Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose – This study aims to analyze the efficiency level of Islamic banks from spin-off and non-spinoff results and the impact of the separation policy and other factors that affect the efficiency level of Islamic banks.
Methodology – This study uses a quantitative approach through data envelopment analysis to measure the efficiency level of Islamic banks and the difference-in-difference approach to examine the impact of separation and other factors that affect the efficiency level of Islamic banks. Data is collected directly from each of the six Islamic banks' financial statements.
Findings – The results showed no difference in the efficiency level between before and after the spin-off policy at the spin-off bank. Furthermore, it was found that the efficiency level of spin-off Islamic banks was significantly lower than that of non-spinoff Islamic banks.
Implication – This result implies that the rules regarding spin-offs should be evaluated. The spin-off policy must be a corporate action and not a regulation imposed by the regulator. Merger or conversion between sharia business units can be an alternative to improve the performance of sharia banking in Indonesia.
Originality – Research on the impact of Islamic bank spin-off policies is still limited. Only a few studies analyze the efficiency level of Islamic banks as a result of spin-offs by measuring data analysis. Therefore, this research will contribute to research that discusses the spin-off policy of Islamic banks, especially the impact on efficiency and the factors that affect the level of efficiency.
Keywords
Article Details
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References
- Ahdizia, K., Masyita, D., & Sutisna. (2018). Business valuation of islamic banks in the merger plan to become Indonesia’s state-owned bank. Etikonomi, 17(2), 223-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/etk.v17i2.7238.
- Ahmad, H. N., & Noor, MA. (2010). The determinants efficiency and profitability of world Islamic banks. International Conference on E-business, Management and Economics, 3, 228–233. http://www.ipedr.com/vol3/47-M10013.
- Al Arif, M. N. R., Haribowo, I., & Suherlan, A. (2018). Spin-off policy and efficiency in the Indonesian Islamic banking industry. Banks and Bank Systems, 13(1), 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.13(1).2018.01.
- Al Arif, M. N. R., Masruroh, A., Ihsan, D. N., & Rahmawati, Y. (2020). The alternative strategies for accelerating Islamic banking growth: Mergers, spin-offs, acquisitions, and conversions. Al-Ulum, 20(1), 24-37. https://doi.org/10.30603/au.v20i1.1171.
- Al Arif, M. N. R., Mufraini, M. A., & Prabowo, M. A. (2020). Market structure, spin- off, and efficiency: evidence from Indonesian Islamic banking industry. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 56, 329-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2018.1553162.
- Al Arif, M. N. R., Nachrowi, N. D., Nasution, M. E., & Mahmud, T. M. Z. (2017). The Islamic banking spin-off: Lessons from Indonesian Islamic banking experiences. JKAU: Islamic Economics, 30(2), 117-133. https://doi.org/10.4197/Islec.30-2.11.
- Al-Jarhi, M. A. (2008). An Economic Theory of Islamic Finance. Isra International Journal of Islamic Finance, 9(2), 117-131. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIF-07-2017-0007.
- Bhatti, G. A., & Hussain, H. (2010). Evidence on structure conduct performance hypothesis in pakistani commercial banks. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(9), 174-187. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v5n9p174.
- Chan, S-G., Koh, E. H. Y., Zainir, F., & Yong, C. C. (2015). Market structure, institutional framework and bank efficiency in ASEAN 5. Journal of Economics and Business, 82, 84-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2015.07.002.
- Cristo, D. A., & Falk, R. W. (2006). Spinoffs and Carveouts: Some Factors Leading to Successful Divestiture. Competition Forum, 4(2), 331-347. https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/wcob_fac/336/
- Farrell, M. J. (1957). The Measurement of Productive Efficiency. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General), 120(3), 253–290. https://doi.org/10.2307/2343100.
- Firdaus, M. F., & Hosen, M. N. (2014). Efisiensi bank umum syariah menggunakan pendekatan two-stage data envelopment analysis. Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan, 16(2), 167–88. https://doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v16i2.31.
