Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose – This study aims to determine the priorities and benefits sought by Muslim consumers for sharia tourism in Indonesia. The study population was the potential tourist consumer, and convenience sampling methods carried out the sampling.
Methodology – The data were collected by field surveys with a sample of 300 respondents. Dendrogram cluster approach and chi-square test analysis were used to analyze the benefit segmentation.
Findings – The study results explain the attributes of the tourism category to form clusters based on the reasons for the proximity of the benefits sought by consumers. Muslim tourists have a top priority for natural tourism, with the following priorities were cultural tourism, culinary tourism, and religion by sharia facilities. In terms of gender, there is no difference in the choice of the four categories of sharia tourism. Meanwhile, in terms of age and income, there is a significant difference in the choice of four categories of sharia tourism in Indonesia, with the most considerable portion choosing culinary tourism. The findings of this study imply that cluster analysis is suitable for explaining benefit segmentation. Information on the benefit of experience tourists seek an input for sharia tourism destination providers for the target market for Muslim tourists.
Practical Implication – Practically the findings of this research can be used as information to develop tourism marketing strategies by the government and tourism actors with Muslim segments and target markets, both nationally and internationally. Therefore, they can formulate a marketing strategy based on demographic consideration.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2022 Sumadi Sumadi; Octavia Gandra Sari
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References
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- Amijaya, R. N. F., Sholikhin, M. Y., & Fianto, B. A. (2019). The influence of macroeconomics and population in country of origin on tourist arrivals to Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi & Keuangan Islam, 5(2), 72–79. https://doi.org/10.20885/jeki.vol5.iss2.art4
- Battour, M., Battor, M., & Bhatti, M. A. (2013). Islamic attributes of destination: Construct development and measurement validation, and their impact on tourist satisfaction. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(6), 556–564. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1947
- Battour, M., & Ismail, M. N. (2016). Halal tourism: Concepts, practises, challenges and future. Tourism Management Perspectives, 19, 150–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.008
- Battour, M., Ismail, M. N., & Battor, M. (2011). The impact of destination attributes on Muslim tourist’s choice. International Journal of Tourism Research, 13(6), 527–540. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.824
- Battour, M. M., Ismail, M. N., & Battor, M. (2010). Toward a halal tourism market. Tourism Analysis, 15(4), 461–470. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354210X12864727453304
- Bazazo, I., Elyas, T., Awawdeh, L., Faroun, M., & Qawasmeh, S. (2017). The impact of Islamic attributes of destination on destination loyalty via the mediating effect of tourist satisfaction. International Journal of Business Administration, 8(4), 65. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v8n4p65
- Boğan, E., & Sarıışık, M. (2019). Halal tourism: Conceptual and practical challenges. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 10(1), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-06-2017-0066
- Bogari, N. B., Crowther, G., & Marr, N. (2004). Motivation for domestic tourism. Tourism Analysis, 8, 137–141. www.cognizantcommunication.com
- Crescentrating. (2019). Mastercard-crescentrating global muslim travel index (GMTI) 2019: Indonesia and Malaysia take the top positions in the fast growing muslim travel market. https://www.crescentrating.com/magazine/press-releases/3998/mastercard-crescentrating-global-muslim-travel-index-gmti-2019-indonesia-and-malaysia-take-the-top-positions-in-the-fast-growing-muslim-travel-market.html
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- Han, H., Al-Ansi, A., Olya, H. G. T., & Kim, W. (2019). Exploring halal-friendly destination attributes in South Korea: Perceptions and behaviors of Muslim travelers toward a non-Muslim destination. Tourism Management, 71, 151–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.10.010
- Haq, F., & Wong, H. Y. (2010). Is spiritual tourism a new strategy for marketing Islam? Journal of Islamic Marketing, 1(2), 136–148. https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831011055879
- Haq, M. F. (2011). Marketing Spirituality: A Tourism Perspective. Charles darwin University.
- Hassani, A., & Moghavvemi, S. (2019). Muslims’ travel motivations and travel preferences: The impact of motivational factors on Islamic service, hedonic and product preferences. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(2), 344–367. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-11-2018-0215
- Henderson, J. C. (2009). Islamic tourism reviewed. Tourism Recreation Research, 34(2), 207–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2009.11081594
- Holey, G., Piercy, N. F., & Nicoulaud, B. (2008). Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning, 4 th. UK: Prentice Hall.
