Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose – This paper investigates Sharia concerns on existing bank resolution framework and propose recommendations on how to resolve those concerns in Sharia-compliant manners. It also assesses compatibility of resolution powers mandated by the FSB’s Key Attributes of Effective Resolution Regimes for Financial Institutions if applied to resolve failed Islamic bank, especially focusing on operational aspect of executing the resolution options.
Methodology – We conduct a series of focus group discussion with various relevant stakeholders, including Indonesian Sharia scholars, regulators, professional associations, Islamic bankers and academics. The discussions were performed in group interviews format, with the authors took part as moderators. The discussions took place between July 2020 to January 2021, and were part of development of fatwa and regulations on the resolution for Islamic banks.
Findings – In general, the existing bank resolution framework can be applied to Islamic banks. However, there are some resolution powers of the authority that possesses inherent sharia issues, but are still allowed according to Dewan Syariah Nasional (DSN) (the National Sharia Council). There should be clear measures attached to those powers prior to implementation. For some aspects, some adjustments to the resolution powers are also needed through establishment of infrastructures and regulations, particularly with regards to resolution options.
Originality – The novelty of this study is the analysis of suitability of banking resolution issues from Sharia perspective. This paper also serves to enhance awareness on issues related to resolution of Islamic banks and promote wider implementation of Sharia approaches for bank resolution in other jurisdictions.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2022 Ronald Rulindo , Muhammad Rifqi
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References
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- Allen, F., & Gale, D. (2000). Financial contagion. Journal of Political Economy, 108(1), 1-33. https://finance.wharton.upenn.edu/~allenf/download/Vita/contagion.pdf
- Ali, S. S. (2007). Financial distress and bank failure: Relevance for Islamic banks. In Islamic Banking and Finance: Fundamentals and Contemporary Issues. Jeddah: Islamic Development Bank, 99-120. http://www.iefpedia.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Islamic-Banking-and-Finance-Fundamentals-and-Contemporary-Issues-by-Salman-Syed-Ali-Ausaf-Ahmad.pdf
- Ali, A., & Al Mamun, Md. S. (2017), Recovery, resolution and insolvency issues for institutions offering Islamic Financial Services (IIFS). IFSB Working Paper Series. https://www.ifsb.org/download.php?id=4411&lang=English&pg=/sec03.php
- Anis, M., & Hamdi, B. (2022). Liquidity risk in economic uncertainty: Evidence from Indonesian Islamic banks. Jurnal Ekonomi & Keuangan Islam, 8(1), 32–46. https://doi.org/10.20885/jeki.vol8.iss1.art3
- Anginer, D., & Demirgüç-Kunt, A. (2018). Bank runs and moral hazard: A review of deposit insurance. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper. (8589). https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/30444
- Awadzi, E. A., Chartouni, C., & Tamez, M. (2015). Resolution frameworks for Islamic banks. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/Resolution-Frameworks-for-Islamic-Banks-43419
- Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2012). Core principles for effective banking supervision. https://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs230.htm
- Beck, T. (2004). The incentive-compatible design of deposit insurance and bank failure resolution. In Who pays for bank insolvency? (118-141). Palgrave Macmillan, London.https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230523913_5
- Beck, T., & Laeven, L. (2006). Resolution of failed banks by deposit insurers: Cross-country evidence (3920). World Bank Publications. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3920
- Brock, P. L. (1998). Financial safety nets and incentive structures in Latin America (Vol. 1993). World Bank Publications. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-1993
- Chen, Y. (1999). Banking panics: The role of the first-come, first-served rule and information externalities. Journal of Political Economy, 107(5), 946-68. https://doi.org/10.1086/250086
- Dewan Syariah Nasional (2017a). Fatwa No. 109/DSN-MUI/II/2017 tentang pembiayaan likuiditas jangka pendek syariah. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxTl-lNihFyzdGxiWGNrZEdRWGs/view?resourcekey=0-Dc9O36S4gKt1f8l228tBhQ