- Haribowo, I. (2017). The Indonesian islamic bank’s spin-off: A study in regional development banks. Al-Iqtishad: Journal of Islamic Economics, 9(1), 53–68. https://doi.org/10.15408/aiqv9i1.4308.
- Homma, T., Tsutsui, Y., & Uchida, H. (2014). Firm growth and efficiency in the banking industry: A new test of the efficient structure hypothesis. Journal of Banking and Finance, 40, 143-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.11.031.
- Hosen, M. N., & Muhari, S. (2018). The comparison of soundness level of Islamic banks in Indonesia and Malaysia. Etikonomi, 17(1), 111-122. https://doi.org//10.15408/etk.v17i1.6711.
- Hosen, M. N., & Rahmawati, R. (2016). Efficiency and profitability on Indonesian Islamic banking industry. Al-Iqtishad: Journal of Islamic Economics, 8(1), 33-48. https://doi.org/10.15408/aiq.v8i1.2507.
- Iqbal, Z. (2008). The impact of consolidation on Islamic financial services industry. Islamic Economic Studies, 15(2), 79-103. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/5869.
- Kandil, T., & Chowdhury, D. (2014). Islamic banks mergers and acquisitions –impacts on performance and financial crisis in the United Kingdom. The Developing Role of Islamic Banking and Finance: From Local to Global Perspective (Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis, (95), 119-140. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1569-3759(2014)0000095016.
- Khairunnisa, S., & Khasanah, M. (2018). Tingkat efisiensi perbankan syariah pasca spin off dengan metode two-stage data envelopment analysis. Al-Tijary: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam, 4(1), 11-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21093/at.v4i1.1236.
- Klepper, S., & Thompson, P. (2010). Disaggrements and intra-industry spinoffs. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 28(5), 526-538. https://doi.org//10.1016/j.ijindorg.2010.01.002.
- Lindholm-Dahlstrand, A. (2000, June 8-10). Entrepreneurial origin and spin-off performance [Paper presentation]. The 20th Annual Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Babson College. USA.
- Miftah, K., & Wibowo, H. (2017). Merger and industrial acceleration: Study at Indonesian Islamic banking industry. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 6(1), 29- 48. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v6i1.4728.
- Mokhtar, H.S.A., Abdullah, N., & Alhabshi, S. M. (2008). Efficiency and competition of Islamic banking in Malaysia. Humanomics, 24(1), 28-48. https://doi.org/10.1108/ 08288660810851450.
- Nasuha, A. (2012). Dampak kebijakan spin-off terhadap kinerja bank syariah. Al- Iqtishad: Journal of Islamic Economics, 4(2), 241- 257. https://doi.org//10.15408/aiq.v4i2.2534.
- Pertiwi, R. R., Tjakraatmadja, J. H., & Febriansyah, H. (2020). Indonesian Islamic banking performance: a conceptual framework. Etikonomi, 19(2), 185-202. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v19i2.16270.
- Pernamasari, R. (2020). Analysis performance of Islamic bank in Indonesia: Before and after the spin-off. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 5(4), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2020.5.4.452.
- Pramuka, B. A. (2011). Assesing profit efficiency of Islamic banks in Indonesia: An intermediation approach. Journal of Economics, Business, and Accountancy Ventura, 14(1), 79-88. https://doi.org/10.14414/jebav.v14i1.21.
- Prasetyo, M. B., Luxianto, R., Baskoro, R. A., Adawiyah, W., & Putri, N. I. S. (2019). The role of capital on Islamic bank spin-offs in Indonesia. The South East Asian Journal of Management, 13(2), 119-139. https://doi.org/10.21002/seam.v13i2.11179.
- Pratikto., H., & Sugianto, I. (2011). Kinerja efisiensi bank syariah sebelum dan sesudah krisis global berdasarkan data envelopment analysis. Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis, 16(2), 108–17. http://repository.um.ac.id/id/eprint/31180.
