Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examines the moderating effect of sustainable competitive advantage on the relationship between sustainable finance and bank profitability of Indonesian conventional commercial banks from 2019 to 2022. The study has found that sustainable finance has a positive impact on bank profitability (ROA and ROE). However, the impact of sustainable competitive advantage on bank profitability was only positive with ROA, suggesting that ROA is a more effective indicator of bank profitability for this study. Furthermore, the study indicates that the impact of sustainable finance on bank profitability (both ROA and ROE) is diminished by the delay in the implementation of sustainability reporting during the COVID-19 reporting period. The results of this study are likely to encourage banks to increase their sustainable finance and focus on improving the quality of sustainability reporting in order to gain a competitive advantage in the current banking industry landscape in Indonesia.
Keywords
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References
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- Andrieș, A. M., & Sprincean, N. (2023). ESG performance and banks’ funding costs. Finance Research Letters, 54, 103811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.103811
- Aristei, D., & Gallo, M. (2019). Loan loss provisioning by Italian banks: Managerial discretion, relationship banking, functional distance, and bank risk. International Review of Economics & Finance, 60, 238–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2018.10.022
- Bassett, W. F., & Brady, T. F. (2001). The Economic Performance of Small Banks, 1985-2000. Federal Reserve Bulletin, 87(11), 0. https://doi.org/10.17016/bulletin.2001.87-11
- Basuki, A. T. (2016). Analisis Regresi dalam Penelitian Ekonomi and Bisnis: Dilengkapi Aplikasi SPSS and Eviews. Rajawali Pers.
- Belal, A. R. (2016). Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting in Developing Countries. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315574332
- Belasri, S., Gomes, M., & Pijourlet, G. (2020). Corporate social responsibility and bank efficiency. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 54, 100612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2020.100612
- Bommel, Z. van. (2023). Sustainable Finance in Financial Institutions: A Literature Review of The Integration of ESG Factors and Balancing Profitability Goals. University of Twente.
- Broadstock, D. C., Matousek, R., Meyer, M., & Tzeremes, N. G. (2020). Does corporate social responsibility impact firms’ innovation capacity? The indirect link between environmental & social governance implementation and innovation performance. Journal of Business Research, 119, 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.014
- Buallay, A.M. (2022). Relevant Theories to Sustainability Reporting. International Perspectives on Sustainability Reporting, 61-76. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-856-320221005
- Buallay, A., Saudagaran, S., Fadel, S. M., & Alajmi, J. (2020). Sustainability reporting and bank performance after financial crisis. Competitiveness Review, 31(4), 747–770. https://doi.org/10.1108/cr-04-2019-0040
- Buallay, A., Fadel, S. M., Al-Ajmi, J. Y., & Saudagaran, S. (2020). Sustainability reporting and performance of MENA banks: is there a trade-off? Measuring Business Excellence, 24(2), 197–221. https://doi.org/10.1108/MBE-09-2018-0078
- Carroll, A. B. (1999). Corporate Social Responsibility. Business & Society, 38(3), 268–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/000765039903800303
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- Cui, J., Jo, H., & Na, H. (2018). Does Corporate Social Responsibility Affect Information Asymmetry? Journal of Business Ethics, 148(3), 549–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-3003-8
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- Freeman, R. E. E., & McVea, J. (2001). A Stakeholder Approach to Strategic Management. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.263511
- Freeman, R. E., Wicks, A. C., & Parmar, B. (2004). Stakeholder Theory and “The Corporate Objective Revisited.” Organization Science, 15(3), 364–369. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1040.0066
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- Gutiérrez-Ponce, H., & Wibowo, S. A. (2023). Do Sustainability Activities Affect the Financial Performance of Banks? The Case of Indonesian Banks. Sustainability, 15(8), 6892. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086892
- Healy, P., Serafeim, G., Srinivasan, S., & Yu, G. (2014). Market competition, earnings management, and persistence in accounting profitability around the world. Review of Accounting Studies, 19(4), 1281–1308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-014-9277-8
- POJK No. 51/POJK.03/2017 concerning the Implementation of Sustainable Finance for Financial Services Institutions, Issuers and Public Companies, Pub. L. No. 51/POJK.03/2017 (2017). https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Documents/Pages/Penerapan-Keuangan-Berkelanjutan-bagi-Lembaga-Jasa-Keuangan,-Emiten,-dan-Perusahaan-Publik/SALPOJK 51 - keuangan berkelanjutan.pdf
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- Indonesia Finance Services Authority. (2021, January 15). Sustainable Finance Roadmap Phase II (2021-2025).
