Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose ― The study aims to investigate the impact of remittances on financial sector development in Nigeria using data from 1990 to 2021.
Method ― The study examines the variables' relationship using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Toda Yamamoto (TY) Causality.
Findings ― The study finds that remittances have a positive and significant long-run impact on financial sector development. Total reserves and imports of goods and services have a negative and significant long-run impact. In the short run, remittances and deposit interest rates positively and significantly impact financial sector development, while total reserves and total population have negative and significant impacts. The Toda-Yamamoto causality result indicates a two-way causal relationship between financial sector development and remittances.
Implication ― The study recommends that the government employs policies encouraging channeling remittances through a formal banking system, as well as ensuring that such remittances received are channeled to finance productive investment, hence financial development.
Originality ― The novelty of this research relates to the use of the three main indicators of remittances in an economy, which are the import of goods and services, total reserves, and deposit interest rates, to examine its impact on financial sector development in Nigeria
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2023 Yusuf Shamsuddeen Nadabo
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References
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- Agarwal, R., & Horowitz, A. W. (2002). Are international remittances altruism or insurance? Evidence from Guyana using multiple-migrant households. World Development, 30(11), 2033–2044. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00118-3
- Aggarwal, R., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Pería, M. S. M. (2011). Do remittances promote financial development? Journal of Development Economics, 96(2), 255–264. https://doi.org/0.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.10.005
- Ahamada, I., & Coulibaly, D. (2013). Remittances and growth in Sub‐Saharan African countries: Evidence from a panel causality test. Journal of International Development, 25(3), 310–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.2830
- Ajide, F. M. (2019). Remittances, bank concentration and credit availability in Nigeria. Journal of Development Policy and Practice, 4(1), 66–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/2455133318811727
- Akkoyunlu, Ş. (2015). The potential of rural-urban linkages for sustainable development and trade. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Policy, 4(2), 20–40. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.26/2015.4.2/26.2.20.40
- Attila, J., Bangaké, C., Eggoh, J. C., & Semedo, G. (2018). Do remittances influence institutions in recipient countries? Mondes En Developpement, 184(4), 29–42.
- Banerjee, A., Dolado, J., & Mestre, R. (1998). Error-correction mechanism tests for cointegration in a single-equation framework. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(3), 267–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9892.00091
- Bangake, C., & Eggoh, J. (2020). Financial development thresholds and the remittances-growth Nexus. Journal of Quantitative Economics, 18(2), 425–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40953-019-00188-6
- Barua, S. (2007). Determinants of workers’ remittances in Bangladesh: An empirical study (WP 0713; Policy Analysis Unit (PAU), Bangladesh Bank Working Paper). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1398690
- Becker, G. S. (1976). The economic approach to human behavior. University of Chicago Press.
- Benhamou, Z. A., & Cassin, L. (2021). The impact of remittances on savings, capital and economic growth in small emerging countries. Economic Modelling, 94, 789–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2020.02.019
- Chowdhury, M. (2016). Financial development, remittances, and economic growth: Evidence using a dynamic panel estimation. Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, 10(1), 35–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973801015612666
- Chowdhury, M. B. (2011). Remittances flow and financial development in Bangladesh. Economic Modelling, 28(6), 2600–2608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2011.07.013
- Cooray, A. (2012). The impact of migrant remittances on economic growth: Evidence from South Asia. Review of International Economics, 20(5), 985–998. https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12008
- Coulibaly, D. (2015). Remittances and financial development in Sub-Saharan African countries: A system approach. Economic Modelling, 45, 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.12.005
- Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Córdova, E. L., Pería, M. S. M., & Woodruff, C. (2011). Remittances and banking sector breadth and depth: Evidence from Mexico. Journal of Development Economics, 95(2), 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.04.002
- Elsherif, M. A. (2015). The determinants of financial development: Empirical evidence from Egypt. The Macrotheme Review, 3(4), 69–87.
- Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 55(2), 251–276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236
- Fromentin, V. (2017). The long-run and short-run impacts of remittances on financial development in developing countries. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 66, 192–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2017.02.006
- Fullenkamp, C., Cosimano, T. F., Gapen, M. T., Chami, R., Montiel, P. J., & Barajas, A. (2008). Macroeconomic consequences of remittances. International Monetary Fund. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781589067011.084
- Gupta, S., Pattillo, C. A., & Wagh, S. (2009). Effect of remittances on poverty and financial development in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 37(1), 104–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.05.007
- Hussaini, N., Ibrahim, M. U. S. A., & Muhammad, D. (2021). Impact of remittances on Nigerian financial sector development: An ARDL approach. Gusau International Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 4(2 SE-Articles), 20.
- Iheke, O. R. (2012). The effect of remittances on the Nigerian economy. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 1(2), 614–621.
- Imai, K. S., Gaiha, R., Ali, A., & Kaicker, N. (2014). Remittances, growth, and poverty: New evidence from Asian countries. Journal of Policy Modeling, 36(3), 524–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2014.01.009
- Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2), 231–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3
- Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration—with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1990.mp52002003.x
- Kakhkharov, J., & Rohde, N. (2020). Remittances and financial development in transition economies. Empirical Economics, 59(2), 731–763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-019-01642-3
- Karikari, N. K., Mensah, S., & Harvey, S. K. (2016). Do remittances promote financial development in Africa? SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1011. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2658-7
- Keho, Y. (2020). Impact of remittances on financial development: Revisiting the evidence for ECOWAS countries. Theoretical Economics Letters, 10(01), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.4236/tel.2020.101011
- Khurshid, A., Kedong, Y., Calin, A. C., Zeldea, C., Qiang, S., & Wenqi, D. (2020). Is the relationship between remittances and economic growth influenced by the governance and development of the financial sector? New evidence from the developing countries. Journal for Economic Forecasting, 1, 37–56.
- Kumar, B. (2019). The impact of international remittances on poverty alleviation in Bangladesh. Remittances Review, 4(1), 67–86.
- Markowitz, H. (1952). The utility of wealth. Journal of Political Economy, 60(2), 151–158.
- Misati, R. N., Kamau, A., & Nassir, H. (2019). Do migrant remittances matter for financial development in Kenya? Financial Innovation, 5(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-019-0142-4
- Motelle, S. I. (2011). The role of remittances in financial development in Lesotho: Evidence from alternative measures of financial development. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 3(6), 241–251.
- Ndlovu, E., & Tigere, R. (2018). Economic migration and the socio-economic impacts on the emigrant’s family: A case of Ward 8, Gweru Rural District, Zimbabwe. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 10. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49484553
- Oke, B. O., Uadiale, O. M., & Okpala, O, P. (2011). Impact of workers’ remittances on financial development in Nigeria. International Business Research, 4(4), 218–225. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v4n4p218
- Olayungbo, D. O., & Quadri, A. (2019). Remittances, financial development and economic growth in sub-Saharan African countries: evidence from a PMG-ARDL approach. Financial Innovation, 5(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-019-0122-8
- Olowa, O. (2015). Effect of remittances on financial sector development in Nigeria. Academia Arena, 7(1), 15–23.
- Oluwafemi, A., & Ayandibu, A. O. (2014). Impact of remittances on development in Nigeria: Challenges and prospects. Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology, 5(3), 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/09766634.2014.11885635
- Onyeisi, O., Odo, S., & Anoke, C. (2020). Remittance inflow and domestic credit to the private sector. The Nigerian Experience. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 20(1), 28–38.
- Orozco, M., & Rouse, R. (2013). Migrant hometown associations and development opportunities: A global perspective. Migration Policy Institute.
- Pesaran, M. H., & Pesaran, B. (1997). Working with Microfit 4.0: Interactive econometric analysis. In TA - TT -. Oxford University Press Oxford. https://doi.org/LK - https://worldcat.org/title/38275774
- Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
- Solimano, A. (2003). Remittances by emigrants: Issues and evidence. Santiago de Chile.
- Takyi, P. O., & Obeng, C. K. (2013). Determinants of financial development in Ghana. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 2(4), 2324–2336.
- Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1–2), 225–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01616-8
- Tuuli, M. (2015). The impact of remittances on the real exchange rate: Empirical evidence from Ghana. Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development, 36(3), 43–66.
- Vanroose, a, & Espallier, B. D. (2009). Microfinance and financial sector development (09-040.RS; CEB Working Paper).
- Williams, K. (2017). Do remittances improve political institutions? Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. Economic Modelling, 61, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.12.004
- World Bank. (2018). World development indicators.
References
Adams, R. H., & Page, J. (2005). Do international migration and remittances reduce poverty in developing countries? World Development, 33(10), 1645–1669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.05.004
Agarwal, R., & Horowitz, A. W. (2002). Are international remittances altruism or insurance? Evidence from Guyana using multiple-migrant households. World Development, 30(11), 2033–2044. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00118-3
Aggarwal, R., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Pería, M. S. M. (2011). Do remittances promote financial development? Journal of Development Economics, 96(2), 255–264. https://doi.org/0.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.10.005
Ahamada, I., & Coulibaly, D. (2013). Remittances and growth in Sub‐Saharan African countries: Evidence from a panel causality test. Journal of International Development, 25(3), 310–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.2830
Ajide, F. M. (2019). Remittances, bank concentration and credit availability in Nigeria. Journal of Development Policy and Practice, 4(1), 66–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/2455133318811727
Akkoyunlu, Ş. (2015). The potential of rural-urban linkages for sustainable development and trade. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Policy, 4(2), 20–40. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.26/2015.4.2/26.2.20.40
Attila, J., Bangaké, C., Eggoh, J. C., & Semedo, G. (2018). Do remittances influence institutions in recipient countries? Mondes En Developpement, 184(4), 29–42.
Banerjee, A., Dolado, J., & Mestre, R. (1998). Error-correction mechanism tests for cointegration in a single-equation framework. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(3), 267–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9892.00091
Bangake, C., & Eggoh, J. (2020). Financial development thresholds and the remittances-growth Nexus. Journal of Quantitative Economics, 18(2), 425–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40953-019-00188-6
Barua, S. (2007). Determinants of workers’ remittances in Bangladesh: An empirical study (WP 0713; Policy Analysis Unit (PAU), Bangladesh Bank Working Paper). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1398690
Becker, G. S. (1976). The economic approach to human behavior. University of Chicago Press.
Benhamou, Z. A., & Cassin, L. (2021). The impact of remittances on savings, capital and economic growth in small emerging countries. Economic Modelling, 94, 789–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2020.02.019
Chowdhury, M. (2016). Financial development, remittances, and economic growth: Evidence using a dynamic panel estimation. Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, 10(1), 35–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973801015612666
Chowdhury, M. B. (2011). Remittances flow and financial development in Bangladesh. Economic Modelling, 28(6), 2600–2608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2011.07.013
Cooray, A. (2012). The impact of migrant remittances on economic growth: Evidence from South Asia. Review of International Economics, 20(5), 985–998. https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12008
Coulibaly, D. (2015). Remittances and financial development in Sub-Saharan African countries: A system approach. Economic Modelling, 45, 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.12.005
Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Córdova, E. L., Pería, M. S. M., & Woodruff, C. (2011). Remittances and banking sector breadth and depth: Evidence from Mexico. Journal of Development Economics, 95(2), 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.04.002
Elsherif, M. A. (2015). The determinants of financial development: Empirical evidence from Egypt. The Macrotheme Review, 3(4), 69–87.
Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 55(2), 251–276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236
Fromentin, V. (2017). The long-run and short-run impacts of remittances on financial development in developing countries. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 66, 192–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2017.02.006
Fullenkamp, C., Cosimano, T. F., Gapen, M. T., Chami, R., Montiel, P. J., & Barajas, A. (2008). Macroeconomic consequences of remittances. International Monetary Fund. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781589067011.084
Gupta, S., Pattillo, C. A., & Wagh, S. (2009). Effect of remittances on poverty and financial development in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 37(1), 104–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.05.007
Hussaini, N., Ibrahim, M. U. S. A., & Muhammad, D. (2021). Impact of remittances on Nigerian financial sector development: An ARDL approach. Gusau International Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 4(2 SE-Articles), 20.
