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Abstract
Purpose ― This study investigates antisocial behaviour where participants made payoff destruction decisions (“money burning”) that are conditional on the co-participant being a human or a computer.
Methods ― This study uses the joy-of-destruction minigame experiment with Indonesian citizens living in Australia as the participants. Regression methods are used to observe whether discrimination occurs and to identify factors associated with antisocial behaviour.
Findings ― This study finds money burning against the computer to be more prevalent than against humans. There was very limited support that such behaviour was correlated with demographic characteristics or subjective norms, suggesting that the presence of a computer co-participant drives the result.
Implications ― The results have a methodological implication for experimental economics where experimenters should anticipate that computer players may have an unforeseen impact on human behaviour. Policy-wise, the study shows a relatively cohesive community which may be driven by the multicultural policy of Australia.
Originality ― This is the first antisocial behaviour economics experiment that includes a computer as a potential co-participant.
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References
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- Abbink, K., & Herrmann, B. (2011). The Moral Costs of Nastiness. Economic Inquiry, 49(2), 631–633. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2010.00309.x
- Abbink, K., & Sadrieh, A. (2009). The pleasure of being nasty. Economics Letters, 105(3), 306–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2009.08.024
- Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (2004). RESEARCH: A Revised Religious Fundamentalism Scale: The Short and Sweet of It. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr1401_4
- Astin, S., Redston, P., & Campbell, A. (2003). Sex differences in social representations of aggression: Men justify, women excuse? Aggressive Behavior, 29(2), 128–133. https://doi.org/doi:10.1002/ab.10044
- Bolton, G. E., & Ockenfels, A. (2000). ERC: A Theory of Equity, Reciprocity, and Competition. American Economic Review, 90(1), 166–193. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.1.166
- Brandts, J., & Charness, G. (2011). The strategy versus the direct-response method: A first survey of experimental comparisons. Experimental Economics, 14(3), 375–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-011-9272-x
- Burton-Chellew, M. N., El Mouden, C., & West, S. A. (2016). Conditional cooperation and confusion in public-goods experiments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(5), 1291–1296. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509740113
- Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(3), 452–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.452
- Cassar, A., Grosjean, P., & Whitt, S. (2013). Legacies of violence: Trust and market development. Journal of Economic Growth, 18(3), 285–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-013-9091-3
- Christie, R., Geis, F. L., Festinger, L., & Schachter, S. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. Elsevier Science.
- Chuah, S. H., Fahoum, R., & Hoffmann, R. (2013). Fractionalization and trust in India: A field-experiment. Economics Letters, 119(2), 191–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2013.02.029
- Chuah, S. H., Feeny, S., Hoffmann, R., & Sanjaya, M. R. (2019). Conflict, ethnicity and gender: A money-burning field experiment in Indonesia. Economics Letters, 177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2019.01.010
- Croson, R., & Gneezy, U. (2009). Gender Differences in Preferences. Journal of Economic Literature, 47(2), 448–474. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.47.2.448
- Diamond, Z., & Blackwell, C. (2017). Combating the Joy of Destruction with Pro-social Behavior. Review of Behavioral Economics, 4(3), 275–293. https://doi.org/10.1561/105.00000067
- Dufwenberg, M., & Muren, A. (2006). Generosity, anonymity, gender. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 61(1), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2004.11.007
- Embrey, M., Frechette, G. R., & Lehrer, S. F. (2015). Bargaining and Reputation: An Experiment on Bargaining in the Presence of Behavioural Types. The Review of Economic Studies, 82(2), 608–631. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdu029
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- Fershtman, C., & Gneezy, U. (2001). Discrimination in a Segmented Society: An Experimental Approach. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(1), 351–377. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355301556338
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- March, C. (2021). Strategic interactions between humans and artificial intelligence: Lessons from experiments with computer players. Journal of Economic Psychology, 87, 102426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2021.102426
- Messick, D. M. (1967). Interdependent decision strategies in zero‐sum games: A computer‐controlled study. Behavioral Science, 12(1), 33–48.