- Kamande, E., Evusa, Z., & Ariemba, J. (2019). The Effect of Bank Specific Factors on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 10(20). https://doi.org/10.7176/rjfa/10-20-14
- Maama, H. (2021). Achieving Financial Sustainability in Ghana’s Banking Sector: Is Environmental, Social and Governance Reporting Contributive? Global Business Review, 097215092110443. https://doi.org/10.1177/09721509211044300
- Malini, H. (2021). Islamic Bank Sustainability in Indonesia: Value and Financial Performances based on Social Responsibility and Green Finance. Cepalo, 5(2), 93–106. https://doi.org/10.25041/cepalo.v5no2.2360
- Marliza, M. (2024). Morning Sustainalytics: Environmental, Social, Governance and Financial Leverage Risk Ratings on the Financial Performance of Mining Companies in Indonesia. International Journal of Engineering Business and Social Science, 2(04), 1164–1175. https://doi.org/10.58451/ijebss.v2i04.149
- McWilliams, A., & Siegel, D. (2001). Corporate Social Responsibility: A Theory of the Firm Perspective. The Academy of Management Review, 26(1), 117. https://doi.org/10.2307/259398
- Mirovic, V., Kalas, B., Djakovic, M., Milicevic, N., Djokic, I., & Djokic, N. (2023). Green Loans in Bank Portfolio: Financial and Marketing Implications. Sustainability, 15(7), 5914. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075914
- Mnjala, D. M. (2014). The Challenges of Creating Sustainable Competitive Advantage in the Banking Industry in Kenya. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(4), 82–87. https://doi.org/10.9790/487x-16418287
- Nizam, E., Ng, A., Dewandaru, G., Nagayev, R., & Nkoba, M. A. (2019). The impact of social and environmental sustainability on financial performance: A global analysis of the banking sector. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 49, 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2019.01.002
- Nugrahaeni, R., & Muharam, H. (2023). The Effect of Green Credit and Other Determinants of Credit Risk Commercial Bank in Indonesia. Journal of Business Social and Technology, 4(2), 135–147. https://doi.org/10.59261/jbt.v4i2.148
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- Ospina-Patiño, C., Marín-Rodríguez, N. J., & González-Ruiz, J. D. (2023). Sustainable Practices and Financial Performance in Latin America: An Analysis of Environmental Scores. Revista CEA, 9(21), e2792. https://doi.org/10.22430/24223182.2792
- Pertseva, S. Y. (2022). Socially Responsible Investing in the Context of a Green Economy. In Industry 4.0 (pp. 91–103). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79496-5_8
- PricewaterhouseCooper. (2023). Trends and Directions of Indonesia’s Sustainability Report in the Future. https://www.pwc.com/id/en/media-centre/press-release/2023/indonesian/tren-dan-arah-sustainability-report-indonesia-di-masa-mendatang.html
- Rendtorff, J. D., & Bonnafous-Boucher, M. (2016). Stakeholder Theory: A Model for Strategic Management (Springer B). Springer Science+Business Media.
- Rifai, A., Akram, A., & Handajani, L. (2021). Sustainable Banking and Bank Performance. Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Dan Bisnis, 16(1), 169. https://doi.org/10.24843/jiab.2021.v16.i01.p12
- Saeed, M. M. (2023). Financial management practices, competitive advantage and loan performance of selected microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Ghana. Business Strategy & Development, 6(4), 1018–1036. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.295
- Setiawan, S. (2021, December 29). Sustainable Financing for Climate Change. Detiknews.