Iheke, O. R. (2012). The effect of remittances on the Nigerian economy. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 1(2), 614–621.
Imai, K. S., Gaiha, R., Ali, A., & Kaicker, N. (2014). Remittances, growth, and poverty: New evidence from Asian countries. Journal of Policy Modeling, 36(3), 524–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2014.01.009
Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2), 231–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3
Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration—with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1990.mp52002003.x
Kakhkharov, J., & Rohde, N. (2020). Remittances and financial development in transition economies. Empirical Economics, 59(2), 731–763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-019-01642-3
Karikari, N. K., Mensah, S., & Harvey, S. K. (2016). Do remittances promote financial development in Africa? SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1011. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2658-7
Keho, Y. (2020). Impact of remittances on financial development: Revisiting the evidence for ECOWAS countries. Theoretical Economics Letters, 10(01), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.4236/tel.2020.101011
Khurshid, A., Kedong, Y., Calin, A. C., Zeldea, C., Qiang, S., & Wenqi, D. (2020). Is the relationship between remittances and economic growth influenced by the governance and development of the financial sector? New evidence from the developing countries. Journal for Economic Forecasting, 1, 37–56.
Kumar, B. (2019). The impact of international remittances on poverty alleviation in Bangladesh. Remittances Review, 4(1), 67–86.
Markowitz, H. (1952). The utility of wealth. Journal of Political Economy, 60(2), 151–158.
Misati, R. N., Kamau, A., & Nassir, H. (2019). Do migrant remittances matter for financial development in Kenya? Financial Innovation, 5(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-019-0142-4
Motelle, S. I. (2011). The role of remittances in financial development in Lesotho: Evidence from alternative measures of financial development. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 3(6), 241–251.
Ndlovu, E., & Tigere, R. (2018). Economic migration and the socio-economic impacts on the emigrant’s family: A case of Ward 8, Gweru Rural District, Zimbabwe. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 10. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49484553
Oke, B. O., Uadiale, O. M., & Okpala, O, P. (2011). Impact of workers’ remittances on financial development in Nigeria. International Business Research, 4(4), 218–225. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v4n4p218
Olayungbo, D. O., & Quadri, A. (2019). Remittances, financial development and economic growth in sub-Saharan African countries: evidence from a PMG-ARDL approach. Financial Innovation, 5(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-019-0122-8
Olowa, O. (2015). Effect of remittances on financial sector development in Nigeria. Academia Arena, 7(1), 15–23.
Oluwafemi, A., & Ayandibu, A. O. (2014). Impact of remittances on development in Nigeria: Challenges and prospects. Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology, 5(3), 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/09766634.2014.11885635
Onyeisi, O., Odo, S., & Anoke, C. (2020). Remittance inflow and domestic credit to the private sector. The Nigerian Experience. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 20(1), 28–38.
Orozco, M., & Rouse, R. (2013). Migrant hometown associations and development opportunities: A global perspective. Migration Policy Institute.
Pesaran, M. H., & Pesaran, B. (1997). Working with Microfit 4.0: Interactive econometric analysis. In TA - TT -. Oxford University Press Oxford. https://doi.org/LK - https://worldcat.org/title/38275774
Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
Solimano, A. (2003). Remittances by emigrants: Issues and evidence. Santiago de Chile.
Takyi, P. O., & Obeng, C. K. (2013). Determinants of financial development in Ghana. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 2(4), 2324–2336.
Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1–2), 225–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01616-8
Tuuli, M. (2015). The impact of remittances on the real exchange rate: Empirical evidence from Ghana. Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development, 36(3), 43–66.
Vanroose, a, & Espallier, B. D. (2009). Microfinance and financial sector development (09-040.RS; CEB Working Paper).
Williams, K. (2017). Do remittances improve political institutions? Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. Economic Modelling, 61, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.12.004
World Bank. (2018). World development indicators.