Main Article Content
Abstract
Every country has the potential to face emergency threats, such as natural disasters, riots, and even disease outbreaks. This will be why declaring and implementing a state of emergency needed to deal with future threats. An emergency forces the state to carry out its functions in an unusual way, including in forming laws that cannot be carried out properly. Special handling is needed in forming laws in emergency conditions. So far, laws regarding emergency conditions have been developed in Indonesia through Government Regulation in Lieu of Law. Meanwhile, the United Kingdom applies the Fast Track Legislation (FTL) method to handle its emergency conditions. Both have similarities and differences, each of which produces advantages and disadvantages. Various things that underlie the similarities and differences include history, legal systems, and government systems. The two mechanisms for forming laws have different qualities, based on the extent to which the principles of the rule of law and checks and balances are implemented.
Keywords: Emergency, Procedure, Law, and Regulation.
Abstrak
Setiap negara berpotensi menghadapi ancaman darurat, seperti bencana alam, kerusuhan, bahkan wabah penyakit. Inilah sebabnya mengapa menyatakan dan menerapkan keadaan darurat diperlukan untuk menghadapi ancaman di masa depan. Keadaan darurat memaksa negara untuk menjalankan fungsinya dengan cara yang tidak biasa, termasuk dalam membentuk undang-undang yang tidak dapat dilakukan dengan baik. Penanganan khusus diperlukan dalam membentuk undang-undang dalam kondisi darurat. Sejauh ini, undang-undang mengenai kondisi darurat telah dikembangkan di Indonesia melalui Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang. Sementara itu, Inggris menerapkan metode Fast Track Legislation (FTL) untuk menangani kondisi daruratnya. Keduanya memiliki persamaan dan perbedaan, yang masing-masing menghasilkan kelebihan dan kekurangan. Berbagai hal yang mendasari persamaan dan perbedaan tersebut antara lain sejarah, sistem hukum, dan sistem pemerintahan. Kedua mekanisme pembentukan hukum memiliki kualitas yang berbeda, berdasarkan sejauh mana prinsip-prinsip supremasi hukum dan check and balances diterapkan.
Keywords: Keadaan Darurat, Prosedur, Hukum dan Peraturan.
Keywords
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References
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Arsil, Fitra. “MENGGAGAS PEMBATASAN PEMBENTUKAN DAN MATERI MUATAN PERPPU: STUDI PERBANDINGAN PENGATURAN DAN PENGGUNAAN PERPPU DI NEGARA-NEGARA PRESIDENSIAL.” Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 48, no. 1 (2018). https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol.48.no.1.1593.
Arsil, Fitra, and Qurrata Ayuni. “MODEL PENGATURAN KEDARURATAN DAN PILIHAN KEDARURATAN INDONESIA DALAM MENGHADAPI PANDEMI COVID-19.” Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 50, no. 2 (2020): 423–46.
Asshiddiqie, Jimly. Hukum Tata Negara Darurat. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2007.
Cabinet Office. “Guide to Making Legislation.” Cabinet Office, July 5, 2013. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/62fe365fe90e0703e1bb4844/2022-08_Guide_to_Making_Legislation_-_master_version__4_.pdf.
De Cruz, Peter. Comparative Law in a Changing World. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Routledge-Cavendish, 2007.
Edelson, Chris, ed. Emergency Presidential Power: From the Drafting of the Constitution to the War on Terror. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2013.
Febriansyah, Reza Fikri. “Eksistensi Dan Prospek Pengaturan Perppu Dalam Sistem NormaHukum Negara Republik Indonesia.” Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia 6, no. 4 (2009): 667–82. https://doi.org/10.54629/jli.v6i4.3.
Feldman, William. “Theories of Emergency Powers: A Comparative Analysis of American Martial Law and the French State of Siege.” Cornell International Law Journal 38, no. 7 (2005). https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cilj/vol38/iss3/17.
Hakim, Rakhmat Nur. “Perppu Ormas Disahkan, Pemerintah Kini Bisa Bubarkan Ormas.” Kompas.com, October 24, 2017. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2017/10/24/16342471/perppu-ormas-disahkan-pemerintah-kini-bisa-bubarkan-ormas.
