Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose – This paper examines the effect of global economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on emerging markets (EMs) export flows.
Methods – This paper uses a structural panel vector autoregression modeling approach to capture country interdependencies and the likelihood that EMs’ responses are heterogeneous and dynamic. An unbalanced monthly panel data from 2003:01 to 2019:12 is used to estimate impulse responses and variance decompositions not only for the entire panel data but also for each EM.
Findings – The results show that global EPU has a persistent and negative effect on exports, while foreign income and the exchange rate increase export volumes in EMs. Given the different responses of EMs to uncertainty shocks, the second-stage regression estimates suggest that greater sectoral export diversification in an EM can potentially reduce the unfavorable impact of global EPU on their export flows. Meanwhile, the higher technology content of exports leads to a multiplication of global EPU transmissions.
Implication – These findings advance the literature by highlighting the importance of accounting for the transmission effect of global EPU in EMs by considering country heterogeneity.
Originality – This is the sole paper examining the factors that mitigate or amplify GEPU impacts on export flows by estimating second-step ordinary least square equations.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2023 Caglayan Aslan, Senay Acikgoz
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References
- Ahmed, S., Appendino, M. A., & Ruta, M. (2015). Depreciations without exports? Global value chains and the exchange rate elasticity of exports (Policy Research Working Paper Series No. 7390).
- Amiti, M., Itskhoki, O., & Konings, J. (2014). Why hasn’t the Yen depreciation spurred Japanese exports? Liberty street economics. Retrieved from https://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2014/07/why-hasnt-the-yen-depreciation-spurred-japanese-exports/
- Aslan, Ç., & Acikgoz, S. (2021). Analysis of global economic policy uncertainty and export flows for emerging markets with panel VAR modeling. International Journal of Emerging Markets, ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-12-2020-1570
- Bahmani-Oskooee, M. (1986). Determinants of international trade flows: The case of developing countries. Journal of Development Economics, 20(1), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(86)90007-6
- Baker, S. R., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. J. (2016). Measuring economic policy uncertainty. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(4), 1593–1636. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw024
- Bernanke, B. S. (1983). Irreversibility, uncertainty, and cyclical investment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 98(1), 85–109.
- Bianchi, D., Buchner, M., & Tamoni, A. (2019). Bond risk premia with machine learning (WBS Finance Group Research Paper No. 252). Los Angeles. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3232721
- Borojo, D. G., Yushi, J., Miao, M., & Liu, Y. (2023). The impacts of trade policy uncertainty on trade flow of emerging economies and low-income developing countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 36(1), 1055–1075. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2081235
- Carballo, J., Handley, K., & Limão, N. (2022). Economic and policy uncertainty: Aggregate export dynamics and the value of agreements. Journal of International Economics, 139, 103661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103661
- Cepni, O., Gupta, R., Güney, I. E., & Yilmaz, M. (2020). Forecasting local currency bond risk premia of emerging markets: The role of cross-country macrofinancial linkages. Journal of Forecasting, 39(6), 966–985. https://doi.org/10.1002/for.2669
- Constantinescu, C., Mattoo, A., & Ruta, M. (2020). Policy uncertainty, trade and global value chains: Some facts, many questions. Review of Industrial Organization, 57(2), 285–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-020-09772-0
- Dixit, A. (1989). Entry and exit decisions under uncertainty. Journal of Political Economy, 97(3), 620–638. https://doi.org/10.1086/261619
- Góes, C. (2016). Testing Piketty’s hypothesis on the drivers of income inequality: Evidence from panel vars with heterogeneous dynamics (IMF Working Papers No. 160). https://doi.org/10.5089/9781475523249.001
- Gül, S. (2018). Asymmetric impact of real exchange rate on the export flows in Turkey (Working Paper of Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey No. 18/12).
- Gül, S., & Gupta, R. (2021). Time-varying impact of global, region-and country-specific uncertainties on the volatility of international trade. Contemporary Economic Policy, 39(4), 691–700.