- Dewan Syariah Nasional (2017b). Fatwa No. 115/DSN-MUI/IX/2017 tentang akad mudharabah. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Mxi_d4pec16F8TxcwSRtR0fZIuqnpNmb/view
- Dewan Syariah Nasional (2018). Fatwa No. 118/DSN-MUI/II/2018 tentang pedoman penjaminan simpanan nasabah bank syariah. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1KFS3kRIUGEuPSUstdOSg4tystTd1bwXD/view
- Dewan Syariah Nasional (2019). Fatwa No. 130/DSN-MUI/X/2019 tentang pedoman bagi lembaga penjamin simpanan dalam pelaksanaan penanganan atau penyelesaian bank syariah yang mengalami permasalahan solvabilitas. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xSrvty9Xt6PLc7TwlPoYUSXdcCCP3Irc/view
- Dewan Syariah Nasional (2020). Fatwa No. 137/DSN-MUI/IX/2020 tentang sukuk. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1L1kOhLiLxOSyribRSi5o4UzPJ5BRCFzb/view
- DeYoung, R., Kowalik, M., & Reidhill, J. (2013). A theory of failed bank resolution: Technological change and political economics. Journal of Financial Stability, 9(4), 612-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2012.09.003
- Dodd-Frank Wall street reform and consumer protection act (2010), Pub. L. No. 111-203, § 929-Z, 124 Stat. https://www.congress.gov/111/plaws/publ203/PLAW-111publ203.pdf
- Financial Stability Board (2014). Key attributes of effective resolution regimes for financial institutions. https://www.fsb.org/wp-content/uploads/r_111104cc.pdf
- Gorton, G., & Huang, L. (2004). Liquidity, efficiency, and bank bailouts. American Economic Review, 94(3), 455-483. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/0002828041464650
- Gorton, G., & Huang, L. (2006). Bank panics and the endogeneity of central banking. Journal of Monetary Economics, 53(7), 1613-1629. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.786649
- Grossman, R. S. (1992). Deposit insurance, regulation, and moral hazard in the thrift industry: Evidence from the 1930’s. The American Economic Review, 800-821. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2117345.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Acb7510e2fae72e178428db1ecd4a3550&ab_segments=&origin=&acceptTC=1
- Hüpkes, E. H. (2004). Learning lessons and implementing a new approach to bank insolvency resolution in Switzerland. In Who Pays for Bank Insolvency? Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230523913_11
- Ikhwan, I., & Riani, R. (2022). The efficiency level of Indonesian banks in the Covid-19 pandemic era and its determinant. Jurnal Ekonomi & Keuangan Islam, 8(2), 221–235. https://doi.org/10.20885/JEKI.vol8.iss2.art6
- International Association of Deposit Insurers and Islamic Financial Services Board (2021). Core principles for effective Islamic deposit insurance systems. https://www.iadi.org/en/assets/File/Core%20Principles/IADI-IFSB%20CPIDIS_IFSB%20Approved_05%20July%202021%20Clean.pdf
- Kahn, C. M., & Santos, J. A. (2005). Allocating bank regulatory powers: Lender of last resort, deposit insurance and supervision. European Economic Review, 49(8), 2107-2136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2004.10.004
- Laws of Malaysia. Act 759 (2013). Islamic financial services act. https://www.bnm.gov.my/-/financial-services-act-2013-and-islamic-financial-services-act-2013-come-into-force
- McMillen, M. J. (2012). An introduction to shari'ah considerations in bankruptcy and insolvency contexts and Islamic finance's first bankruptcy (East Cameron). Available at SSRN 1826246. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1826246
- Muhammad, R., & Triharyono, C. (2019). Analysis of Islamic banking financial performance before, during and after global financial crisis. Jurnal Ekonomi & Keuangan Islam, 5(2), 80–86. https://doi.org/10.20885/jeki.vol5.iss2.art5
- Nathie, M. (2010). Islamic bank failure: A case study. International Shariah Research Academy for Islamic Finance (ISRA), International Journal of Islamic Finance, 2(1), 7-34. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/34520845/Islamic_Bank_Failure_-A_case_study_1-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1662798661&Signature=UL~h1DVxMRBpFArTILsYHx6J5rHcACd5rnPC~xZ9Qgnc1gDCJLev4ucOKLYk2Ro25zuxR~3tyRKrMaaU92BE2~3JW7TTAGdO7dn6x-ziaQA--HQxZMElDjBn1Sou7g6xttYFKb4Nvuuw21eds13r1Gt~UIFU0Jwme9rIlLx69pDAuK4~Bnf8fYGSrtlfEPTAtt6CddYyOPmjXzpVy0jfU5Yq~Wh7kgtwKD2eHWfM7aVOaNC4crn6zyNSEoDkqJ4H2VN-SB7lkia~5WFV1MWsJx-3ch47kqgmf3zLPoka71csXJ~8PFCP18b8gkR1dO8YGmuGtEW9bLwd~3hPCzwPRA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
- Rosly, S. A. (2008). Critical issues on Islamic banking and financial markets: Islamic economics, banking and finance, investments, Takaful and Financial Planning. Dinamas Publishing.