Hamidi, Jazim, and Mustafa Lutfi. “Ketentuan Konstitusional Pemberlakuan Keadaan Darurat Dalam Suatu Negara (Model Perbandingan Konstitusi Antara Negara Indonesia Dengan Amerika Serikat Dalam Perspektif Politik Hukum).” Jurnal Konstitusi 6, no. 1 (2009): 39–78.
House of Lords. “Fast-Track Legislation: Constitutional Implications and Safeguards.” www.parliament.uk, 2009. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200809/ldselect/ldconst/116/11608.htm?__cf_chl_f_tk=4W8JtCXjpRqWBrBPCmPSn..53_LcH7tLyKkpvWRpnT0-1737309557-1.0.1.1-l83N5G3Djt1BRVchFEa.K6D_GAsQ9JFuGiOXszvyITQ.
Humphreys, S. “Legalizing Lawlessness: On Giorgio Agamben’s State of Exception.” European Journal of International Law 17, no. 3 (June 1, 2006): 677–87. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chl020.
Ipelona, Edika. “Kontroversi Imunitas Di Perppu Pandemi Virus Corona.” Kompas.tv, April 21, 2020. https://www.kompas.tv/nasional/77196/kontroversi-imunitas-di-perppu-pandemi-virus-corona.
Jeff, King, and Byrom Natalie. “United Kingdom: Legal Response to Covid-19.” In The Oxford Compendium of National Legal Responses to Covid-19, by King Jeff and Byrom Natalie. Oxford University Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/law-occ19/e17.013.17.
Joe Marshall. “Fast-Tracked Legislation / Emergency Legislation.” instituteforgovernment.org.uk, April 8, 2019. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/article/explainer/fast-tracked-legislation-emergency-legislation.
Khakee, Anna. Securing Democracy? A Comparative Analysis of Emergency Powers in Europe. Policy Paper / Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces 30. Geneva: DCAF, 2009.
Manan, Bagir, and Susi Dwi Harijanti. “Artikel Kehormatan: Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Dalam Perspektif Ajaran Konstitusi Dan Prinsip Negara Hukum.” PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 4, no. 2 (October 23, 2017): 222–43. https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v4n2.a1.
Muhaimin. Metode Penelitian Hukum. Mataram: Mataram University Perss, 2020.
Parliament.uk. “Potential Improvements to the Fast-Track Scrutiny Process,” 2009. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200809/ldselect/ldconst/116/11608.htm.
Prasetio, Rizki Bagus. “Pandemi Covid-19: Perspektif Hukum Tata Negara Darurat Dan Perlindungan HAM.” Jurnal Ilmiah Kebijakan Hukum 15, no. 2 (July 26, 2021): 327. https://doi.org/10.30641/kebijakan.2021.V15.327-346.
Rohim, Nur. “Kontroversi Pembentukan Perppu Nomor 1 Tahun 2013 Tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi Dalam Ranah Kegentingan Yang Memaksa.” JURNAL CITA HUKUM 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2014). https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v1i1.1454.
Rosyid Al Atok. “CHECKS AND BALANCES DALAM PEMBENTUKAN UNDANG-UNDANG DENGAN SISTEM BIKAMERAL DI 5 (LIMA) NEGARA KESATUAN.” Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia 13, no. 3 (May 4, 2018): 261–72. https://doi.org/10.54629/jli.v13i3.158.
Sean Molloy. “Covid-19, Emergency Legislation and Sunset Clauses.” Blog. U.K. Const. L., April 8, 2020. https://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2020/04/08/sean-molloy-covid-19-emergency-legislation-and-sunset-clauses/.
Sembiring, Eidi Krina Jason. “PSHTN FHUI: Perppu Ormas Kemunduran Proses Panjang Reformasi.” Sindonews.com, July 17, 2017. https://nasional.sindonews.com/berita/1221375/13/pshtn-fhui-perppu-ormas-kemunduran-proses-panjang-reformasi.
Sukadi, Imam. “ASAS CONTRARIUS ACTUS SEBAGAI KONTROL PEMERINTAH TERHADAP KEBEBASAN BERSERIKAT DAN BERKUMPUL DI INDONESIA.” Mimbar Keadilan 12, no. 2 (July 10, 2019): 181. https://doi.org/10.30996/mk.v12i2.2457.
