Main Article Content
Abstract
PP 53/2023 led to skepticism over the president's impartiality as he dishonestly supported one of the presidential candidate pairs in the election. During a lame duck session, when a president can no longer be elected, he or she does not want to change election rules, but only focuses on leaving a good legacy during his or her term. However, Indonesia experienced an anomaly when President Joko Widodo's eldest son, Gibran Rakabuming Raka (Gibran), was nominated as a vice presidential candidate. Article 18 of PP 53/2023 says that the President, Vice President, leaders and members of the People's Consultative Assembly, leaders and members of DPR, leaders and members of DPD, ministers and ministerial-level officials, governors, vice governors, regents, vice regents, mayors, and vice mayors running for presidency and/or vice presidency do not need to resign their post. For this reason, There are several research questions to address in this study. First, how anomalous is lawmaking during the lame duck period in Indonesia? Second, how did the lame duck session lead to the president's partiality in the 2024 election? by employing the normative legal research method and using the comparative and statute approaches, the author identifies 2 (two) topics in this paper. First, in 2024 there was an anomaly in government during the lame duck session. An official was involved in the election at the end of his term. Second, the implications of the absence of restriction during the lame duck period allowed the president to be partial, giving an advantage to one pair of the presidential and/or vice presidential candidates.
Keywords: lame duck, election, president
Abstrak
Proses terbit dan materi muatan Pasal 18 PP 53/2023 menimbulkan problematik jika dikaitkan dengan penyelenggaraan pemilu yang jujur dan adil sesuai semangat yang diatur dalam Pasal 22E UUD NRI 1945. Munculnya PP 53/2023 jelas menguntungkan pihak-pihak tertentu, karena para pejabat negara tidak perlu mengundurkan diri apabila disaat yang bersamaan mencalonkan diri sebagai presiden dan/atau wakil presiden. Istilah lame duck session nampaknya relevan jika dikaitkan dengan peristiwa ini. Penelitian ini mengkaji dua hal, pertama, bagaimana anomali pembentukan hukum selama periode lame duck di Indonesia? kedua, bagaimana pengaruh periode lame duck pada keberpihakan presiden dalam pemilihan presiden/dan wakil presiden tahun 2024. Dengan menggunakan penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan komparatif dan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian memberikan 2 (dua) kesimpulan. Pertama, di 2024, terdapar anomali pada pemerintahan selama lame duck session ketika pemerintahan ikut terlibat dalam pemilihan umum dalam akhir masa jabatanya. Kedua, implikasi dari ketiadaan pembatasan selama periode lame duck memberikan kesempatan bagi presiden untuk memihak yang memberikan kesempatan pada salah satu pasangan kandidat presiden dan wakil presiden
Kata Kunci: lame duck, pemilihan umum, presiden
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Anugerah Perdana
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References
Arsil, Fitra; Mauleny, Ariesy Tri; and Wasti, Ryan M., “Law Making Activities during Lame Duck Sessions in Indonesia (1997-2020)”, Parliamentary Affairs, 76, November 2021, p. 421-442, https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsab058
Aspinall, Edward and Muhammad Uhaib As’ad, ‘Understanding Family Politics: Successes and Failures of Political Dynasties in Regional Indonesia’, South East Asia Research, 24(3), 2016, 420–35
Bacon, Donald C., Davidson, Roger H., and Keller Morton (eds.) Encyclopedia of the United States Congress, Vol. 3, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995)
BBC, “Warisan Jokowi: Ironi Kemunduran demokrasi di tangan si 'anak kandung reformasi' di balik gencarnya pembangunan infrastruktur dan investasi”, https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/c9901z9lp0go
Besley T and Case A (2003), Political Institutions and Policy Choices: Evidence from the United States, Journal of Economic Literature 41(1), p. 7–73, https://doi.org/10.1257/002205103321544693.
Carbone, Giovanni and Cassani, Andrea, “Africa’s Lame Ducks: Second-Term Presidents and the Rule of Law”, Government and Opposition, 2, January 2023, p. 1-23, doi:10.1017/gov.2023.2
Corrales J and Penfold M, “Manipulating Term Limits in Latin America, Journal of Democracy”, 25(4), 2014, p. 157–168, https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2014.0066
Cassani, Andrea, “Autocratisation by Term Limits Manipulation in Sub-Saharan Africa", Africa Spectrum, 55(3), 2020, p. 228–250, https://doi.org/10.1177/0002039720964218.
Cruz, Peter, Comparative Law in a Changing World, (London: Cavendish Publishing Limited, 1999)
DPR RI, Program Legislasi Nasional Prioritas, https://www.dpr.go.id/uu/prolegnas
DPR RI, “DPR RI Sahkan UU Perubahan tentang ITE”, https://www.dpr.go.id/berita/detail/id/47956/t/DPR%20RI%20Sahkan%20UU%20Perubahan%20tentang%20ITE
Hasibuan, Mahruzah dan Irwansyah, “Evaluasi implementasi periode "lame duck" di Indonesia sejak kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia tahun 1945 hingga saat ini” Jurnal Educatio, 9(2), August 2023, p. 716-721, http://dx.doi.org/10.29210/02020344
Hug, W., “The History of Comparative Law”, Harvard Law Review, 45, No. 6, (1931), p. 1027.
