Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examines the impact of Audit Fees and Digital Transformation on Sustainability Performance with Managerial Ownership as Moderation. The populace in this research were energy businesses that are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2020-2023, totaling 90 companies. The sampling design Purposive sampling was employed so that the an example used was 34 businesses. The method of analysis used was panel data using the eviews 13 for linear regression analysis tool. The outcomes of the study simultaneously showed that Audit Fees and Digital Transformation had an effect on Sustainability Performance. Partially, it showed that audit fees had an positive effect on sustainability performance, but digital transformation had no effect on sustainability performance. The moderating variable, namely managerial ownership, could moderate audit fees on sustainability performance, but could not moderate digital transformation on sustainability performance.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2026 Rachmad Satrio Adianto, Siti Choiriah

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
- Ahmad, S., & Wong, K. Y. (2019). Development of weighted triple-bottom line sustainability indicators for the Malaysian food manufacturing industry using the Delphi method. Journal of Cleaner Production, 229, 1167–1182.
- Al Amosh, H., & Khatib, S. F. A. (2022). Ownership structure and environmental, social and governance performance disclosure: The moderating role of the board independence. Journal of Business and Socio-Economic Development, 2(1), 49–66. https://doi.org/ 10.1108/JBSED-07-2021-0094
- Al Ani, M. K., Al-Subiri, F., & Al-Shaer, H. (2024). Sustainable products and audit fees: Empirical evidence from western European countries. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-03-2023-0131
- Alves, S. (2023). The impact of managerial ownership on audit fees: Evidence from Portugal and Spain. Cogent Economics & Finance, 11(1), 2163078. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2163078
- Anam, M., Khurram, S., Shah, S. N., Asghar, M., & Umar, M. N. (2025). Assessing the Impact of Digital Transformation on HR Practices in Pakistani Organizations. Dialogue Social Science Review (DSSR), 3(6), 337–352.
- Aziz, S., & Najicha, F. U. (2024). Peran Pendidikan Pancasila Dalam Mewujudkan Cita-Cita Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) di Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan, 8(1), 11–21.
- Chen, L., Mao, C., & Gao, Y. (2025). Executive equity incentives and corporate environmental, social and governance performance. Frontiers in Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2025.1637126
- Chen, X., Liu, X., & Zhu, Q. (2023). Digital transformation and enterprise ESG performance. PLOS ONE, 19(4), e0302029. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302029
- Chen, Y., & Ren, J. (2025). How does digital transformation improve ESG performance? Empirical research from 396 enterprises. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-024-01011-2
- Choiriah, S., & Angin, M. P. (2025). Determinant of Sustainability Report Quality in the Energy Sector. KnE Social Sciences, 10(21), 25–36.
- Climate Transparency. (2020). Indonesia country profile 2020. Climate Transparency.
- Dakhli, A. (2022). The impact of corporate social responsibility on firm financial performance: Does audit quality matter? Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 23(5), 950–976. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-06-2021-0150
- Fang, M., Nie, H., & Shen, X. (2023). Can enterprise digitization improve ESG performance? Economic Modelling., 118, 106101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2022.106101
- Feng, Y. (2025). The impact of ESG performance on audit fees: Evidence from Chinese listed companies. In Proceedings of the 2025 International Conference on Financial Innovation and Marketing Management (Pp. 277–285). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-874-5_35
- Fitriani, A. (2025). Pengaruh Green Invesment dan Green Strategy Terhadap Carbon Emission Disclosure pada Perusahaan Sektor Energi yang terdaftar di ISSI. Universitas Malikussaleh.
- Friedlingstein, P., O’Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landschützer, P., Le Quéré, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Jackson, R. B., & B. (2023). Global Carbon Budget. Earth System Science Data, 15(12), 5301–5369. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023
- Fung, S. Y. K., Gul, F. A., & Krishnan, J. (2012). City-level auditor industry specialization, economies of scale, and audit pricing. The Accounting Review, 87(4), 1281–1307.