- Rusydiana, A. S., Devi, A., Hasib, F., & Rani, L. (2019). Spin off policy of sharia bank: Is it profitable?. Al-Iqtishad: Journal of Islamic Economics, 11(2), 265-288. https://doi.org/10.15408/aiq.v11i2.9157.
- Samad, A. (2008). Market structure, conduct, and performance: Evidence from the Banglasedh banking industry. Journal of Asian Economics, 19, 181-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2007.12.007.
- Siswantoro, D. (2014). Analysis of Islamic bank’s performance and strategy after spin- off as Islamic full-fledged scheme in Indonesia. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 164, 41-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.048.
- Suhail., & Nurzaman, M. S. (2020). How efficient are Islamic Banks in Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom. Etikonomi, 19(2), 237-270. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v19i2.15862.
- Suseno, P. (2008). Analisa efisiensi dan skala ekonomi pada industri perbankan syariah di Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Business and Economics, 2(1), 35-55. https://doi.org/10.22219/jmb.v2i2.170.
- Taga, A., Nawawi, K., & Kosim, A. (2019). Perkembangan perbankan syariah sebelum dan sesudah spin-off. Tafaqquh: Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah dan Ahwal Syahsiah, 4(1), 78-110. http://ejournal.kopertais4.or.id/sasambo/index.php/tafaqquh/article/view/3332
- Tubke, A. (2004). Success Factors of Corporate Spin-Offs. Springer.
- Trinugroho, I., Agusman, A., & Tarazi, A. (2014). Why have bank interest margins been so high in Indonesia since the 1997/1998 financial crisis?. Research in International Business and Finance, 32, 139-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf. 2014.04.001.
- Trinugroho, I., Santoso, W., Irawanto, R., & Pamungkas, P. (2021). Is spin-off policy an effective way to improve performance of Islamic banks? Evidence from Indonesia. Research in International Business and Finance, 56, 101352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2020.101352.
- Wheelock, D. C., & Wilson P. W. (1999). Technical progress inefficiency and productivity change in U.S. banking. 1984-1993. Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 31(2). https://doi.org/10.2307/2601230.
- Yuspin, W., Absori., Nurwanti, Y. D. (2020). Islamic banking structure post spin-off policy: Indonesian perspective. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 12(2), 374-391. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.16(2).2021.16.
- Zhang, J., Jiang, C., Qu, B., & Wang, P. (2013). Market concentration, risk-taking, and bank performance: evidence from emerging economies. International Review of Financal Analysis, 30, 149-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2013.07.016.
- Zhao, T., B. Casu., and A. Ferrari. (2010). The impact of regulatory reforms on cost structure, ownership, and competition in Indian banking. Journal of Banking and Finance, 34, 246–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.07.022.
References
Ahdizia, K., Masyita, D., & Sutisna. (2018). Business valuation of islamic banks in the merger plan to become Indonesia’s state-owned bank. Etikonomi, 17(2), 223-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/etk.v17i2.7238.
Ahmad, H. N., & Noor, MA. (2010). The determinants efficiency and profitability of world Islamic banks. International Conference on E-business, Management and Economics, 3, 228–233. http://www.ipedr.com/vol3/47-M10013.
Al Arif, M. N. R., Haribowo, I., & Suherlan, A. (2018). Spin-off policy and efficiency in the Indonesian Islamic banking industry. Banks and Bank Systems, 13(1), 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.13(1).2018.01.
Al Arif, M. N. R., Masruroh, A., Ihsan, D. N., & Rahmawati, Y. (2020). The alternative strategies for accelerating Islamic banking growth: Mergers, spin-offs, acquisitions, and conversions. Al-Ulum, 20(1), 24-37. https://doi.org/10.30603/au.v20i1.1171.
Al Arif, M. N. R., Mufraini, M. A., & Prabowo, M. A. (2020). Market structure, spin- off, and efficiency: evidence from Indonesian Islamic banking industry. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 56, 329-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2018.1553162.