JDIH Setneg, Produk Hukum Undang-Undang, https://jdih.setneg.go.id/Produk.
Jenkins, J. A. and Nokken, T. P., ‘Legislative Shirking in the Pre-Twentieth Amendment Era: Presidential Influence, Party Power, and Lame-Duck Sessions of Congress, 1877–1933’, American Political Development, 22(1), 2008, p. 111-140, https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0898588X08000023.
Johnson J and Crain M, “Effects of Term Limits on Fiscal Performance: Evidence from Democratic Nations”, Public Choice 119(2), 2004, p. 73–90, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PUCH.0000024183.74743.13.
Kehoe, G. Presidents and Terminal Logic Behavior: Term Limits and Executive Action in the United States, Brazil, and Argentina (Texas: A&M University Press, 2014)
Kompas, Indeks Demokrasi Turun, Kebebasan Pers Turut Terancam, https://www.kompas.id/baca/polhuk/2024/01/31/indeks-demokrasi-turun-kebebasan-pers-turut-terancam
Constitutional Court Ruling Number 90/PUU-XXI/2023 on the Review of Law Number 7 of 2017 on General Elections
Marzuki, P.M, Penelitian Hukum Normatif dalam Justifikasi Teori Hukum, (Jakarta: Prenada Media Group, 2016)
MetroTV, Jokowi Terbitkan PP 53/2023, Pengamat: Sarat Nuansa Kepentingan Politik, Metrotv, accessed on February 20, 2024, https://www.metrotvnews.com/play/kM6Ca1LW-jokowi-terbitkan-pp-53-2023-pengamat-sarat-nuansa-kepentingan-politik
Nuryadin, “Urgensi Pengaturan Lame Duck Session (Sesi Bebek Lumpuh) dalam Lembaga Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia”, Jurnal Salam, 9(6), 2022, p. 1797-1814. DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v9i6.26798
Article 5 paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia
Article 18 paragraph (1a) of Government Regulation Number 53 of 2023 on Procedures for Resignation in the Nomination of the Members of the House of Representatives, Members of the Regional Representative Council, Members of Regional Legislative Councils, President and Vice President, Requests for Permission in the Nomination of the President and Vice President, and Leave in Election Campaigns
Article 171 paragraph (1) of Law Number 7 of 2017 on General Elections
Presidential Regulation Number 52 of 2023 on Government Work Plans for 2024
Presidential Regulation Number 134 of 2022 on Government Work Plans for 2023
Safire, Williams, Safire’s Political Dictionary, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993)
Soekanto, Soerjono, Pengantar Penelitian Hukum, 20th edition, (Jakarta: UI Press, 2020)
Stringham, Edward, ‘The Emergence of the London Stock Exchange as a Self-Policing Club’, Journal of Private Enterprise, The Association of Private Enterprise Education, 17, 2002, p. 1-19
Suara.com, Survei Populi Center: Masyarakat Lebih Percaya TNI Netral Ketimbang KPU dan Bawaslu di Pemilu 2024, https://www.suara.com/kotaksuara/2023/12/11/133847/survei-populi-center-masyarakat-lebih-percaya-tni-netral-ketimbang-kpu-dan-bawaslu-di-pemilu-2024
Times Indonesia, “Catatan Kritis Fraksi NasDem DPR Soal Polemik PP 53 Tahun 2023”, https://timesindonesia.co.id/politik/478212/catatan-kritis-fraksi-nasdem-dpr-soal-polemik-pp-53-tahun-2023
Wignjosoebroto, Soetandyo, Hukum: Konsep dan Metode, (Malang: Setara Press, 2020)
References
Arsil, Fitra; Mauleny, Ariesy Tri; and Wasti, Ryan M., “Law Making Activities during Lame Duck Sessions in Indonesia (1997-2020)”, Parliamentary Affairs, 76, November 2021, p. 421-442, https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsab058
Aspinall, Edward and Muhammad Uhaib As’ad, ‘Understanding Family Politics: Successes and Failures of Political Dynasties in Regional Indonesia’, South East Asia Research, 24(3), 2016, 420–35
Bacon, Donald C., Davidson, Roger H., and Keller Morton (eds.) Encyclopedia of the United States Congress, Vol. 3, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995)
BBC, “Warisan Jokowi: Ironi Kemunduran demokrasi di tangan si 'anak kandung reformasi' di balik gencarnya pembangunan infrastruktur dan investasi”, https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/c9901z9lp0go
Besley T and Case A (2003), Political Institutions and Policy Choices: Evidence from the United States, Journal of Economic Literature 41(1), p. 7–73, https://doi.org/10.1257/002205103321544693.