- Hongming, X., Ahmed, B., Hussain, A., Rehman, A., Ullah, I., & Khan, F. U. (2020). Sustainability reporting and firm performance: The demonstration of Pakistani firms. Sage Open, 10(3).
- ITM Sustainability Report 2023. Responsible transition for a greener future. Retrieved from https://www.itmg.co.id/files/sustainability_assets/SR%20ITM%202023.pdf
- Jeurissen, R. (2000). John Elkington, Cannibals With Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business. Journal of Business Ethics, 23, 229–231.
- Jiang, F. (2025). Digital transformation and green innovation: The mediating role of green management disclosure and the moderating role of institutional pressure. Strategic Change, 34(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/03063070241308100
- Kammoun, I., & Khoufi, W. (2023). Sustainable performance, conditional conservatism and audit fees. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-10-2022-0396
- Li, L. (2022). Digital transformation and sustainable performance: The moderating role of market turbulence. Industrial Marketing Management, 104, 28–37.
- Li, Y., Zheng, Y., Li, X., & Mu, Z. (2024). The impact of digital transformation on ESG performance. International Review of Economics & Finance. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2024.103686
- Linawati, L., Syailendra, S., & Darmansyah, D. (2024). Pengaruh Digital Intellectual Capital Dan Inovasi Berkelanjutan Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan: Peran Mediasi Reputasi Perusahaan Dan Moderasi Transformasi Digital. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Bisnis Indonesia (JABISI), 5(2), 159–170.
- Liu, Y., Wang, H., & Zhang, L. (2024). How effective is digital transformation? Heterogeneous insights from listed companies’ ESG performance. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11, 1567. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-04039-5
- Liu, Z., Chen, Z., & Hu, L. (2024). Can enterprise digital transformation improve ESG performance? Managerial and Decision Economics, 45, 5088–5103. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.4225
- Meutia, Taqi, M., Anasta, L., Juliansah, I., Utami, W., & Choiriah, S. (2025). Rahasia Praktis Menuntaskan Penelitian dengan Efektif. Salemba Empat.
- Molho, C., Monteiro, S., & Montez, P. (2025). The digitalization of corporate sustainability reporting: Opportunities and challenges. In Human-Centred Technology Management for a Sustainable Future (IAMOT 2024). Springer., 417–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-72494-7_41
- Muaffa, M. A., & Rohman, A. (2025). Strategi Optimalisasi Aspek Operasional Dalam Bisnis Modern di Era Perkembangan Digital. Improvement: Jurnal Manajemen Dan Bisnis, 5(1), 46–52.
- Natalia, L., Widarsono, A., & Widyaningsih, A. (2024). The role of auditee, auditor, and engagement to audit fee at SOEs. In Proceeding International Conference on Accounting and Finance, 11–24.
- Nicolò, G., Zanellato, G., Tiron-Tudor, A., & Tartaglia-Polcini, P. (2021). Integrated reporting and European state-owned enterprises: A disclosure analysis pre and post 2014/95/EU. Sustainability, 13(3), 1187. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031187
- Nurmalasari, N., & Kania, D. (2024). The Role Of Green Investment On Sustainable Performance With Financial Performance As A Mediating Variable (Case Studies On Manufacturing Industrial Companies Listed On The Idx For The 2018-2022 Period). Seminar Nasional Pariwisata Dan Kewirausahaan (SNPK).
- Oktariyani, A. (2024). Analisis Pengungkapan Emisi Karbon Perusahaan dalam Laporan Tahunan dan Keberlanjutan Subsektor Transportasi sebagai Bentuk Legitimasi Perusahaan. Equivalent: Journal of Economic, Accounting and Management, 2(2), 487–500.