- Sharma, M. (2011). A study of bank failure resolution. Available at SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1947693
- Undang-Undang Nomor 21 (2008) tentang perbankan syariah. https://www.ojk.go.id/waspada-investasi/id/regulasi/Pages/Undang-Undang-Nomor-21-Tahun-2008-Tentang-Perbankan-Syariah.aspx
- Undang-Undang Nomor 24 (2004) tentang lembaga penjamin simpanan. https://www.lps.go.id/uu_perpu/-/asset_publisher/Z2kn/content/undang-undang-no-24-tahun-2004-tentang-lembaga-penjamin-simpanan
- White, P., & Yorulmazer, T. (2014). Bank resolution concepts, tradeoffs, and changes in practices. Economic Policy Review, 153-173 https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1089.2367&rep=rep1&type=pdf
References
Acharya, V. V., & Yorulmazer, T. (2008). Cash-in-the-market pricing and optimal resolution of bank failures. The Review of Financial Studies, 21(6), 2705-2742. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhm078
Allen, F., & Gale, D. (2000). Financial contagion. Journal of Political Economy, 108(1), 1-33. https://finance.wharton.upenn.edu/~allenf/download/Vita/contagion.pdf
Ali, S. S. (2007). Financial distress and bank failure: Relevance for Islamic banks. In Islamic Banking and Finance: Fundamentals and Contemporary Issues. Jeddah: Islamic Development Bank, 99-120. http://www.iefpedia.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Islamic-Banking-and-Finance-Fundamentals-and-Contemporary-Issues-by-Salman-Syed-Ali-Ausaf-Ahmad.pdf
Ali, A., & Al Mamun, Md. S. (2017), Recovery, resolution and insolvency issues for institutions offering Islamic Financial Services (IIFS). IFSB Working Paper Series. https://www.ifsb.org/download.php?id=4411&lang=English&pg=/sec03.php
Anis, M., & Hamdi, B. (2022). Liquidity risk in economic uncertainty: Evidence from Indonesian Islamic banks. Jurnal Ekonomi & Keuangan Islam, 8(1), 32–46. https://doi.org/10.20885/jeki.vol8.iss1.art3
Anginer, D., & Demirgüç-Kunt, A. (2018). Bank runs and moral hazard: A review of deposit insurance. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper. (8589). https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/30444
Awadzi, E. A., Chartouni, C., & Tamez, M. (2015). Resolution frameworks for Islamic banks. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/Resolution-Frameworks-for-Islamic-Banks-43419
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2012). Core principles for effective banking supervision. https://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs230.htm
Beck, T. (2004). The incentive-compatible design of deposit insurance and bank failure resolution. In Who pays for bank insolvency? (118-141). Palgrave Macmillan, London.https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230523913_5
Beck, T., & Laeven, L. (2006). Resolution of failed banks by deposit insurers: Cross-country evidence (3920). World Bank Publications. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3920
Brock, P. L. (1998). Financial safety nets and incentive structures in Latin America (Vol. 1993). World Bank Publications. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-1993
Chen, Y. (1999). Banking panics: The role of the first-come, first-served rule and information externalities. Journal of Political Economy, 107(5), 946-68. https://doi.org/10.1086/250086
Dewan Syariah Nasional (2017a). Fatwa No. 109/DSN-MUI/II/2017 tentang pembiayaan likuiditas jangka pendek syariah. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxTl-lNihFyzdGxiWGNrZEdRWGs/view?resourcekey=0-Dc9O36S4gKt1f8l228tBhQ
Dewan Syariah Nasional (2017b). Fatwa No. 115/DSN-MUI/IX/2017 tentang akad mudharabah. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Mxi_d4pec16F8TxcwSRtR0fZIuqnpNmb/view
Dewan Syariah Nasional (2018). Fatwa No. 118/DSN-MUI/II/2018 tentang pedoman penjaminan simpanan nasabah bank syariah. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1KFS3kRIUGEuPSUstdOSg4tystTd1bwXD/view
Dewan Syariah Nasional (2019). Fatwa No. 130/DSN-MUI/X/2019 tentang pedoman bagi lembaga penjamin simpanan dalam pelaksanaan penanganan atau penyelesaian bank syariah yang mengalami permasalahan solvabilitas. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xSrvty9Xt6PLc7TwlPoYUSXdcCCP3Irc/view
Dewan Syariah Nasional (2020). Fatwa No. 137/DSN-MUI/IX/2020 tentang sukuk. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1L1kOhLiLxOSyribRSi5o4UzPJ5BRCFzb/view
