Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose ― This paper estimates the possibility of a financial crisis in Indonesia using an early warning system (EWMS) model.
Method ― A quantitative EWMS model has been developed to detect a potential financial crisis in 2023 based on the econometric logistic probability model (Logit)
Findings ― Based on the model estimates, Indonesia is expected to enter a financial crisis without adequate macroeconomic policies in the next 12 to 24 months. In recent years, Indonesia has implemented prudent macroeconomic policies such as increasing the Bank Indonesia policy rate and sustaining the state budget to avoid the impact of a deep financial crisis.
Implications ― To avoid the potential for further financial crises, Indonesia must implement a wider range of crisis mitigation policies.
Originality/value ― Although many argue that financial crises are predictable, it has been demonstrated in the literature that little is known about how to prevent them. This paper contributes to providing empirical evidence to address these issues.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2023 Anggito, Muhammad Handry Imansyah, Muhammad Adisurya Pratama
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References
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- Altunoz, U. (2019). The Predictability of The Financial Crisis with The Probit Model , Logit Model and Signal Approach : The Case of Turkey. October. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336285297
- Bank Indonesia. (2023). Siaran Pers- Inforgrafis Hasil Rapat Dewan Gubernur, Januari 2023. https://www.bi.go.id/id/edukasi/Documents/BI-Infografis-Rapat-Dewan-Gubernur-Januari-2023-Teknikal.pdf
- Berg, A., Borensztein, E., Milesi-Ferretti, G. M., & Pattillo, C. (1999). Anticipating Balance of Payments Crises Role of Early Warning Systems. In IMF Occasional Papers (Occasional, Issue 186). IMF.
- Berg, A., & Pattillo, C. (1999). Predicting currency crises:: The indicators approach and an alternative. Journal of International Money and Finance, 18(4), 561–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5606(99)00024-8
- Budiman, A., Safuan, S., Juhro, S. M., & Kacaribu, F. N. (2022). Pandemic Shocks and Macro-Financial Policy Responses: an Estimated Dsge-Var Model for Indonesia. Buletin Ekonomi Moneter Dan Perbankan, 25(3), 399–438. https://doi.org/10.21098/bmeb.v25i3.1981
- Bussiere, M., & Fratzscher, M. (2002). Towards a New Early Warning System of Financial Crises (Working Paper No . 145). https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp145.pdf?25a801a908e58d271464bfb27e4aa4b9
- Caramazza, F., Ricci, L., & Salgado, R. (2000). Trade and Financial Contagion in Currency Crises (WP/00/55; Working Paper Series, Vol. 55, Issue 3).
- Chen, S., & Svirydzenka, K. (2021). Financial Cycles to Early Warning Indicators of Banking Crises? (WP/21/1/16; April 2021).
- Claessens, S., & Kose, M. A. (2013a). Financial Crises: Explanations, Types, and Implications. In IMF Working Paper (WP/13/28; Working Paper, Vol. 28, Issue 1). https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/001/2013/028/001.2013.issue-028-en.xml
- Claessens, S., & Kose, M. A. (2013b). FINANCIAL CRISES: REVIEW AND EVIDENCE. Central Bank Review, 13(September), 1–23. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/c3aea454-e232-4ffd-976c-032e769c1e94/sep13-1.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-c3aea454-e232-4ffd-976c-032e769c1e94-m3fB6-2
- Claessens, S., Kose, M. A., & Terrones, M. E. (2012). How do business and financial cycles interact? Journal of International Economics, 87(1), 178–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.11.008
- Eichengreen, B., Rose, A., & Wyplosz, C. (1996). Contagious Currency Crises : First Tests. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 98(4), 463–484. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3440879
- Esquivel, G., & Larraín, F. (1998). EXPLAINING CURRENCY CRISES (Issue June). https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.107725
- Ferdous, L. T., Kamal, K. M. M., Ahsan, A., Hoang, N. H. T., & Samaduzzaman, M. (2022). An Early Warning System for Currency Crises in Emerging Countries. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15040167
- Frankel, J. A., & Rose, A. K. (1996). Currency crashes in emerging markets: An empirical treatment. Journal of International Economics, 41(3–4), 351–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(96)01441-9
- Fratzscher, M. (2011). CAPITAL FLOWS, PUSH VERSUS PULL FACTORS AND THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS. In Working Paper Series: Vol. No. 1364 (No. 1364). https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp1364.pdf
- Goldfajn, I., & Valdés, R. O. (1998). Are currency crises predictable? European Economic Review, 42(3–5), 873–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(97)00126-8
- Goldstein, M., Kaminsky, G. L., & Reinhart, C. M. (2000). Assesing Financial Vulnerability: An Early Warning System for Emerging MArkets (Fisrt Edit). Institute for International Economiccs.
