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Abstract
This study aims to analyze the influence of women's representation on the board of directors on the financial performance of companies in the Indonesian health sector. Based on agency theory and previous literature, this study focuses on companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the healthcare supplies & distributions, healthcare providers, and pharmaceuticals sub-sectors during the 2018-2022 period. Using the multiple linear regression method using EViews 13, the research results show that the proportion of women on the board of directors and female president directors do not have a significant influence on the company's financial performance, as measured through the liquidity index. These findings indicate that although there is an increase in the number of women in leadership positions, their contribution to the financial performance of companies in the health sector is not yet optimal. This supports the results of previous study which shows that the relationship between the presence of women on the board of directors and company performance can vary depending on the regulatory context, economic stability, and organizational culture in developing countries such as Indonesia.
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References
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- Adams, R. B., & Ferreira, D. (2009). Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance. Journal of financial economics, 94(2), 291-309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.10.007
- Alazzani, A., Wan-Hussin, W. N., & Jones, M. (2019). Muslim CEO, women on boards and corporate responsibility reporting: some evidence from Malaysia. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 10(2), 274-296. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-01-2017-0002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-01-2017-0002
- Carter, David A., Frank D’Souza, Betty J. Simkins, dan W. Gary Simpson. 2010. “The gender and ethnic diversity of US boards and board committees and firm financial performance.” Corporate Governance: An International Review 18(5): 396–414. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2010.00809.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2010.00809.x
- El Arnaout, N., Chehab, R. F., Rafii, B., & Alameddine, M. (2019). Gender equity in planning, development and management of human resources for health: a scoping review. Human resources for health, 17(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-019-0391-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-019-0391-3
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- Galletta, S., Mazzù, S., Naciti, V., & Vermiglio, C. (2022). Gender diversity and sustainability performance in the banking industry. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 29(1), 161-174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2191
- He, J., & Huang, Z. (2011). Board informal hierarchy and firm financial performance: Exploring a tacit structure guiding boardroom interactions. Academy of Management Journal, 54(6), 1119-1139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.0824
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- Juwita, N., & Honggowati, S. (2022). Corporate board diversity and sustainability reporting: empirical evidence from Indonesia before and during COVID-19. Journal of Accounting and Investment, 23(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.18196/jai.v23i1.12767 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/jai.v23i1.12767
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- Lee-Kuen, I. Y., Sok-Gee, C., & Zainudin, R. (2017). Gender diversity and firms’ financial performance in Malaysia. Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance, 13(1), 41-62. https://doi.org/10.21315/aamjaf2017.13.1.2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21315/aamjaf2017.13.1.2
- Linggih, A. D., & Wiksuana, I.G.B. (2018). The effects of gender diversity in the boardroom on firm financial performance in Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Kuantitatif Terapan, 11(2), 210–214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24843/JEKT.2018.v11.i02.p07
- Martínez, M. D. C. V., & Rambaud, S. C. (2019, September). Women on corporate boards and firm's financial performance. In Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 76, p. 102251). Pergamon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2019.102251. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2019.102251
- Naciti, V., Noto, G., Vermiglio, C., & Barresi, G. (2022). Gender representation and financial performance: an empirical analysis of public hospitals. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 35(5), 603-621. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-01-2022-0004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-01-2022-0004
- Nindiasari, A. D., Widodo, A. L., & Lumaku, A. M. (2023). The use of porter’s corporate social responsibility strategy for hospital sustainability. Jurnal Riset dan Aplikasi: Akuntansi dan Manajemen, 6(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.33795/jraam.v6i2.003
- Kusumaningrum, A. E. (2021). Optimalisasi peran serta masyarakat terhadap pengaturan pembatasan kegiatan masyarakat guna pencegahan penyebaran covid-19. Jurnal USM Law Review, 4(2), 714-727. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v4i2.4324
- Post, C., & Byron, K. (2015). Women on boards and firm financial performance: A meta-analysis. Academy of management Journal, 58(5), 1546-1571. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2013.0319
- Rahmanto, B. T., & Daara, S. R. (2020). Diversitas gender dan kinerja keuangan sektor farmasi di Indonesia. Jurnal Proaksi, 7(2), 183-193. https://doi.org/10.32534/jpk.v7i2.1290 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32534/jpk.v7i2.1290
- Republic of Indonesia (2007). Undang-undang nomor 40 tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas. Retrieved from https://www.ojk.go.id/sustainable-finance/id/peraturan/undang-undang/Documents/5.%20UU-40-2007%20PERSEROAN%20TERBATAS.pdf
- Rose, C. (2007). Does female board representation influence firm performance? The Danish evidence. Corporate governance: An international review, 15(2), 404-413. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2007.00570.x
- Sejati, F.R., Zakaria., & Nur Aidha. (2020). Hubungan kinerja lingkungan dan pengungkapan tanggung jawab sosial terhadap kinerja keuangan dengan feminisme dewan direksi sebagai variabel moderasi. JIA (Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi), 5(2), 235–263.