- Haddad, M., Lim, J. J., Pancaro, C., & Saborowski, C. (2013). Trade openness reduces growth volatility when countries are well diversified. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d’économique, 46(2), 765–790. https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12031
- Hailemariam, A., & Ivanovski, K. (2021). The effect of economic policy uncertainty on US tourism net exports. Tourism Economics, 28(8), 2219–2227. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548166211025334
- Handley, K., & Limão, N. (2017). Policy uncertainty, trade, and welfare: Theory and evidence for China and the United States. American Economic Review, 107(9), 2731–2783. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20141419
- Hanson, G. H. (2012). The rise of middle kingdoms: Emerging economies in global trade. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(2), 41–64. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.2.41
- He, F., Ma, F., Wang, Z., & Yang, B. (2021). Asymmetric volatility spillover between oil-importing and oil-exporting countries’ economic policy uncertainty and China’s energy sector. International Review of Financial Analysis, 75, 101739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101739
- Hlatshwayo, S., & Saxegaard, M. (2016). The consequences of policy uncertainty: Disconnects and dilutions in the South African real effective exchange rate-export relationship (IMF Working Papers No. 113). https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484383490.001
- Hnatkovska, V., & Loayza, N. (2003). Volatility and growth (Policy Research Working Paper No. 3184). Washington, D. C.
- Hu, G., & Liu, S. (2021). Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) and China’s export fluctuation in the post-pandemic era: An empirical analysis based on the TVP-SV-VAR model. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 788171. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.788171
- Jia, F., Huang, X., Xu, X., & Sun, H. (2020). The effects of economic policy uncertainty on export: A gravity model approach”. Prague Economic Papers, 29(5), 600–622. https://doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.754
- Khalfaoui, R., Solarin, S. A., Al-Qadasi, A., & Ben Jabeur, S. (2022). Dynamic causality interplay from COVID-19 pandemic to oil price, stock market, and economic policy uncertainty: Evidence from oil-importing and oil-exporting countries. Annals of Operations Research, 313(1), 105–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-021-04446-w
- Krol, R. (2018). Does uncertainty over economic policy harm trade, foreign investment, and prosperity? SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3169563
- Liu, L., Zhang, M., & Li, W. (2020). China’s economic policy uncertainty shocks and South Korea’s exports: A TVP-VAR approach with an SMSS structure. Journal of Korea Trade, 24(4), 1–17.
- Mishra, P., Montiel, P., Pedroni, P., & Spilimbergo, A. (2014). Monetary policy and bank lending rates in low-income countries: Heterogeneous panel estimates. Journal of Development Economics, 111, 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.08.005
- Pedroni, P. (2013). Structural panel VARs. Econometrics. https://doi.org/10.3390/econometrics1020180
- Ramey, G., & Ramey, V. A. (1995). Cross-country evidence on the link between volatility and growth. The American Economic Review, 85(5), 1138–1151.
- Salinas, G. (2021). Proximity and horizontal policies: The backbone of export diversification and complexity (IMF Working Paper No. 064). https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513571614.001
- Wei, Y. (2019). Oil price shocks, economic policy uncertainty and China’s trade: A quantitative structural analysis. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 48, 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2018.08.016
- Zhao, T. (2022). Economic policy uncertainty and manufacturing value-added exports. Engineering Economics, 33(1), 103–114. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.33.1.27373
References
Ahmed, S., Appendino, M. A., & Ruta, M. (2015). Depreciations without exports? Global value chains and the exchange rate elasticity of exports (Policy Research Working Paper Series No. 7390).
Amiti, M., Itskhoki, O., & Konings, J. (2014). Why hasn’t the Yen depreciation spurred Japanese exports? Liberty street economics. Retrieved from https://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2014/07/why-hasnt-the-yen-depreciation-spurred-japanese-exports/
Aslan, Ç., & Acikgoz, S. (2021). Analysis of global economic policy uncertainty and export flows for emerging markets with panel VAR modeling. International Journal of Emerging Markets, ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-12-2020-1570
Bahmani-Oskooee, M. (1986). Determinants of international trade flows: The case of developing countries. Journal of Development Economics, 20(1), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(86)90007-6
Baker, S. R., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. J. (2016). Measuring economic policy uncertainty. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(4), 1593–1636. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw024
Bernanke, B. S. (1983). Irreversibility, uncertainty, and cyclical investment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 98(1), 85–109.