- Greenwood, R., Hanson, S. G., Shleifer, A., & Sørensen, J. A. (2022). Predictable Financial Crises. Journal of Finance, 77(2), 863–921. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.13105
- Hutchison, M. M., & Noy, I. (2006). Sudden stops and the Mexican wave: Currency crises, capital flow reversals and output loss in emerging markets. Journal of Development Economics, 79(1), 225–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2004.12.002
- IMF. (2022). Crisis upon crisis. In Annual Report IMF. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.287.6406.1705
- Jones, E. (2022). Recovering from the pandemic : The role of the macroeconomic policy mix. https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/74166
- Kamin, S. B., Schindler, J., & Samuel, S. (2007). The contribution of domestic and external factors to emerging market currency crises: An early warning systems approach. International Journal of Finance and Economics, 12(3), 317–336. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.314
- Kaminsky, G., Lizondo, S., & Reinhart, C. M. (1998). Leading Indicators of Currency Crises. In IMF Staff Papers (Staff Paper Series, Vol. 45, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.2307/3867328
- Kaufmann, D., Mehrez, G., & Schmukler, S. L. (2005). Predicting currency fluctuations and crises: Do resident firms have an informational advantage? In Journal of International Money and Finance (Vol. 24, Issue 6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2005.07.005
- Kementerian Keuangan. (2023). Siaran Pers: KInerja Positif APBN 2022 Jadi Modal Kuat Hadapi Tahun 2023. Siaran Pers (Press Release). https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/informasi-publik/publikasi/siaran-pers/Kinerja-Positif-APBN-2022-Modal-Hadapi-2023
- Kian Wie, T. (2012). The Asian Financial Crisis and the Global Financial Crisis. In Indonesia’s Economy since Independence (Online, pp. 107–108). https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/indonesias-economy-since-independence/asian-financial-crisis-and-the-global-financial-crisis/A0C448F7BFD9290E1407A5DCE5A9C7B8
- Klein, M. W., & Marion, N. P. (1997). Explaining the duration of exchange-rate pegs. Journal of Development Economics, 54(2), 387–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(97)00048-5
- Koo, Y., Oh, C. S., Joo, H., Lee, S., & III, J. A. T. (2005). A Parametric EWS Model of Currency Crisis for East Asia (p. 2005). Palgrave Macmillan.