- Ongsakul, V., Jiraporn, P., & Treepongkaruna, S. (2021). Does managerial ownership influence corporate social responsibility (CSR)? The role of economic policy uncertainty. Accounting & Finance. https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.12592
- Peng, Y., Chen, H., & Li, T. (2023). The impact of digital transformation on ESG: A case study of Chinese-listed companies. Sustainability, 15(20), 15072. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015072
- Shan, Y. G., Tang, Q., & Zhang, J. (2021). The impact of managerial ownership on carbon transparency: Australian evidence. Journal of Cleaner Production, 317, 128480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128480
- Song, Y., Wu, H., & Ma, Y. (2023). Does ESG performance affect audit pricing? Evidence from China. International Review of Financial Analysis, 90, 102890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2023.102890
- Sulyanto, P., & Trisnawati, E. (2025). Earnings Quality , Good Corporate Governance , Audit Quality and Firm Value : Moderated of Leverage. Sentralisasi Universitas Muhammadiyah Sorong, 192–218.
- Sun, Y., Davey, H., Arunachalam, M., & Cao, Y. (2022). Towards a theoretical framework for the innovation in sustainability reporting: An integrated reporting perspective. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 935899. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.935899
- United Nations. (2024). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2024. United Nations. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2024/
- Wang, J., Et, & Al. (2025). The nonlinear impact of ESG performance on audit pricing: Evidence from China. PLOS ONE, 20, e0331504. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0331504
- Wu, S., Li, X., Du, X., & Li, Z. (2022). The impact of ESG performance on firm value: The moderating role of ownership structure. Sustainability, 14(21), 14507.
- Yang, Y., & Han, J. (2023). Digital transformation, financing constraints, and corporate environmental, social and governance performance. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 30(6), 3189–3202. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2546
- Yen, J. C., Lim, J. H., Wang, T., & Hsu, C. (2018). The impact of audit firms’ characteristics on audit fees following information security breaches. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 37(6), 489–507.
- Zahid, R. A., Taran, A., Khan, M. K., & Simga-Mugan, C. (2023). The effect of ownership composition on corporate financial performance in the European frontier markets. Baltic Journal of Management, 18(2), 242–261. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/BJM-12-2021-0457/full/html
- Zhang, K., Liu, X., & Wang, J. (2023). Exploring the relationship between corporate ESG information disclosure and audit fees: Evidence from non-financial A-share listed companies in China. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 11, 1196728. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1196728
- Zheng, X., & Bu, Q. (2024). Enterprise ESG performance, digital transformation, and firm performance: Evidence from China. SAGE Open, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241291680
References
Ahmad, S., & Wong, K. Y. (2019). Development of weighted triple-bottom line sustainability indicators for the Malaysian food manufacturing industry using the Delphi method. Journal of Cleaner Production, 229, 1167–1182.
Al Amosh, H., & Khatib, S. F. A. (2022). Ownership structure and environmental, social and governance performance disclosure: The moderating role of the board independence. Journal of Business and Socio-Economic Development, 2(1), 49–66. https://doi.org/ 10.1108/JBSED-07-2021-0094
Al Ani, M. K., Al-Subiri, F., & Al-Shaer, H. (2024). Sustainable products and audit fees: Empirical evidence from western European countries. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-03-2023-0131
Alves, S. (2023). The impact of managerial ownership on audit fees: Evidence from Portugal and Spain. Cogent Economics & Finance, 11(1), 2163078. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2163078
Anam, M., Khurram, S., Shah, S. N., Asghar, M., & Umar, M. N. (2025). Assessing the Impact of Digital Transformation on HR Practices in Pakistani Organizations. Dialogue Social Science Review (DSSR), 3(6), 337–352.
Aziz, S., & Najicha, F. U. (2024). Peran Pendidikan Pancasila Dalam Mewujudkan Cita-Cita Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) di Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan, 8(1), 11–21.