- Shobhwani, K., & Lodha, S. (2023). Impact of ESG Risk Scores on Firm Performance: An Empirical Analysis of NSE-100 Companies. Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation, 19(1), 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319510x231170910
- Simamora, N. (2023). Banking Efforts to Enlarge Credit Portfolio to the Green Sector. https://keuangan.kontan.co.id/news/upaya-perbankan-perbesar-portofolio-kredit-ke-sektor-hijau
- Supriyadi, A., Np, M. G. W. E., & Saifi, M. (2024). The Effect of Financial Literacy on Loan Repayment Performance of MSMEs: A Literature Review. KnE Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v9i11.15779
- Thi Thu Loan, B., Thi Lan Anh, T., & Hoang, T. (2024). ESG disclosure and financial performance: Empirical study of Vietnamese commercial banks. Banks and Bank Systems, 19(1), 208–220. https://doi.org/10.21511/bbs.19(1).2024.18
- Veeravel, V., Murugesan, V. P., & Narayanamurthy, V. (2024). Does ESG disclosure really influence the firm performance? Evidence from India. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 95, 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2024.03.008
- Von Wallis, M., & Klein, C. (2015). Ethical requirement and financial interest: a literature review on socially responsible investing. Business Research, 8(1), 61–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-014-0015-7
- Walzer, M., Firmansyah, A., & Tamimi, A. H. A. (2024). Are Banking Financial Performances and Green Banking Disclosure Associated with Bank Profitability? Accounting Student Research Journal, 3(1), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.62108/asrj.v3i1.7645
- Zielińska-Lont, K. (2020). Sustainable finance initiatives and their impact on financial stability. Financial Law Review, 20(4), 118–133. https://doi.org/10.4467/22996834FLR.20.024.13096
References
Ahmadzai, A. N., Ahmad, F., Imran, M., & Zamani, M. (2023). Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Firm Reputation and Financial Performance: The Moderating Role of Servant Leadership. Kardan Journal of Economics and Manangement Sciences. https://doi.org/10.31841/kjems.2023.146
Alalie, H. M., Harada, Y., & Noor, I. M. (2018). The Challenges of Creating Sustainable Competitive Advantage in the Banking Industry in Iraq. World Journal of Business and Management, 4(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.5296/wjbm.v4i2.13871
Andaiyani, S., Muthia, F., & Novriansa, A. (2023). Green credit and bank performance in Indonesia. Diponegoro International Journal of Business, 6(1), 50-56. https://doi.org/10.14710/dijb.6.1.2023.50-56
Andrieș, A. M., & Sprincean, N. (2023). ESG performance and banks’ funding costs. Finance Research Letters, 54, 103811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.103811
Aristei, D., & Gallo, M. (2019). Loan loss provisioning by Italian banks: Managerial discretion, relationship banking, functional distance, and bank risk. International Review of Economics & Finance, 60, 238–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2018.10.022
Bassett, W. F., & Brady, T. F. (2001). The Economic Performance of Small Banks, 1985-2000. Federal Reserve Bulletin, 87(11), 0. https://doi.org/10.17016/bulletin.2001.87-11
Basuki, A. T. (2016). Analisis Regresi dalam Penelitian Ekonomi and Bisnis: Dilengkapi Aplikasi SPSS and Eviews. Rajawali Pers.
Belal, A. R. (2016). Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting in Developing Countries. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315574332
Belasri, S., Gomes, M., & Pijourlet, G. (2020). Corporate social responsibility and bank efficiency. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 54, 100612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2020.100612
Bommel, Z. van. (2023). Sustainable Finance in Financial Institutions: A Literature Review of The Integration of ESG Factors and Balancing Profitability Goals. University of Twente.