- Jaelani, A. (2017). Halal tourism industry in Indonesia: Potential and prospects halal tourism industry in Indonesia: Potential and prospects. International Review of Management and Marketing, 7(3), 25–34. https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/irmm/article/view/4352
- Kalabikhina, I. E., & Shishalov, D. (2016). Socio-demographic portrait of Russian travelers. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 8(3), 287–295. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-02-2016-0011
- Kasali, R. (1998). Membidik pasar Indonesia: segmentasi, targeting, dan positioning. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
- Kasri, R. A., Mariz, K., & Halimatussadiah, A. (2021). Intergenerational value transmission, religiosity, and ethical consumption: Evidence from college students in Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam, 7(2), 139–153. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20885/JEKI.vol7.iss2. art3 Abstract
- Kassean, H., & Gassita, R. (2013). Exploring tourists’ “push and pull” motivations to visit mauritius as a holiday destination. Tourismos, 8(2), 39–56. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289475233_Exploring_tourists%27_%27push_and_pull%27_motivations_to_visit_mauritius_as_a_holiday_destination
- Khan, J. H., Haque, A., & Rahman, M. S. (2013). What makes tourists satisfied? An empirical study on Malaysian Islamic tourist destination. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 14(11), 1631–1637. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.14.12.2250
- Kim, S. (Sam), Im, H. H., & King, B. E. M. (2015). Muslim travelers in Asia: The destination preferences and brand perceptions of Malaysian tourists. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 21(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766714549648
- Kothari. C. R. (2004). Research Methodology methods and techniques (2nd ed.). New Delhi: New Age International (P) Limited Publishers.
- Kotler, P, & Turner, R. J. (1993). Marketing management: Analysis planning, implementation and control, Canadian 7th ed. Scarborough, ON, Canada: Prentice-Hall.
- Kotler, Philip, & Amstrong, G. (2016). Principles of marketing (16Th Editi). Edinburg: Pearson.
- Kotler, Philip, Garry, A., & Opresnik, M. O. (2018). Priciples of marketing. Harlow, England: Pearson.
- Kotler, Philip, & Keller, K. L. (2016). Marketing management 15th, Global Edition. New York: Pearson.
- Laderlah, S. A., Rahman, S. A., Awang, K., & Man, Y. C. (2011). A study on Islamic tourism: A Malaysian experience. 2nd International Conferences of Humanities and Social Sciences, 17, 184–189.
- Li, M., Huang, Z., & Cai, L. (2009). Benefit segmentation of visitors to a rural community-based festival. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 26(5–6), 585–598. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548400903163152
- Mohsin, A., Ramli, N., & Alkhulayfi, B. A. (2016). Halal tourism: Emerging opportunities. Tourism Management Perspectives, 19(2016), 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.010
- Naziman, Y. H. N. M., Idrus, S., Aznan, N. F. M., & Musa, R. (2012). Pull and push motivation in Islamic tourism. Current Issues in Hospitality and Tourism Research and Innovations, 329–332. https://doi.org/10.1201/b12752-64
- Olsen, D. H. (2011). Towards a religious view of tourism: Negotiating faith perspectives on tourism. Tourism, Culture and Communication, 11(1), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.3727/109830411X13049571092633
- Pesonen, J., Laukkanen, T., & Komppula, R. (2011). Benefit segmentation of potential wellbeing tourists. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 17(4), 303–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766711423322
- Praswati, A. N., & Prijanto, T. (2017). Measurement moslem religion in consumer behavior. Jurnal Ekonomi & Keuangan Islam, 3(2), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.20885/jeki.vol3.iss2.art6
- Press, J., & Simms, C. (2010). Segmenting cosmetic procedures markets using benefit segmentation: A study of the market for tooth whitening services in the United Kingdom. Journal of Medical Marketing, 10(3), 183–198. https://doi.org/10.1057/jmm.2010.7
- Rudež, H. N., Sedmak, G., & Bojnec, Š. (2006). Mapping landscape values and development preferences: A method for tourism and residential development planning, International Journal of Tourism Reseach, 113, 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr
- Shafaei, F., & Mohamed, B. (2018). Involvement and brand equity: A conceptual model for muslim tourist, International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 34(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-06-2014-0050
- Shakona, M. Y. (2013). The influence of religiosity on the intention of united states muslim tourist to chose a shariah compliant hotel. Graduate Scholl of Clemson University.