Chen, L., Mao, C., & Gao, Y. (2025). Executive equity incentives and corporate environmental, social and governance performance. Frontiers in Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2025.1637126
Chen, X., Liu, X., & Zhu, Q. (2023). Digital transformation and enterprise ESG performance. PLOS ONE, 19(4), e0302029. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302029
Chen, Y., & Ren, J. (2025). How does digital transformation improve ESG performance? Empirical research from 396 enterprises. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-024-01011-2
Choiriah, S., & Angin, M. P. (2025). Determinant of Sustainability Report Quality in the Energy Sector. KnE Social Sciences, 10(21), 25–36.
Climate Transparency. (2020). Indonesia country profile 2020. Climate Transparency.
Dakhli, A. (2022). The impact of corporate social responsibility on firm financial performance: Does audit quality matter? Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 23(5), 950–976. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-06-2021-0150
Fang, M., Nie, H., & Shen, X. (2023). Can enterprise digitization improve ESG performance? Economic Modelling., 118, 106101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2022.106101
Feng, Y. (2025). The impact of ESG performance on audit fees: Evidence from Chinese listed companies. In Proceedings of the 2025 International Conference on Financial Innovation and Marketing Management (Pp. 277–285). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-874-5_35
Fitriani, A. (2025). Pengaruh Green Invesment dan Green Strategy Terhadap Carbon Emission Disclosure pada Perusahaan Sektor Energi yang terdaftar di ISSI. Universitas Malikussaleh.
Friedlingstein, P., O’Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landschützer, P., Le Quéré, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Jackson, R. B., & B. (2023). Global Carbon Budget. Earth System Science Data, 15(12), 5301–5369. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023
Fung, S. Y. K., Gul, F. A., & Krishnan, J. (2012). City-level auditor industry specialization, economies of scale, and audit pricing. The Accounting Review, 87(4), 1281–1307.
Hongming, X., Ahmed, B., Hussain, A., Rehman, A., Ullah, I., & Khan, F. U. (2020). Sustainability reporting and firm performance: The demonstration of Pakistani firms. Sage Open, 10(3).
ITM Sustainability Report 2023. Responsible transition for a greener future. Retrieved from https://www.itmg.co.id/files/sustainability_assets/SR%20ITM%202023.pdf
Jeurissen, R. (2000). John Elkington, Cannibals With Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business. Journal of Business Ethics, 23, 229–231.
Jiang, F. (2025). Digital transformation and green innovation: The mediating role of green management disclosure and the moderating role of institutional pressure. Strategic Change, 34(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/03063070241308100
Kammoun, I., & Khoufi, W. (2023). Sustainable performance, conditional conservatism and audit fees. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-10-2022-0396
Li, L. (2022). Digital transformation and sustainable performance: The moderating role of market turbulence. Industrial Marketing Management, 104, 28–37.
Li, Y., Zheng, Y., Li, X., & Mu, Z. (2024). The impact of digital transformation on ESG performance. International Review of Economics & Finance. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2024.103686
Linawati, L., Syailendra, S., & Darmansyah, D. (2024). Pengaruh Digital Intellectual Capital Dan Inovasi Berkelanjutan Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan: Peran Mediasi Reputasi Perusahaan Dan Moderasi Transformasi Digital. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Bisnis Indonesia (JABISI), 5(2), 159–170.
Liu, Y., Wang, H., & Zhang, L. (2024). How effective is digital transformation? Heterogeneous insights from listed companies’ ESG performance. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11, 1567. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-04039-5
Liu, Z., Chen, Z., & Hu, L. (2024). Can enterprise digital transformation improve ESG performance? Managerial and Decision Economics, 45, 5088–5103. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.4225
Meutia, Taqi, M., Anasta, L., Juliansah, I., Utami, W., & Choiriah, S. (2025). Rahasia Praktis Menuntaskan Penelitian dengan Efektif. Salemba Empat.
Molho, C., Monteiro, S., & Montez, P. (2025). The digitalization of corporate sustainability reporting: Opportunities and challenges. In Human-Centred Technology Management for a Sustainable Future (IAMOT 2024). Springer., 417–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-72494-7_41
Muaffa, M. A., & Rohman, A. (2025). Strategi Optimalisasi Aspek Operasional Dalam Bisnis Modern di Era Perkembangan Digital. Improvement: Jurnal Manajemen Dan Bisnis, 5(1), 46–52.