Sunarto, Sunarto. “PRINSIP CHECKS AND BALANCES DALAM SISTEM KETATANEGARAAN INDONESIA.” MASALAH-MASALAH HUKUM 45, no. 2 (April 19, 2016): 157. https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.45.2.2016.157-163.
Susanto, Mei. “Perbandingan Hukum Dan Perkembangan Sistem Hukum: Konvergensi Atau Divergensi’.” In PROSIDING KONFERENSI NASIONAL ASOSIASI DOSEN PENGAJAR HUKUM PERBANDINGAN INDONESIA (ADPHI), 1–550. Surabaya: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Airlangga, 2017.
Toloh, Pascal Wilmar Yehezkiel. “KAJIAN KEWENANGAN MAHKAMAH KONSTITUSI DALAM PENGUJIAN PERATURAN PEMERINTAH PENGGANTI UNDANG-UNDANG BERDASARKAN PUTUSAN MK NO. 138/PUU-VII/2009.” Lex Administratum 8, no. 3 (August 2, 2020): 16–26.
References
Adhari, Agus. “AMBIGUITAS PENGATURAN KEADAAN BAHAYA DALAM SISTEM KETATANEGARAAN INDONESIA.” Dialogia Iuridica: Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Dan Investasi 11, no. 1 (November 19, 2019): 43–61. https://doi.org/10.28932/di.v11i1.1960.
Arsil, Fitra. “MENGGAGAS PEMBATASAN PEMBENTUKAN DAN MATERI MUATAN PERPPU: STUDI PERBANDINGAN PENGATURAN DAN PENGGUNAAN PERPPU DI NEGARA-NEGARA PRESIDENSIAL.” Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 48, no. 1 (2018). https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol.48.no.1.1593.
Arsil, Fitra, and Qurrata Ayuni. “MODEL PENGATURAN KEDARURATAN DAN PILIHAN KEDARURATAN INDONESIA DALAM MENGHADAPI PANDEMI COVID-19.” Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 50, no. 2 (2020): 423–46.
Asshiddiqie, Jimly. Hukum Tata Negara Darurat. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2007.
Cabinet Office. “Guide to Making Legislation.” Cabinet Office, July 5, 2013. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/62fe365fe90e0703e1bb4844/2022-08_Guide_to_Making_Legislation_-_master_version__4_.pdf.
De Cruz, Peter. Comparative Law in a Changing World. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Routledge-Cavendish, 2007.
Edelson, Chris, ed. Emergency Presidential Power: From the Drafting of the Constitution to the War on Terror. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2013.
Febriansyah, Reza Fikri. “Eksistensi Dan Prospek Pengaturan Perppu Dalam Sistem NormaHukum Negara Republik Indonesia.” Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia 6, no. 4 (2009): 667–82. https://doi.org/10.54629/jli.v6i4.3.
Feldman, William. “Theories of Emergency Powers: A Comparative Analysis of American Martial Law and the French State of Siege.” Cornell International Law Journal 38, no. 7 (2005). https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cilj/vol38/iss3/17.
Hakim, Rakhmat Nur. “Perppu Ormas Disahkan, Pemerintah Kini Bisa Bubarkan Ormas.” Kompas.com, October 24, 2017. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2017/10/24/16342471/perppu-ormas-disahkan-pemerintah-kini-bisa-bubarkan-ormas.
Hamidi, Jazim, and Mustafa Lutfi. “Ketentuan Konstitusional Pemberlakuan Keadaan Darurat Dalam Suatu Negara (Model Perbandingan Konstitusi Antara Negara Indonesia Dengan Amerika Serikat Dalam Perspektif Politik Hukum).” Jurnal Konstitusi 6, no. 1 (2009): 39–78.
House of Lords. “Fast-Track Legislation: Constitutional Implications and Safeguards.” www.parliament.uk, 2009. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200809/ldselect/ldconst/116/11608.htm?__cf_chl_f_tk=4W8JtCXjpRqWBrBPCmPSn..53_LcH7tLyKkpvWRpnT0-1737309557-1.0.1.1-l83N5G3Djt1BRVchFEa.K6D_GAsQ9JFuGiOXszvyITQ.
Humphreys, S. “Legalizing Lawlessness: On Giorgio Agamben’s State of Exception.” European Journal of International Law 17, no. 3 (June 1, 2006): 677–87. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chl020.