Broadstock, D. C., Matousek, R., Meyer, M., & Tzeremes, N. G. (2020). Does corporate social responsibility impact firms’ innovation capacity? The indirect link between environmental & social governance implementation and innovation performance. Journal of Business Research, 119, 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.014
Buallay, A.M. (2022). Relevant Theories to Sustainability Reporting. International Perspectives on Sustainability Reporting, 61-76. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-856-320221005
Buallay, A., Saudagaran, S., Fadel, S. M., & Alajmi, J. (2020). Sustainability reporting and bank performance after financial crisis. Competitiveness Review, 31(4), 747–770. https://doi.org/10.1108/cr-04-2019-0040
Buallay, A., Fadel, S. M., Al-Ajmi, J. Y., & Saudagaran, S. (2020). Sustainability reporting and performance of MENA banks: is there a trade-off? Measuring Business Excellence, 24(2), 197–221. https://doi.org/10.1108/MBE-09-2018-0078
Carroll, A. B. (1999). Corporate Social Responsibility. Business & Society, 38(3), 268–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/000765039903800303
Crossley, Richard & Elmagrhi, Mohamed & Ntim, Collins. (2021). Sustainability and legitimacy theory: The case of sustainable social and environmental practices of SMEs. Business Strategy and the Environment. https://doi.org/30. 10.1002/bse.2837
Cui, J., Jo, H., & Na, H. (2018). Does Corporate Social Responsibility Affect Information Asymmetry? Journal of Business Ethics, 148(3), 549–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-3003-8
Dhaliwal, D., Li, O. Z., Tsang, A., & Yang, Y. G. (2014). Corporate social responsibility disclosure and the cost of equity capital: The roles of stakeholder orientation and financial transparency. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 33(4), 328–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2014.04.006
Digar, B. (2023). Does ESG Improve Firm Performance? Evidence from Indian Companies. International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management, 07(08). https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem25224
El Khoury, R., Nasrallah, N., & Alareeni, B. (2023). ESG and financial performance of banks in the MENAT region: concavity–convexity patterns. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 13(1), 406–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/20430795.2021.1929807
Elalfy, A., & Weber, O. (2019). Corporate sustainability reporting. The case of the banking industry. In CIGI Papers No. 21 (CIGI Papers Series).
Ferdinand, A. T. (2013). Company Specific Advantage and Sustainable Competitive Advantage. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2340249
Freeman, R. E. E., & McVea, J. (2001). A Stakeholder Approach to Strategic Management. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.263511
Freeman, R. E., Wicks, A. C., & Parmar, B. (2004). Stakeholder Theory and “The Corporate Objective Revisited.” Organization Science, 15(3), 364–369. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1040.0066
Galant, A., & Cadez, S. (2017). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance relationship: a review of measurement approaches. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 30(1), 676–693. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2017.1313122
Gutiérrez-Ponce, H., & Wibowo, S. A. (2023). Do Sustainability Activities Affect the Financial Performance of Banks? The Case of Indonesian Banks. Sustainability, 15(8), 6892. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086892
Healy, P., Serafeim, G., Srinivasan, S., & Yu, G. (2014). Market competition, earnings management, and persistence in accounting profitability around the world. Review of Accounting Studies, 19(4), 1281–1308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-014-9277-8
POJK No. 51/POJK.03/2017 concerning the Implementation of Sustainable Finance for Financial Services Institutions, Issuers and Public Companies, Pub. L. No. 51/POJK.03/2017 (2017). https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Documents/Pages/Penerapan-Keuangan-Berkelanjutan-bagi-Lembaga-Jasa-Keuangan,-Emiten,-dan-Perusahaan-Publik/SALPOJK 51 - keuangan berkelanjutan.pdf
POJK No. 12/POJK.03/2021 concerning Commercial Banks, Pub. L. No. 12/POJK.03/2021 (2021). https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Documents/Pages/Bank-Umum/POJK 12 - 03 -2021.pdf
Indonesia Finance Services Authority. (2021, January 15). Sustainable Finance Roadmap Phase II (2021-2025).