Al Arif, M. N. R., Nachrowi, N. D., Nasution, M. E., & Mahmud, T. M. Z. (2017). The Islamic banking spin-off: Lessons from Indonesian Islamic banking experiences. JKAU: Islamic Economics, 30(2), 117-133. https://doi.org/10.4197/Islec.30-2.11.
Al-Jarhi, M. A. (2008). An Economic Theory of Islamic Finance. Isra International Journal of Islamic Finance, 9(2), 117-131. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIF-07-2017-0007.
Bhatti, G. A., & Hussain, H. (2010). Evidence on structure conduct performance hypothesis in pakistani commercial banks. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(9), 174-187. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v5n9p174.
Chan, S-G., Koh, E. H. Y., Zainir, F., & Yong, C. C. (2015). Market structure, institutional framework and bank efficiency in ASEAN 5. Journal of Economics and Business, 82, 84-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2015.07.002.
Cristo, D. A., & Falk, R. W. (2006). Spinoffs and Carveouts: Some Factors Leading to Successful Divestiture. Competition Forum, 4(2), 331-347. https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/wcob_fac/336/
Farrell, M. J. (1957). The Measurement of Productive Efficiency. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General), 120(3), 253–290. https://doi.org/10.2307/2343100.
Firdaus, M. F., & Hosen, M. N. (2014). Efisiensi bank umum syariah menggunakan pendekatan two-stage data envelopment analysis. Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan, 16(2), 167–88. https://doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v16i2.31.
Haribowo, I. (2017). The Indonesian islamic bank’s spin-off: A study in regional development banks. Al-Iqtishad: Journal of Islamic Economics, 9(1), 53–68. https://doi.org/10.15408/aiqv9i1.4308.
Homma, T., Tsutsui, Y., & Uchida, H. (2014). Firm growth and efficiency in the banking industry: A new test of the efficient structure hypothesis. Journal of Banking and Finance, 40, 143-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.11.031.
Hosen, M. N., & Muhari, S. (2018). The comparison of soundness level of Islamic banks in Indonesia and Malaysia. Etikonomi, 17(1), 111-122. https://doi.org//10.15408/etk.v17i1.6711.
Hosen, M. N., & Rahmawati, R. (2016). Efficiency and profitability on Indonesian Islamic banking industry. Al-Iqtishad: Journal of Islamic Economics, 8(1), 33-48. https://doi.org/10.15408/aiq.v8i1.2507.
Iqbal, Z. (2008). The impact of consolidation on Islamic financial services industry. Islamic Economic Studies, 15(2), 79-103. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/5869.
Kandil, T., & Chowdhury, D. (2014). Islamic banks mergers and acquisitions –impacts on performance and financial crisis in the United Kingdom. The Developing Role of Islamic Banking and Finance: From Local to Global Perspective (Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis, (95), 119-140. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1569-3759(2014)0000095016.
Khairunnisa, S., & Khasanah, M. (2018). Tingkat efisiensi perbankan syariah pasca spin off dengan metode two-stage data envelopment analysis. Al-Tijary: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam, 4(1), 11-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21093/at.v4i1.1236.
Klepper, S., & Thompson, P. (2010). Disaggrements and intra-industry spinoffs. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 28(5), 526-538. https://doi.org//10.1016/j.ijindorg.2010.01.002.
Lindholm-Dahlstrand, A. (2000, June 8-10). Entrepreneurial origin and spin-off performance [Paper presentation]. The 20th Annual Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Babson College. USA.
Miftah, K., & Wibowo, H. (2017). Merger and industrial acceleration: Study at Indonesian Islamic banking industry. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 6(1), 29- 48. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v6i1.4728.
Mokhtar, H.S.A., Abdullah, N., & Alhabshi, S. M. (2008). Efficiency and competition of Islamic banking in Malaysia. Humanomics, 24(1), 28-48. https://doi.org/10.1108/ 08288660810851450.
Nasuha, A. (2012). Dampak kebijakan spin-off terhadap kinerja bank syariah. Al- Iqtishad: Journal of Islamic Economics, 4(2), 241- 257. https://doi.org//10.15408/aiq.v4i2.2534.