- Sofia, H., & Suharto. (2019). Indonesia aims to rank first in global halal tourism. Retrieved from https://en.antaranews.com/news/122280/indonesia-aims-to-rank-first-in-global-halaltourism.
- Stephenson, M. L. (2014). Deciphering “Islamic hospitality”: Developments, challenges and opportunities. Tourism Management, 40, 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.05.002
- Sudarsono, H., Ash Shidiqie, J.S., & Tumewang, Y. K. (2021). The impact of religiosity and knowledge on the intention of young muslim generation toward halal tourism in Indonesia. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 27(2), 255-272. https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.272.2
- Untari, D. T. (2019). The development strategy of Betawi eco-culinary tourism as a potential business in DKI Jakarta, Indonesia. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 2019 (Special Issue), 1–9. Retrieved from https://www.ajhtl.com
- Usman, H., Sobari, N., & Sari, L. E. (2019). Sharia motivation in Muslim tourism definition, is it matter? Journal of Islamic Marketing, 10(3), 709–723. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-01-2018-0015
- Vallespín, M., Molinillo, S., & Muñoz-Leiva, F. (2017). Segmentation and explanation of smartphone use for travel planning based on socio-demographic and behavioral variables. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 117(3), 605–619. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-03-2016-0089
- Wardi, Y., Abror, A., & Trinanda, O. (2018). Halal tourism: Antecedent of tourist’s satisfaction and word of mouth (WOM). Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23(5), 463–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2018.1466816
- Wilson, J. A. J., & Liu, J. (2011). The challenges of Islamic branding: Navigating emotions and halal. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 2(1), 28–42. https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831111115222
- Zamani-farahani, H., & Henderson, J. C. (2010). Islamic tourism and managing tourism. International Kournal of Tourism Research, 12, 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.
References
Abror, A., Wardi, Y., Trinanda, O., & Patrisia, D. (2019). The impact of halal tourism, customer engagement on satisfaction: moderating effect of religiosity. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(7), 633–643. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1611609
Adams, R. (2011). Fragmentation and segmentation: Marketing global benefits. International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER), 10(9), 59. https://doi.org/10.19030/iber.v10i9.5627
Al-Hamarneh, A., & Steiner, C. (2004). Islamic tourism: Rethinking the strategies of tourism development in the Arab world after September 11, 2001. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 24(1), 175–186. https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201X-24-1-175
Amijaya, R. N. F., Sholikhin, M. Y., & Fianto, B. A. (2019). The influence of macroeconomics and population in country of origin on tourist arrivals to Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi & Keuangan Islam, 5(2), 72–79. https://doi.org/10.20885/jeki.vol5.iss2.art4
Battour, M., Battor, M., & Bhatti, M. A. (2013). Islamic attributes of destination: Construct development and measurement validation, and their impact on tourist satisfaction. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(6), 556–564. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1947
Battour, M., & Ismail, M. N. (2016). Halal tourism: Concepts, practises, challenges and future. Tourism Management Perspectives, 19, 150–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.008
Battour, M., Ismail, M. N., & Battor, M. (2011). The impact of destination attributes on Muslim tourist’s choice. International Journal of Tourism Research, 13(6), 527–540. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.824
Battour, M. M., Ismail, M. N., & Battor, M. (2010). Toward a halal tourism market. Tourism Analysis, 15(4), 461–470. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354210X12864727453304
Bazazo, I., Elyas, T., Awawdeh, L., Faroun, M., & Qawasmeh, S. (2017). The impact of Islamic attributes of destination on destination loyalty via the mediating effect of tourist satisfaction. International Journal of Business Administration, 8(4), 65. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v8n4p65
Boğan, E., & Sarıışık, M. (2019). Halal tourism: Conceptual and practical challenges. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 10(1), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-06-2017-0066
Bogari, N. B., Crowther, G., & Marr, N. (2004). Motivation for domestic tourism. Tourism Analysis, 8, 137–141. www.cognizantcommunication.com