Ipelona, Edika. “Kontroversi Imunitas Di Perppu Pandemi Virus Corona.” Kompas.tv, April 21, 2020. https://www.kompas.tv/nasional/77196/kontroversi-imunitas-di-perppu-pandemi-virus-corona.
Jeff, King, and Byrom Natalie. “United Kingdom: Legal Response to Covid-19.” In The Oxford Compendium of National Legal Responses to Covid-19, by King Jeff and Byrom Natalie. Oxford University Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/law-occ19/e17.013.17.
Joe Marshall. “Fast-Tracked Legislation / Emergency Legislation.” instituteforgovernment.org.uk, April 8, 2019. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/article/explainer/fast-tracked-legislation-emergency-legislation.
Khakee, Anna. Securing Democracy? A Comparative Analysis of Emergency Powers in Europe. Policy Paper / Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces 30. Geneva: DCAF, 2009.
Manan, Bagir, and Susi Dwi Harijanti. “Artikel Kehormatan: Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Dalam Perspektif Ajaran Konstitusi Dan Prinsip Negara Hukum.” PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 4, no. 2 (October 23, 2017): 222–43. https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v4n2.a1.
Muhaimin. Metode Penelitian Hukum. Mataram: Mataram University Perss, 2020.
Parliament.uk. “Potential Improvements to the Fast-Track Scrutiny Process,” 2009. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200809/ldselect/ldconst/116/11608.htm.
Prasetio, Rizki Bagus. “Pandemi Covid-19: Perspektif Hukum Tata Negara Darurat Dan Perlindungan HAM.” Jurnal Ilmiah Kebijakan Hukum 15, no. 2 (July 26, 2021): 327. https://doi.org/10.30641/kebijakan.2021.V15.327-346.
Rohim, Nur. “Kontroversi Pembentukan Perppu Nomor 1 Tahun 2013 Tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi Dalam Ranah Kegentingan Yang Memaksa.” JURNAL CITA HUKUM 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2014). https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v1i1.1454.
Rosyid Al Atok. “CHECKS AND BALANCES DALAM PEMBENTUKAN UNDANG-UNDANG DENGAN SISTEM BIKAMERAL DI 5 (LIMA) NEGARA KESATUAN.” Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia 13, no. 3 (May 4, 2018): 261–72. https://doi.org/10.54629/jli.v13i3.158.
Sean Molloy. “Covid-19, Emergency Legislation and Sunset Clauses.” Blog. U.K. Const. L., April 8, 2020. https://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2020/04/08/sean-molloy-covid-19-emergency-legislation-and-sunset-clauses/.
Sembiring, Eidi Krina Jason. “PSHTN FHUI: Perppu Ormas Kemunduran Proses Panjang Reformasi.” Sindonews.com, July 17, 2017. https://nasional.sindonews.com/berita/1221375/13/pshtn-fhui-perppu-ormas-kemunduran-proses-panjang-reformasi.
Sukadi, Imam. “ASAS CONTRARIUS ACTUS SEBAGAI KONTROL PEMERINTAH TERHADAP KEBEBASAN BERSERIKAT DAN BERKUMPUL DI INDONESIA.” Mimbar Keadilan 12, no. 2 (July 10, 2019): 181. https://doi.org/10.30996/mk.v12i2.2457.
Sunarto, Sunarto. “PRINSIP CHECKS AND BALANCES DALAM SISTEM KETATANEGARAAN INDONESIA.” MASALAH-MASALAH HUKUM 45, no. 2 (April 19, 2016): 157. https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.45.2.2016.157-163.
Susanto, Mei. “Perbandingan Hukum Dan Perkembangan Sistem Hukum: Konvergensi Atau Divergensi’.” In PROSIDING KONFERENSI NASIONAL ASOSIASI DOSEN PENGAJAR HUKUM PERBANDINGAN INDONESIA (ADPHI), 1–550. Surabaya: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Airlangga, 2017.
Toloh, Pascal Wilmar Yehezkiel. “KAJIAN KEWENANGAN MAHKAMAH KONSTITUSI DALAM PENGUJIAN PERATURAN PEMERINTAH PENGGANTI UNDANG-UNDANG BERDASARKAN PUTUSAN MK NO. 138/PUU-VII/2009.” Lex Administratum 8, no. 3 (August 2, 2020): 16–26.