Carbone, Giovanni and Cassani, Andrea, “Africa’s Lame Ducks: Second-Term Presidents and the Rule of Law”, Government and Opposition, 2, January 2023, p. 1-23, doi:10.1017/gov.2023.2
Corrales J and Penfold M, “Manipulating Term Limits in Latin America, Journal of Democracy”, 25(4), 2014, p. 157–168, https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2014.0066
Cassani, Andrea, “Autocratisation by Term Limits Manipulation in Sub-Saharan Africa", Africa Spectrum, 55(3), 2020, p. 228–250, https://doi.org/10.1177/0002039720964218.
Cruz, Peter, Comparative Law in a Changing World, (London: Cavendish Publishing Limited, 1999)
DPR RI, Program Legislasi Nasional Prioritas, https://www.dpr.go.id/uu/prolegnas
DPR RI, “DPR RI Sahkan UU Perubahan tentang ITE”, https://www.dpr.go.id/berita/detail/id/47956/t/DPR%20RI%20Sahkan%20UU%20Perubahan%20tentang%20ITE
Hasibuan, Mahruzah dan Irwansyah, “Evaluasi implementasi periode "lame duck" di Indonesia sejak kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia tahun 1945 hingga saat ini” Jurnal Educatio, 9(2), August 2023, p. 716-721, http://dx.doi.org/10.29210/02020344
Hug, W., “The History of Comparative Law”, Harvard Law Review, 45, No. 6, (1931), p. 1027.
JDIH Setneg, Produk Hukum Undang-Undang, https://jdih.setneg.go.id/Produk.
Jenkins, J. A. and Nokken, T. P., ‘Legislative Shirking in the Pre-Twentieth Amendment Era: Presidential Influence, Party Power, and Lame-Duck Sessions of Congress, 1877–1933’, American Political Development, 22(1), 2008, p. 111-140, https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0898588X08000023.
Johnson J and Crain M, “Effects of Term Limits on Fiscal Performance: Evidence from Democratic Nations”, Public Choice 119(2), 2004, p. 73–90, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PUCH.0000024183.74743.13.
Kehoe, G. Presidents and Terminal Logic Behavior: Term Limits and Executive Action in the United States, Brazil, and Argentina (Texas: A&M University Press, 2014)
Kompas, Indeks Demokrasi Turun, Kebebasan Pers Turut Terancam, https://www.kompas.id/baca/polhuk/2024/01/31/indeks-demokrasi-turun-kebebasan-pers-turut-terancam
Constitutional Court Ruling Number 90/PUU-XXI/2023 on the Review of Law Number 7 of 2017 on General Elections
Marzuki, P.M, Penelitian Hukum Normatif dalam Justifikasi Teori Hukum, (Jakarta: Prenada Media Group, 2016)
MetroTV, Jokowi Terbitkan PP 53/2023, Pengamat: Sarat Nuansa Kepentingan Politik, Metrotv, accessed on February 20, 2024, https://www.metrotvnews.com/play/kM6Ca1LW-jokowi-terbitkan-pp-53-2023-pengamat-sarat-nuansa-kepentingan-politik
Nuryadin, “Urgensi Pengaturan Lame Duck Session (Sesi Bebek Lumpuh) dalam Lembaga Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia”, Jurnal Salam, 9(6), 2022, p. 1797-1814. DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v9i6.26798
Article 5 paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia
Article 18 paragraph (1a) of Government Regulation Number 53 of 2023 on Procedures for Resignation in the Nomination of the Members of the House of Representatives, Members of the Regional Representative Council, Members of Regional Legislative Councils, President and Vice President, Requests for Permission in the Nomination of the President and Vice President, and Leave in Election Campaigns
Article 171 paragraph (1) of Law Number 7 of 2017 on General Elections
Presidential Regulation Number 52 of 2023 on Government Work Plans for 2024
Presidential Regulation Number 134 of 2022 on Government Work Plans for 2023
Safire, Williams, Safire’s Political Dictionary, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993)
Soekanto, Soerjono, Pengantar Penelitian Hukum, 20th edition, (Jakarta: UI Press, 2020)
Stringham, Edward, ‘The Emergence of the London Stock Exchange as a Self-Policing Club’, Journal of Private Enterprise, The Association of Private Enterprise Education, 17, 2002, p. 1-19
Suara.com, Survei Populi Center: Masyarakat Lebih Percaya TNI Netral Ketimbang KPU dan Bawaslu di Pemilu 2024, https://www.suara.com/kotaksuara/2023/12/11/133847/survei-populi-center-masyarakat-lebih-percaya-tni-netral-ketimbang-kpu-dan-bawaslu-di-pemilu-2024
Times Indonesia, “Catatan Kritis Fraksi NasDem DPR Soal Polemik PP 53 Tahun 2023”, https://timesindonesia.co.id/politik/478212/catatan-kritis-fraksi-nasdem-dpr-soal-polemik-pp-53-tahun-2023
Wignjosoebroto, Soetandyo, Hukum: Konsep dan Metode, (Malang: Setara Press, 2020)