- Prediger, S., Vollan, B., & Herrmann, B. (2014). Resource scarcity and antisocial behavior. Journal of Public Economics, 119, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.07.007
- Rabin, M. (1993). Incorporating fairness into game theory and economics. American Economic Review, 83(5), 1281–1302.
- Rohrbaugh, J., & Jessor, R. (1975). Religiosity in youth: A personal control against deviant behavior. Journal of Personality, 43(1), 136–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1975.tb00577.x
- Sadrieh, A., & Schröder, M. (2016). Materialistic, pro-social, anti-social, or mixed – A within-subject examination of self- and other-regarding preferences. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 63, 114–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2016.05.009
- Schulze, K. E. (2004). The Free Aceh Movement (GAM): Anatomy of a Separatist Organization. East-West Center.
- Selten, R. (1967). Die Strategiemethode zur Erforschung des eingeschränkt rationalen Verhaltens im Rahmen eines Oligopolexperiments. In H. Sauermann (Ed.), Beiträge zur experimentellen Wirtschaftsforschung: Vol. I (pp. 136–168). J.C.B. Mohr (Siebeck).
- Sent, E.-M., & van Staveren, I. (2018). A Feminist Review of Behavioral Economic Research on Gender Differences. Feminist Economics, 25(2), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2018.1532595
- Van Lange, P. A. M. (2000). Beyond Self-interest: A Set of Propositions Relevant to Interpersonal Orientations. European Review of Social Psychology, 11(1), 297–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792772043000068
- Zeitzoff, T. (2014). Anger, Exposure to Violence, and Intragroup Conflict: A “Lab in the Field” Experiment in Southern Israel. Political Psychology, 35(3), 309–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12065
- Zizzo, D. J. (2003). Money burning and rank egalitarianism with random dictators. Economics Letters, 81(2), 263–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1765(03)00190-3
References
Abbink, K., & de Haan, T. (2014). Trust on the brink of Armageddon: The first-strike game. European Economic Review, 67, 190–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2014.01.009
Abbink, K., & Herrmann, B. (2011). The Moral Costs of Nastiness. Economic Inquiry, 49(2), 631–633. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2010.00309.x
Abbink, K., & Sadrieh, A. (2009). The pleasure of being nasty. Economics Letters, 105(3), 306–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2009.08.024
Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (2004). RESEARCH: A Revised Religious Fundamentalism Scale: The Short and Sweet of It. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr1401_4
Astin, S., Redston, P., & Campbell, A. (2003). Sex differences in social representations of aggression: Men justify, women excuse? Aggressive Behavior, 29(2), 128–133. https://doi.org/doi:10.1002/ab.10044
Bolton, G. E., & Ockenfels, A. (2000). ERC: A Theory of Equity, Reciprocity, and Competition. American Economic Review, 90(1), 166–193. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.1.166
Brandts, J., & Charness, G. (2011). The strategy versus the direct-response method: A first survey of experimental comparisons. Experimental Economics, 14(3), 375–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-011-9272-x
Burton-Chellew, M. N., El Mouden, C., & West, S. A. (2016). Conditional cooperation and confusion in public-goods experiments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(5), 1291–1296. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509740113
Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(3), 452–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.452
Cassar, A., Grosjean, P., & Whitt, S. (2013). Legacies of violence: Trust and market development. Journal of Economic Growth, 18(3), 285–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-013-9091-3
Christie, R., Geis, F. L., Festinger, L., & Schachter, S. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. Elsevier Science.