Kamande, E., Evusa, Z., & Ariemba, J. (2019). The Effect of Bank Specific Factors on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 10(20). https://doi.org/10.7176/rjfa/10-20-14
Maama, H. (2021). Achieving Financial Sustainability in Ghana’s Banking Sector: Is Environmental, Social and Governance Reporting Contributive? Global Business Review, 097215092110443. https://doi.org/10.1177/09721509211044300
Malini, H. (2021). Islamic Bank Sustainability in Indonesia: Value and Financial Performances based on Social Responsibility and Green Finance. Cepalo, 5(2), 93–106. https://doi.org/10.25041/cepalo.v5no2.2360
Marliza, M. (2024). Morning Sustainalytics: Environmental, Social, Governance and Financial Leverage Risk Ratings on the Financial Performance of Mining Companies in Indonesia. International Journal of Engineering Business and Social Science, 2(04), 1164–1175. https://doi.org/10.58451/ijebss.v2i04.149
McWilliams, A., & Siegel, D. (2001). Corporate Social Responsibility: A Theory of the Firm Perspective. The Academy of Management Review, 26(1), 117. https://doi.org/10.2307/259398
Mirovic, V., Kalas, B., Djakovic, M., Milicevic, N., Djokic, I., & Djokic, N. (2023). Green Loans in Bank Portfolio: Financial and Marketing Implications. Sustainability, 15(7), 5914. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075914
Mnjala, D. M. (2014). The Challenges of Creating Sustainable Competitive Advantage in the Banking Industry in Kenya. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(4), 82–87. https://doi.org/10.9790/487x-16418287
Nizam, E., Ng, A., Dewandaru, G., Nagayev, R., & Nkoba, M. A. (2019). The impact of social and environmental sustainability on financial performance: A global analysis of the banking sector. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 49, 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2019.01.002
Nugrahaeni, R., & Muharam, H. (2023). The Effect of Green Credit and Other Determinants of Credit Risk Commercial Bank in Indonesia. Journal of Business Social and Technology, 4(2), 135–147. https://doi.org/10.59261/jbt.v4i2.148
OECD. (2020). Sustainable and Resilient Finance: OECD Business and Finance Outlook 2020.
Ospina-Patiño, C., Marín-Rodríguez, N. J., & González-Ruiz, J. D. (2023). Sustainable Practices and Financial Performance in Latin America: An Analysis of Environmental Scores. Revista CEA, 9(21), e2792. https://doi.org/10.22430/24223182.2792
Pertseva, S. Y. (2022). Socially Responsible Investing in the Context of a Green Economy. In Industry 4.0 (pp. 91–103). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79496-5_8
PricewaterhouseCooper. (2023). Trends and Directions of Indonesia’s Sustainability Report in the Future. https://www.pwc.com/id/en/media-centre/press-release/2023/indonesian/tren-dan-arah-sustainability-report-indonesia-di-masa-mendatang.html
Rendtorff, J. D., & Bonnafous-Boucher, M. (2016). Stakeholder Theory: A Model for Strategic Management (Springer B). Springer Science+Business Media.
Rifai, A., Akram, A., & Handajani, L. (2021). Sustainable Banking and Bank Performance. Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Dan Bisnis, 16(1), 169. https://doi.org/10.24843/jiab.2021.v16.i01.p12
Saeed, M. M. (2023). Financial management practices, competitive advantage and loan performance of selected microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Ghana. Business Strategy & Development, 6(4), 1018–1036. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.295
Setiawan, S. (2021, December 29). Sustainable Financing for Climate Change. Detiknews.
Shobhwani, K., & Lodha, S. (2023). Impact of ESG Risk Scores on Firm Performance: An Empirical Analysis of NSE-100 Companies. Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation, 19(1), 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319510x231170910
Simamora, N. (2023). Banking Efforts to Enlarge Credit Portfolio to the Green Sector. https://keuangan.kontan.co.id/news/upaya-perbankan-perbesar-portofolio-kredit-ke-sektor-hijau
Supriyadi, A., Np, M. G. W. E., & Saifi, M. (2024). The Effect of Financial Literacy on Loan Repayment Performance of MSMEs: A Literature Review. KnE Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v9i11.15779
Thi Thu Loan, B., Thi Lan Anh, T., & Hoang, T. (2024). ESG disclosure and financial performance: Empirical study of Vietnamese commercial banks. Banks and Bank Systems, 19(1), 208–220. https://doi.org/10.21511/bbs.19(1).2024.18
Veeravel, V., Murugesan, V. P., & Narayanamurthy, V. (2024). Does ESG disclosure really influence the firm performance? Evidence from India. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 95, 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2024.03.008
Von Wallis, M., & Klein, C. (2015). Ethical requirement and financial interest: a literature review on socially responsible investing. Business Research, 8(1), 61–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-014-0015-7
Walzer, M., Firmansyah, A., & Tamimi, A. H. A. (2024). Are Banking Financial Performances and Green Banking Disclosure Associated with Bank Profitability? Accounting Student Research Journal, 3(1), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.62108/asrj.v3i1.7645
Zielińska-Lont, K. (2020). Sustainable finance initiatives and their impact on financial stability. Financial Law Review, 20(4), 118–133. https://doi.org/10.4467/22996834FLR.20.024.13096