- Krugman, P. (1999). Balance Sheets, the Transfer Problem, and Financial Crises. International Tax and Public Finance, 6(4), 459–472. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008741113074
- Milesi-Ferretti, G.-M., & Razin, A. (2000). Current Account Reversals and Currency Crisis: Empirical Regularities. In P. Krugman (Ed.), Currency Crises (Vol. 98, Issue 89, pp. 285–323). University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451952421.001
- Mulder, C., Perrelli, R., & Rocha, M. (2002). The Role of Corporate, Legal and Macroeconomic Balance Sheet Indicators in Crisis Detection and Prevention (WP/02/59; Issue 02). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=879539
- Padhan, R., & Prabheesh, K. P. (2019). Effectiveness of Early Warning Models: a Critical Review and New Agenda for Future Direction. Buletin Ekonomi Moneter Dan Perbankan, 22(4), 457–484. https://doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v22i4.1188
- Park, D. (2008). Capital Outflows, Sovereign Wealth Funds, and Domestic Financial Instability in Developing Asia (Issue 225). https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/28228/economics-wp129.pdf
- Pritsker, M. (2013). Knightian uncertainty and interbank lending. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 22(1), 85–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2012.09.001
- Reinhart, C., Goldstein, M., & Kaminsky, G. (2000). Assessing financial vulnerability , an early warning system for emerging markets : Introduction (Issue 13629). https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13629/
- Sachs, J. D., Tornell, A., & Velasco, A. (1996). Financial Crises in Emerging Markets: The Lessons from 1995. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 147–215. https://doi.org/10.2307/2534648
- Sasmitasiwi, B., & Cahyadin, M. (2008). The Impact of World Oil Prices to Indonesia’s Macroeconomy : Crisis and After Crisis. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Indonesia, 23(2), 107–123. https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jieb/article/download/6348/18181
- van den Berg, J., Candelon, B., & Urbain, J. P. (2008). A cautious note on the use of panel models to predict financial crises. Economics Letters, 101(1), 80–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2008.06.015
- World Bank. (2022). Reforms for Recovery: East Aasia and Pacific Economic Recovery Update. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/east-asia-and-pacific-economic-update
References
ADB. (2020). Asian Development Bank (ADB), Asian Development Outlook 2020: What Drives Innovation in Asia? In ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK OUTLOOK (Vol. 3, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2631684620982127
Altunoz, U. (2019). The Predictability of The Financial Crisis with The Probit Model , Logit Model and Signal Approach : The Case of Turkey. October. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336285297
Bank Indonesia. (2023). Siaran Pers- Inforgrafis Hasil Rapat Dewan Gubernur, Januari 2023. https://www.bi.go.id/id/edukasi/Documents/BI-Infografis-Rapat-Dewan-Gubernur-Januari-2023-Teknikal.pdf
Berg, A., Borensztein, E., Milesi-Ferretti, G. M., & Pattillo, C. (1999). Anticipating Balance of Payments Crises Role of Early Warning Systems. In IMF Occasional Papers (Occasional, Issue 186). IMF.
Berg, A., & Pattillo, C. (1999). Predicting currency crises:: The indicators approach and an alternative. Journal of International Money and Finance, 18(4), 561–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5606(99)00024-8
Budiman, A., Safuan, S., Juhro, S. M., & Kacaribu, F. N. (2022). Pandemic Shocks and Macro-Financial Policy Responses: an Estimated Dsge-Var Model for Indonesia. Buletin Ekonomi Moneter Dan Perbankan, 25(3), 399–438. https://doi.org/10.21098/bmeb.v25i3.1981
Bussiere, M., & Fratzscher, M. (2002). Towards a New Early Warning System of Financial Crises (Working Paper No . 145). https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp145.pdf?25a801a908e58d271464bfb27e4aa4b9
Caramazza, F., Ricci, L., & Salgado, R. (2000). Trade and Financial Contagion in Currency Crises (WP/00/55; Working Paper Series, Vol. 55, Issue 3).
Chen, S., & Svirydzenka, K. (2021). Financial Cycles to Early Warning Indicators of Banking Crises? (WP/21/1/16; April 2021).