DeYoung, R., Kowalik, M., & Reidhill, J. (2013). A theory of failed bank resolution: Technological change and political economics. Journal of Financial Stability, 9(4), 612-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2012.09.003
Dodd-Frank Wall street reform and consumer protection act (2010), Pub. L. No. 111-203, § 929-Z, 124 Stat. https://www.congress.gov/111/plaws/publ203/PLAW-111publ203.pdf
Financial Stability Board (2014). Key attributes of effective resolution regimes for financial institutions. https://www.fsb.org/wp-content/uploads/r_111104cc.pdf
Gorton, G., & Huang, L. (2004). Liquidity, efficiency, and bank bailouts. American Economic Review, 94(3), 455-483. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/0002828041464650
Gorton, G., & Huang, L. (2006). Bank panics and the endogeneity of central banking. Journal of Monetary Economics, 53(7), 1613-1629. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.786649
Grossman, R. S. (1992). Deposit insurance, regulation, and moral hazard in the thrift industry: Evidence from the 1930’s. The American Economic Review, 800-821. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2117345.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Acb7510e2fae72e178428db1ecd4a3550&ab_segments=&origin=&acceptTC=1
Hüpkes, E. H. (2004). Learning lessons and implementing a new approach to bank insolvency resolution in Switzerland. In Who Pays for Bank Insolvency? Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230523913_11
Ikhwan, I., & Riani, R. (2022). The efficiency level of Indonesian banks in the Covid-19 pandemic era and its determinant. Jurnal Ekonomi & Keuangan Islam, 8(2), 221–235. https://doi.org/10.20885/JEKI.vol8.iss2.art6
International Association of Deposit Insurers and Islamic Financial Services Board (2021). Core principles for effective Islamic deposit insurance systems. https://www.iadi.org/en/assets/File/Core%20Principles/IADI-IFSB%20CPIDIS_IFSB%20Approved_05%20July%202021%20Clean.pdf
Kahn, C. M., & Santos, J. A. (2005). Allocating bank regulatory powers: Lender of last resort, deposit insurance and supervision. European Economic Review, 49(8), 2107-2136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2004.10.004
Laws of Malaysia. Act 759 (2013). Islamic financial services act. https://www.bnm.gov.my/-/financial-services-act-2013-and-islamic-financial-services-act-2013-come-into-force
McMillen, M. J. (2012). An introduction to shari'ah considerations in bankruptcy and insolvency contexts and Islamic finance's first bankruptcy (East Cameron). Available at SSRN 1826246. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1826246
Muhammad, R., & Triharyono, C. (2019). Analysis of Islamic banking financial performance before, during and after global financial crisis. Jurnal Ekonomi & Keuangan Islam, 5(2), 80–86. https://doi.org/10.20885/jeki.vol5.iss2.art5
Nathie, M. (2010). Islamic bank failure: A case study. International Shariah Research Academy for Islamic Finance (ISRA), International Journal of Islamic Finance, 2(1), 7-34. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/34520845/Islamic_Bank_Failure_-A_case_study_1-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1662798661&Signature=UL~h1DVxMRBpFArTILsYHx6J5rHcACd5rnPC~xZ9Qgnc1gDCJLev4ucOKLYk2Ro25zuxR~3tyRKrMaaU92BE2~3JW7TTAGdO7dn6x-ziaQA--HQxZMElDjBn1Sou7g6xttYFKb4Nvuuw21eds13r1Gt~UIFU0Jwme9rIlLx69pDAuK4~Bnf8fYGSrtlfEPTAtt6CddYyOPmjXzpVy0jfU5Yq~Wh7kgtwKD2eHWfM7aVOaNC4crn6zyNSEoDkqJ4H2VN-SB7lkia~5WFV1MWsJx-3ch47kqgmf3zLPoka71csXJ~8PFCP18b8gkR1dO8YGmuGtEW9bLwd~3hPCzwPRA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
Rosly, S. A. (2008). Critical issues on Islamic banking and financial markets: Islamic economics, banking and finance, investments, Takaful and Financial Planning. Dinamas Publishing.
Sharma, M. (2011). A study of bank failure resolution. Available at SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1947693
Undang-Undang Nomor 21 (2008) tentang perbankan syariah. https://www.ojk.go.id/waspada-investasi/id/regulasi/Pages/Undang-Undang-Nomor-21-Tahun-2008-Tentang-Perbankan-Syariah.aspx
Undang-Undang Nomor 24 (2004) tentang lembaga penjamin simpanan. https://www.lps.go.id/uu_perpu/-/asset_publisher/Z2kn/content/undang-undang-no-24-tahun-2004-tentang-lembaga-penjamin-simpanan
White, P., & Yorulmazer, T. (2014). Bank resolution concepts, tradeoffs, and changes in practices. Economic Policy Review, 153-173 https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1089.2367&rep=rep1&type=pdf