Crescentrating. (2019). Mastercard-crescentrating global muslim travel index (GMTI) 2019: Indonesia and Malaysia take the top positions in the fast growing muslim travel market. https://www.crescentrating.com/magazine/press-releases/3998/mastercard-crescentrating-global-muslim-travel-index-gmti-2019-indonesia-and-malaysia-take-the-top-positions-in-the-fast-growing-muslim-travel-market.html
Crouch, G.I., Perdue, R. R., Timmermans, H. J. P., & Uysal, M. (2007). Consumer psychology of tourism, hospitality and leisure, volume 3. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
Crouch, Geoffrey I. (2007). Modelling destination competitiveness: A Survey and analysis of the impact of competitiveness attributes. In Design. internal-pdf://crouch_modeldestncomp-web-2230320291/Crouch_modelDestnComp-web.pdf LB - competitiveness destination
Finn, A., & Louviere, J. (1990). Shopping-center patronage models. Fashioning a consideration set segmentation solution. Journal of Business Research, 21(3), 259–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(90)90032-9
Frleta, D. S. (2021). Gender differences: Perceived tourism impacts and tourism development support. In M. Valeri & V. Katsoni (Eds.), Gender and Tourism. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-322-320211008
Frochot, I. (2005). A benefit segmentation of tourists in rural areas: A Scottish perspective. Tourism Management, 26(3), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.016
Haley, R. (1968). Benefir segmentation: A decision-oriented research tool. Journal of Marketing, 32(3), 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224296803200306
Han, H., Al-Ansi, A., Olya, H. G. T., & Kim, W. (2019). Exploring halal-friendly destination attributes in South Korea: Perceptions and behaviors of Muslim travelers toward a non-Muslim destination. Tourism Management, 71, 151–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.10.010
Haq, F., & Wong, H. Y. (2010). Is spiritual tourism a new strategy for marketing Islam? Journal of Islamic Marketing, 1(2), 136–148. https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831011055879
Haq, M. F. (2011). Marketing Spirituality: A Tourism Perspective. Charles darwin University.
Hassani, A., & Moghavvemi, S. (2019). Muslims’ travel motivations and travel preferences: The impact of motivational factors on Islamic service, hedonic and product preferences. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(2), 344–367. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-11-2018-0215
Henderson, J. C. (2009). Islamic tourism reviewed. Tourism Recreation Research, 34(2), 207–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2009.11081594
Holey, G., Piercy, N. F., & Nicoulaud, B. (2008). Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning, 4 th. UK: Prentice Hall.
Jaelani, A. (2017). Halal tourism industry in Indonesia: Potential and prospects halal tourism industry in Indonesia: Potential and prospects. International Review of Management and Marketing, 7(3), 25–34. https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/irmm/article/view/4352
Kalabikhina, I. E., & Shishalov, D. (2016). Socio-demographic portrait of Russian travelers. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 8(3), 287–295. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-02-2016-0011
Kasali, R. (1998). Membidik pasar Indonesia: segmentasi, targeting, dan positioning. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Kasri, R. A., Mariz, K., & Halimatussadiah, A. (2021). Intergenerational value transmission, religiosity, and ethical consumption: Evidence from college students in Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam, 7(2), 139–153. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20885/JEKI.vol7.iss2. art3 Abstract
Kassean, H., & Gassita, R. (2013). Exploring tourists’ “push and pull” motivations to visit mauritius as a holiday destination. Tourismos, 8(2), 39–56. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289475233_Exploring_tourists%27_%27push_and_pull%27_motivations_to_visit_mauritius_as_a_holiday_destination
Khan, J. H., Haque, A., & Rahman, M. S. (2013). What makes tourists satisfied? An empirical study on Malaysian Islamic tourist destination. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 14(11), 1631–1637. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.14.12.2250
Kim, S. (Sam), Im, H. H., & King, B. E. M. (2015). Muslim travelers in Asia: The destination preferences and brand perceptions of Malaysian tourists. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 21(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766714549648
Kothari. C. R. (2004). Research Methodology methods and techniques (2nd ed.). New Delhi: New Age International (P) Limited Publishers.
Kotler, P, & Turner, R. J. (1993). Marketing management: Analysis planning, implementation and control, Canadian 7th ed. Scarborough, ON, Canada: Prentice-Hall.