Pertiwi, R. R., Tjakraatmadja, J. H., & Febriansyah, H. (2020). Indonesian Islamic banking performance: a conceptual framework. Etikonomi, 19(2), 185-202. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v19i2.16270.
Pernamasari, R. (2020). Analysis performance of Islamic bank in Indonesia: Before and after the spin-off. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 5(4), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2020.5.4.452.
Pramuka, B. A. (2011). Assesing profit efficiency of Islamic banks in Indonesia: An intermediation approach. Journal of Economics, Business, and Accountancy Ventura, 14(1), 79-88. https://doi.org/10.14414/jebav.v14i1.21.
Prasetyo, M. B., Luxianto, R., Baskoro, R. A., Adawiyah, W., & Putri, N. I. S. (2019). The role of capital on Islamic bank spin-offs in Indonesia. The South East Asian Journal of Management, 13(2), 119-139. https://doi.org/10.21002/seam.v13i2.11179.
Pratikto., H., & Sugianto, I. (2011). Kinerja efisiensi bank syariah sebelum dan sesudah krisis global berdasarkan data envelopment analysis. Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis, 16(2), 108–17. http://repository.um.ac.id/id/eprint/31180.
Rusydiana, A. S., Devi, A., Hasib, F., & Rani, L. (2019). Spin off policy of sharia bank: Is it profitable?. Al-Iqtishad: Journal of Islamic Economics, 11(2), 265-288. https://doi.org/10.15408/aiq.v11i2.9157.
Samad, A. (2008). Market structure, conduct, and performance: Evidence from the Banglasedh banking industry. Journal of Asian Economics, 19, 181-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2007.12.007.
Siswantoro, D. (2014). Analysis of Islamic bank’s performance and strategy after spin- off as Islamic full-fledged scheme in Indonesia. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 164, 41-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.048.
Suhail., & Nurzaman, M. S. (2020). How efficient are Islamic Banks in Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom. Etikonomi, 19(2), 237-270. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v19i2.15862.
Suseno, P. (2008). Analisa efisiensi dan skala ekonomi pada industri perbankan syariah di Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Business and Economics, 2(1), 35-55. https://doi.org/10.22219/jmb.v2i2.170.
Taga, A., Nawawi, K., & Kosim, A. (2019). Perkembangan perbankan syariah sebelum dan sesudah spin-off. Tafaqquh: Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah dan Ahwal Syahsiah, 4(1), 78-110. http://ejournal.kopertais4.or.id/sasambo/index.php/tafaqquh/article/view/3332
Tubke, A. (2004). Success Factors of Corporate Spin-Offs. Springer.
Trinugroho, I., Agusman, A., & Tarazi, A. (2014). Why have bank interest margins been so high in Indonesia since the 1997/1998 financial crisis?. Research in International Business and Finance, 32, 139-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf. 2014.04.001.
Trinugroho, I., Santoso, W., Irawanto, R., & Pamungkas, P. (2021). Is spin-off policy an effective way to improve performance of Islamic banks? Evidence from Indonesia. Research in International Business and Finance, 56, 101352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2020.101352.
Wheelock, D. C., & Wilson P. W. (1999). Technical progress inefficiency and productivity change in U.S. banking. 1984-1993. Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 31(2). https://doi.org/10.2307/2601230.
Yuspin, W., Absori., Nurwanti, Y. D. (2020). Islamic banking structure post spin-off policy: Indonesian perspective. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 12(2), 374-391. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.16(2).2021.16.
Zhang, J., Jiang, C., Qu, B., & Wang, P. (2013). Market concentration, risk-taking, and bank performance: evidence from emerging economies. International Review of Financal Analysis, 30, 149-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2013.07.016.
Zhao, T., B. Casu., and A. Ferrari. (2010). The impact of regulatory reforms on cost structure, ownership, and competition in Indian banking. Journal of Banking and Finance, 34, 246–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.07.022.