Chuah, S. H., Fahoum, R., & Hoffmann, R. (2013). Fractionalization and trust in India: A field-experiment. Economics Letters, 119(2), 191–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2013.02.029
Chuah, S. H., Feeny, S., Hoffmann, R., & Sanjaya, M. R. (2019). Conflict, ethnicity and gender: A money-burning field experiment in Indonesia. Economics Letters, 177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2019.01.010
Croson, R., & Gneezy, U. (2009). Gender Differences in Preferences. Journal of Economic Literature, 47(2), 448–474. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.47.2.448
Diamond, Z., & Blackwell, C. (2017). Combating the Joy of Destruction with Pro-social Behavior. Review of Behavioral Economics, 4(3), 275–293. https://doi.org/10.1561/105.00000067
Dufwenberg, M., & Muren, A. (2006). Generosity, anonymity, gender. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 61(1), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2004.11.007
Embrey, M., Frechette, G. R., & Lehrer, S. F. (2015). Bargaining and Reputation: An Experiment on Bargaining in the Presence of Behavioural Types. The Review of Economic Studies, 82(2), 608–631. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdu029
Engelmann, J. B., Meyer, F., Ruff, C. C., & Fehr, E. (2019). The neural circuitry of affect-induced distortions of trust. Science Advances, 5(3), eaau3413. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau3413
Fehr, E., & Schmidt, K. M. (2006). The Economics of Fairness, Reciprocity and Altruism – Experimental Evidence and New Theories. In Handbook of the economics of giving, altruism and reciprocity (Vol. 1, pp. 615–691).
Fershtman, C., & Gneezy, U. (2001). Discrimination in a Segmented Society: An Experimental Approach. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(1), 351–377. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355301556338
Fischbacher, U., Gächter, S., & Quercia, S. (2012). The behavioral validity of the strategy method in public good experiments. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(4), 897–913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2012.04.002
Litvak, P. M., Lerner, J. S., Tiedens, L. Z., & Shonk, K. (2010). Fuel in the Fire: How Anger Impacts Judgment and Decision-Making. In International Handbook of Anger (pp. 287–310).
March, C. (2021). Strategic interactions between humans and artificial intelligence: Lessons from experiments with computer players. Journal of Economic Psychology, 87, 102426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2021.102426
Messick, D. M. (1967). Interdependent decision strategies in zero‐sum games: A computer‐controlled study. Behavioral Science, 12(1), 33–48.
Prediger, S., Vollan, B., & Herrmann, B. (2014). Resource scarcity and antisocial behavior. Journal of Public Economics, 119, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.07.007
Rabin, M. (1993). Incorporating fairness into game theory and economics. American Economic Review, 83(5), 1281–1302.
Rohrbaugh, J., & Jessor, R. (1975). Religiosity in youth: A personal control against deviant behavior. Journal of Personality, 43(1), 136–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1975.tb00577.x
Sadrieh, A., & Schröder, M. (2016). Materialistic, pro-social, anti-social, or mixed – A within-subject examination of self- and other-regarding preferences. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 63, 114–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2016.05.009
Schulze, K. E. (2004). The Free Aceh Movement (GAM): Anatomy of a Separatist Organization. East-West Center.
Selten, R. (1967). Die Strategiemethode zur Erforschung des eingeschränkt rationalen Verhaltens im Rahmen eines Oligopolexperiments. In H. Sauermann (Ed.), Beiträge zur experimentellen Wirtschaftsforschung: Vol. I (pp. 136–168). J.C.B. Mohr (Siebeck).
Sent, E.-M., & van Staveren, I. (2018). A Feminist Review of Behavioral Economic Research on Gender Differences. Feminist Economics, 25(2), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2018.1532595
Van Lange, P. A. M. (2000). Beyond Self-interest: A Set of Propositions Relevant to Interpersonal Orientations. European Review of Social Psychology, 11(1), 297–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792772043000068
Zeitzoff, T. (2014). Anger, Exposure to Violence, and Intragroup Conflict: A “Lab in the Field” Experiment in Southern Israel. Political Psychology, 35(3), 309–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12065
Zizzo, D. J. (2003). Money burning and rank egalitarianism with random dictators. Economics Letters, 81(2), 263–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1765(03)00190-3