterprise governance of information technology: achieving strategic alignment and value. New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-25918-1_1
Veerankutty, F., Ramayah, T., & Ali, N. A. (2018). Information technology governance on audit technology performance among Malaysian public sector auditors. Social Sciences, 7(8), 124. doi: 10.15405/epfe.23081.1
Weill, P., & Vitale, M. (2002). What it infrastructure capabilities are needed to implement e-business models? Mis Quarterly, 1(1), 17. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220500707_What_IT_Infrastructure_Capabilities_are_Needed_to_Implement_E-Business_Models
Willson, P., & Pollard, C. (2009). Exploring it governance in theory and practice in a large multi-national organisation in Australia. Information Systems Management, 26(2), 98-109. doi: 10.1080/10580530902794760
Xue, L., Ray, G., & Gu, B. (2011). Environmental uncertainty and it infrastructure governance: a curvilinear relationship. Information systems research, 22(2), 389-399.doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1593115
Xue, Y., Liang, H., & Boulton, W. R. (2008). Information technology governance in information technology investment decision processes: the impact of investment characteristics, external environment, and internal context. Mis Quarterly, 67-96. doi: 10.2307/25148829
You, H., & Zhang, X.-j. (2009). Financial reporting complexity and investor underreaction to 10-k information. Review of Accounting studies, 14(4), 559-586. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.985365
Zhang, J. H. (2018). Accounting comparability, audit effort, and audit outcomes. Contemporary Accounting Research, 35(1), 245-276. doi: 10.1111/1911-3846.12381