Kotler, Philip, & Amstrong, G. (2016). Principles of marketing (16Th Editi). Edinburg: Pearson.
Kotler, Philip, Garry, A., & Opresnik, M. O. (2018). Priciples of marketing. Harlow, England: Pearson.
Kotler, Philip, & Keller, K. L. (2016). Marketing management 15th, Global Edition. New York: Pearson.
Laderlah, S. A., Rahman, S. A., Awang, K., & Man, Y. C. (2011). A study on Islamic tourism: A Malaysian experience. 2nd International Conferences of Humanities and Social Sciences, 17, 184–189.
Li, M., Huang, Z., & Cai, L. (2009). Benefit segmentation of visitors to a rural community-based festival. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 26(5–6), 585–598. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548400903163152
Mohsin, A., Ramli, N., & Alkhulayfi, B. A. (2016). Halal tourism: Emerging opportunities. Tourism Management Perspectives, 19(2016), 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.010
Naziman, Y. H. N. M., Idrus, S., Aznan, N. F. M., & Musa, R. (2012). Pull and push motivation in Islamic tourism. Current Issues in Hospitality and Tourism Research and Innovations, 329–332. https://doi.org/10.1201/b12752-64
Olsen, D. H. (2011). Towards a religious view of tourism: Negotiating faith perspectives on tourism. Tourism, Culture and Communication, 11(1), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.3727/109830411X13049571092633
Pesonen, J., Laukkanen, T., & Komppula, R. (2011). Benefit segmentation of potential wellbeing tourists. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 17(4), 303–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766711423322
Praswati, A. N., & Prijanto, T. (2017). Measurement moslem religion in consumer behavior. Jurnal Ekonomi & Keuangan Islam, 3(2), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.20885/jeki.vol3.iss2.art6
Press, J., & Simms, C. (2010). Segmenting cosmetic procedures markets using benefit segmentation: A study of the market for tooth whitening services in the United Kingdom. Journal of Medical Marketing, 10(3), 183–198. https://doi.org/10.1057/jmm.2010.7
Rudež, H. N., Sedmak, G., & Bojnec, Š. (2006). Mapping landscape values and development preferences: A method for tourism and residential development planning, International Journal of Tourism Reseach, 113, 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr
Shafaei, F., & Mohamed, B. (2018). Involvement and brand equity: A conceptual model for muslim tourist, International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 34(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-06-2014-0050
Shakona, M. Y. (2013). The influence of religiosity on the intention of united states muslim tourist to chose a shariah compliant hotel. Graduate Scholl of Clemson University.
Sofia, H., & Suharto. (2019). Indonesia aims to rank first in global halal tourism. Retrieved from https://en.antaranews.com/news/122280/indonesia-aims-to-rank-first-in-global-halaltourism.
Stephenson, M. L. (2014). Deciphering “Islamic hospitality”: Developments, challenges and opportunities. Tourism Management, 40, 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.05.002
Sudarsono, H., Ash Shidiqie, J.S., & Tumewang, Y. K. (2021). The impact of religiosity and knowledge on the intention of young muslim generation toward halal tourism in Indonesia. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 27(2), 255-272. https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.272.2
Untari, D. T. (2019). The development strategy of Betawi eco-culinary tourism as a potential business in DKI Jakarta, Indonesia. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 2019 (Special Issue), 1–9. Retrieved from https://www.ajhtl.com
Usman, H., Sobari, N., & Sari, L. E. (2019). Sharia motivation in Muslim tourism definition, is it matter? Journal of Islamic Marketing, 10(3), 709–723. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-01-2018-0015
Vallespín, M., Molinillo, S., & Muñoz-Leiva, F. (2017). Segmentation and explanation of smartphone use for travel planning based on socio-demographic and behavioral variables. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 117(3), 605–619. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-03-2016-0089
Wardi, Y., Abror, A., & Trinanda, O. (2018). Halal tourism: Antecedent of tourist’s satisfaction and word of mouth (WOM). Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23(5), 463–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2018.1466816
Wilson, J. A. J., & Liu, J. (2011). The challenges of Islamic branding: Navigating emotions and halal. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 2(1), 28–42. https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831111115222
Zamani-farahani, H., & Henderson, J. C. (2010). Islamic tourism and managing tourism. International Kournal of Tourism Research, 12, 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.