- Simionescu, L. N., Gherghina, Ş. C., Tawil, H., & Sheikha, Z. (2021). Does board gender diversity affect firm performance? Empirical evidence from Standard & Poor’s 500 Information Technology Sector. Financial Innovation, 7(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-021-00265-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-021-00265-x
References
Abor, P. A. (2017). Examining gender diversity on hospital boards in Ghana. International Journal of Health Governance, 22(4), 269-282. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHG-04-2017-0016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHG-04-2017-0016
Adams, R. B., & Ferreira, D. (2009). Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance. Journal of financial economics, 94(2), 291-309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.10.007
Alazzani, A., Wan-Hussin, W. N., & Jones, M. (2019). Muslim CEO, women on boards and corporate responsibility reporting: some evidence from Malaysia. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 10(2), 274-296. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-01-2017-0002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-01-2017-0002
Carter, David A., Frank D’Souza, Betty J. Simkins, dan W. Gary Simpson. 2010. “The gender and ethnic diversity of US boards and board committees and firm financial performance.” Corporate Governance: An International Review 18(5): 396–414. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2010.00809.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2010.00809.x
El Arnaout, N., Chehab, R. F., Rafii, B., & Alameddine, M. (2019). Gender equity in planning, development and management of human resources for health: a scoping review. Human resources for health, 17(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-019-0391-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-019-0391-3
CNBC Indonesia. (2024). Wanita paling berpengaruh di BUMN 2023. Retrieved from https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/research/20230308124426-128-419901/wanita-paling-berpengaruh-di-bumn-2023
Galletta, S., Mazzù, S., Naciti, V., & Vermiglio, C. (2022). Gender diversity and sustainability performance in the banking industry. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 29(1), 161-174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2191
He, J., & Huang, Z. (2011). Board informal hierarchy and firm financial performance: Exploring a tacit structure guiding boardroom interactions. Academy of Management Journal, 54(6), 1119-1139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.0824
IBCWE. (2022). Jumlah perempuan dalam posisi eksekutif di 200 perusahaan tercatat masih minim. Retrieved from https://www.ibcwe.id/event/dets/261 (Juni 24, 2022).
Jensen, M., & Meckling, W. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs, and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4): 305–60. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511817410.023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X
Juwita, N., & Honggowati, S. (2022). Corporate board diversity and sustainability reporting: empirical evidence from Indonesia before and during COVID-19. Journal of Accounting and Investment, 23(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.18196/jai.v23i1.12767 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/jai.v23i1.12767
KemenPPA. (2021). Wujudkan kesetaraan gender di tempat kerja, sukseskan pembangunan ekonomi bangsa. KemenPPA. Retrieved from https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/29/3025/wujudkan-kesetaraan-gender-di-tempat-kerja-sukseskan-pembangunan-ekonomi-bangsa.
Korn Ferry. (2016). Building diversity in Asia pacific boardrooms. Korn Ferry Diversity Score card 2016. Centre for Governance, Institutions & Organisations (CGIO) National University of Singapore (NUS) Business School and Korn Ferry, Singapore. Retrieved from: Retrieved from https://bschool.nus.edu.sg/cgs/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2018/10/Korn-Ferry-Diversity-Scorecard-2016.pdf
Lafuente, E., & Vaillant, Y. (2019). Balance rather than critical mass or tokenism: Gender diversity, leadership and performance in financial firms. International Journal of Manpower, 40(5), 894-916. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-10-2017-0268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-10-2017-0268
Lee-Kuen, I. Y., Sok-Gee, C., & Zainudin, R. (2017). Gender diversity and firms’ financial performance in Malaysia. Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance, 13(1), 41-62. https://doi.org/10.21315/aamjaf2017.13.1.2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21315/aamjaf2017.13.1.2
Linggih, A. D., & Wiksuana, I.G.B. (2018). The effects of gender diversity in the boardroom on firm financial performance in Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Kuantitatif Terapan, 11(2), 210–214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24843/JEKT.2018.v11.i02.p07
Martínez, M. D. C. V., & Rambaud, S. C. (2019, September). Women on corporate boards and firm's financial performance. In Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 76, p. 102251). Pergamon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2019.102251. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2019.102251
Naciti, V., Noto, G., Vermiglio, C., & Barresi, G. (2022). Gender representation and financial performance: an empirical analysis of public hospitals. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 35(5), 603-621. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-01-2022-0004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-01-2022-0004
Nindiasari, A. D., Widodo, A. L., & Lumaku, A. M. (2023). The use of porter’s corporate social responsibility strategy for hospital sustainability. Jurnal Riset dan Aplikasi: Akuntansi dan Manajemen, 6(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.33795/jraam.v6i2.003
Kusumaningrum, A. E. (2021). Optimalisasi peran serta masyarakat terhadap pengaturan pembatasan kegiatan masyarakat guna pencegahan penyebaran covid-19. Jurnal USM Law Review, 4(2), 714-727. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v4i2.4324
Post, C., & Byron, K. (2015). Women on boards and firm financial performance: A meta-analysis. Academy of management Journal, 58(5), 1546-1571. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2013.0319
Rahmanto, B. T., & Daara, S. R. (2020). Diversitas gender dan kinerja keuangan sektor farmasi di Indonesia. Jurnal Proaksi, 7(2), 183-193. https://doi.org/10.32534/jpk.v7i2.1290 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32534/jpk.v7i2.1290
Republic of Indonesia (2007). Undang-undang nomor 40 tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas. Retrieved from https://www.ojk.go.id/sustainable-finance/id/peraturan/undang-undang/Documents/5.%20UU-40-2007%20PERSEROAN%20TERBATAS.pdf
Rose, C. (2007). Does female board representation influence firm performance? The Danish evidence. Corporate governance: An international review, 15(2), 404-413. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2007.00570.x
Sejati, F.R., Zakaria., & Nur Aidha. (2020). Hubungan kinerja lingkungan dan pengungkapan tanggung jawab sosial terhadap kinerja keuangan dengan feminisme dewan direksi sebagai variabel moderasi. JIA (Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi), 5(2), 235–263.
Simionescu, L. N., Gherghina, Ş. C., Tawil, H., & Sheikha, Z. (2021). Does board gender diversity affect firm performance? Empirical evidence from Standard & Poor’s 500 Information Technology Sector. Financial Innovation, 7(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-021-00265-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-021-00265-x