Natalia, L., Widarsono, A., & Widyaningsih, A. (2024). The role of auditee, auditor, and engagement to audit fee at SOEs. In Proceeding International Conference on Accounting and Finance, 11–24.
Nicolò, G., Zanellato, G., Tiron-Tudor, A., & Tartaglia-Polcini, P. (2021). Integrated reporting and European state-owned enterprises: A disclosure analysis pre and post 2014/95/EU. Sustainability, 13(3), 1187. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031187
Nurmalasari, N., & Kania, D. (2024). The Role Of Green Investment On Sustainable Performance With Financial Performance As A Mediating Variable (Case Studies On Manufacturing Industrial Companies Listed On The Idx For The 2018-2022 Period). Seminar Nasional Pariwisata Dan Kewirausahaan (SNPK).
Oktariyani, A. (2024). Analisis Pengungkapan Emisi Karbon Perusahaan dalam Laporan Tahunan dan Keberlanjutan Subsektor Transportasi sebagai Bentuk Legitimasi Perusahaan. Equivalent: Journal of Economic, Accounting and Management, 2(2), 487–500.
Ongsakul, V., Jiraporn, P., & Treepongkaruna, S. (2021). Does managerial ownership influence corporate social responsibility (CSR)? The role of economic policy uncertainty. Accounting & Finance. https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.12592
Peng, Y., Chen, H., & Li, T. (2023). The impact of digital transformation on ESG: A case study of Chinese-listed companies. Sustainability, 15(20), 15072. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015072
Shan, Y. G., Tang, Q., & Zhang, J. (2021). The impact of managerial ownership on carbon transparency: Australian evidence. Journal of Cleaner Production, 317, 128480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128480
Song, Y., Wu, H., & Ma, Y. (2023). Does ESG performance affect audit pricing? Evidence from China. International Review of Financial Analysis, 90, 102890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2023.102890
Sulyanto, P., & Trisnawati, E. (2025). Earnings Quality , Good Corporate Governance , Audit Quality and Firm Value : Moderated of Leverage. Sentralisasi Universitas Muhammadiyah Sorong, 192–218.
Sun, Y., Davey, H., Arunachalam, M., & Cao, Y. (2022). Towards a theoretical framework for the innovation in sustainability reporting: An integrated reporting perspective. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 935899. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.935899
United Nations. (2024). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2024. United Nations. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2024/
Wang, J., Et, & Al. (2025). The nonlinear impact of ESG performance on audit pricing: Evidence from China. PLOS ONE, 20, e0331504. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0331504
Wu, S., Li, X., Du, X., & Li, Z. (2022). The impact of ESG performance on firm value: The moderating role of ownership structure. Sustainability, 14(21), 14507.
Yang, Y., & Han, J. (2023). Digital transformation, financing constraints, and corporate environmental, social and governance performance. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 30(6), 3189–3202. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2546
Yen, J. C., Lim, J. H., Wang, T., & Hsu, C. (2018). The impact of audit firms’ characteristics on audit fees following information security breaches. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 37(6), 489–507.
Zahid, R. A., Taran, A., Khan, M. K., & Simga-Mugan, C. (2023). The effect of ownership composition on corporate financial performance in the European frontier markets. Baltic Journal of Management, 18(2), 242–261. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/BJM-12-2021-0457/full/html
Zhang, K., Liu, X., & Wang, J. (2023). Exploring the relationship between corporate ESG information disclosure and audit fees: Evidence from non-financial A-share listed companies in China. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 11, 1196728. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1196728
Zheng, X., & Bu, Q. (2024). Enterprise ESG performance, digital transformation, and firm performance: Evidence from China. SAGE Open, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241291680