Bianchi, D., Buchner, M., & Tamoni, A. (2019). Bond risk premia with machine learning (WBS Finance Group Research Paper No. 252). Los Angeles. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3232721
Borojo, D. G., Yushi, J., Miao, M., & Liu, Y. (2023). The impacts of trade policy uncertainty on trade flow of emerging economies and low-income developing countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 36(1), 1055–1075. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2081235
Carballo, J., Handley, K., & Limão, N. (2022). Economic and policy uncertainty: Aggregate export dynamics and the value of agreements. Journal of International Economics, 139, 103661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103661
Cepni, O., Gupta, R., Güney, I. E., & Yilmaz, M. (2020). Forecasting local currency bond risk premia of emerging markets: The role of cross-country macrofinancial linkages. Journal of Forecasting, 39(6), 966–985. https://doi.org/10.1002/for.2669
Constantinescu, C., Mattoo, A., & Ruta, M. (2020). Policy uncertainty, trade and global value chains: Some facts, many questions. Review of Industrial Organization, 57(2), 285–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-020-09772-0
Dixit, A. (1989). Entry and exit decisions under uncertainty. Journal of Political Economy, 97(3), 620–638. https://doi.org/10.1086/261619
Góes, C. (2016). Testing Piketty’s hypothesis on the drivers of income inequality: Evidence from panel vars with heterogeneous dynamics (IMF Working Papers No. 160). https://doi.org/10.5089/9781475523249.001
Gül, S. (2018). Asymmetric impact of real exchange rate on the export flows in Turkey (Working Paper of Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey No. 18/12).
Gül, S., & Gupta, R. (2021). Time-varying impact of global, region-and country-specific uncertainties on the volatility of international trade. Contemporary Economic Policy, 39(4), 691–700.
Haddad, M., Lim, J. J., Pancaro, C., & Saborowski, C. (2013). Trade openness reduces growth volatility when countries are well diversified. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d’économique, 46(2), 765–790. https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12031
Hailemariam, A., & Ivanovski, K. (2021). The effect of economic policy uncertainty on US tourism net exports. Tourism Economics, 28(8), 2219–2227. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548166211025334
Handley, K., & Limão, N. (2017). Policy uncertainty, trade, and welfare: Theory and evidence for China and the United States. American Economic Review, 107(9), 2731–2783. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20141419
Hanson, G. H. (2012). The rise of middle kingdoms: Emerging economies in global trade. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(2), 41–64. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.2.41
He, F., Ma, F., Wang, Z., & Yang, B. (2021). Asymmetric volatility spillover between oil-importing and oil-exporting countries’ economic policy uncertainty and China’s energy sector. International Review of Financial Analysis, 75, 101739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101739
Hlatshwayo, S., & Saxegaard, M. (2016). The consequences of policy uncertainty: Disconnects and dilutions in the South African real effective exchange rate-export relationship (IMF Working Papers No. 113). https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484383490.001
Hnatkovska, V., & Loayza, N. (2003). Volatility and growth (Policy Research Working Paper No. 3184). Washington, D. C.
Hu, G., & Liu, S. (2021). Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) and China’s export fluctuation in the post-pandemic era: An empirical analysis based on the TVP-SV-VAR model. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 788171. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.788171
Jia, F., Huang, X., Xu, X., & Sun, H. (2020). The effects of economic policy uncertainty on export: A gravity model approach”. Prague Economic Papers, 29(5), 600–622. https://doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.754
Khalfaoui, R., Solarin, S. A., Al-Qadasi, A., & Ben Jabeur, S. (2022). Dynamic causality interplay from COVID-19 pandemic to oil price, stock market, and economic policy uncertainty: Evidence from oil-importing and oil-exporting countries. Annals of Operations Research, 313(1), 105–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-021-04446-w
Krol, R. (2018). Does uncertainty over economic policy harm trade, foreign investment, and prosperity? SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3169563
Liu, L., Zhang, M., & Li, W. (2020). China’s economic policy uncertainty shocks and South Korea’s exports: A TVP-VAR approach with an SMSS structure. Journal of Korea Trade, 24(4), 1–17.
Mishra, P., Montiel, P., Pedroni, P., & Spilimbergo, A. (2014). Monetary policy and bank lending rates in low-income countries: Heterogeneous panel estimates. Journal of Development Economics, 111, 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.08.005
Pedroni, P. (2013). Structural panel VARs. Econometrics. https://doi.org/10.3390/econometrics1020180
Ramey, G., & Ramey, V. A. (1995). Cross-country evidence on the link between volatility and growth. The American Economic Review, 85(5), 1138–1151.
Salinas, G. (2021). Proximity and horizontal policies: The backbone of export diversification and complexity (IMF Working Paper No. 064). https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513571614.001
Wei, Y. (2019). Oil price shocks, economic policy uncertainty and China’s trade: A quantitative structural analysis. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 48, 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2018.08.016
Zhao, T. (2022). Economic policy uncertainty and manufacturing value-added exports. Engineering Economics, 33(1), 103–114. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.33.1.27373