Claessens, S., & Kose, M. A. (2013a). Financial Crises: Explanations, Types, and Implications. In IMF Working Paper (WP/13/28; Working Paper, Vol. 28, Issue 1). https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/001/2013/028/001.2013.issue-028-en.xml
Claessens, S., & Kose, M. A. (2013b). FINANCIAL CRISES: REVIEW AND EVIDENCE. Central Bank Review, 13(September), 1–23. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/c3aea454-e232-4ffd-976c-032e769c1e94/sep13-1.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-c3aea454-e232-4ffd-976c-032e769c1e94-m3fB6-2
Claessens, S., Kose, M. A., & Terrones, M. E. (2012). How do business and financial cycles interact? Journal of International Economics, 87(1), 178–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.11.008
Eichengreen, B., Rose, A., & Wyplosz, C. (1996). Contagious Currency Crises : First Tests. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 98(4), 463–484. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3440879
Esquivel, G., & Larraín, F. (1998). EXPLAINING CURRENCY CRISES (Issue June). https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.107725
Ferdous, L. T., Kamal, K. M. M., Ahsan, A., Hoang, N. H. T., & Samaduzzaman, M. (2022). An Early Warning System for Currency Crises in Emerging Countries. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15040167
Frankel, J. A., & Rose, A. K. (1996). Currency crashes in emerging markets: An empirical treatment. Journal of International Economics, 41(3–4), 351–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(96)01441-9
Fratzscher, M. (2011). CAPITAL FLOWS, PUSH VERSUS PULL FACTORS AND THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS. In Working Paper Series: Vol. No. 1364 (No. 1364). https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp1364.pdf
Goldfajn, I., & Valdés, R. O. (1998). Are currency crises predictable? European Economic Review, 42(3–5), 873–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(97)00126-8
Goldstein, M., Kaminsky, G. L., & Reinhart, C. M. (2000). Assesing Financial Vulnerability: An Early Warning System for Emerging MArkets (Fisrt Edit). Institute for International Economiccs.
Greenwood, R., Hanson, S. G., Shleifer, A., & Sørensen, J. A. (2022). Predictable Financial Crises. Journal of Finance, 77(2), 863–921. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.13105
Hutchison, M. M., & Noy, I. (2006). Sudden stops and the Mexican wave: Currency crises, capital flow reversals and output loss in emerging markets. Journal of Development Economics, 79(1), 225–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2004.12.002
IMF. (2022). Crisis upon crisis. In Annual Report IMF. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.287.6406.1705
Jones, E. (2022). Recovering from the pandemic : The role of the macroeconomic policy mix. https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/74166
Kamin, S. B., Schindler, J., & Samuel, S. (2007). The contribution of domestic and external factors to emerging market currency crises: An early warning systems approach. International Journal of Finance and Economics, 12(3), 317–336. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.314
Kaminsky, G., Lizondo, S., & Reinhart, C. M. (1998). Leading Indicators of Currency Crises. In IMF Staff Papers (Staff Paper Series, Vol. 45, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.2307/3867328
Kaufmann, D., Mehrez, G., & Schmukler, S. L. (2005). Predicting currency fluctuations and crises: Do resident firms have an informational advantage? In Journal of International Money and Finance (Vol. 24, Issue 6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2005.07.005
Kementerian Keuangan. (2023). Siaran Pers: KInerja Positif APBN 2022 Jadi Modal Kuat Hadapi Tahun 2023. Siaran Pers (Press Release). https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/informasi-publik/publikasi/siaran-pers/Kinerja-Positif-APBN-2022-Modal-Hadapi-2023
Kian Wie, T. (2012). The Asian Financial Crisis and the Global Financial Crisis. In Indonesia’s Economy since Independence (Online, pp. 107–108). https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/indonesias-economy-since-independence/asian-financial-crisis-and-the-global-financial-crisis/A0C448F7BFD9290E1407A5DCE5A9C7B8
Klein, M. W., & Marion, N. P. (1997). Explaining the duration of exchange-rate pegs. Journal of Development Economics, 54(2), 387–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(97)00048-5
Koo, Y., Oh, C. S., Joo, H., Lee, S., & III, J. A. T. (2005). A Parametric EWS Model of Currency Crisis for East Asia (p. 2005). Palgrave Macmillan.
Krugman, P. (1999). Balance Sheets, the Transfer Problem, and Financial Crises. International Tax and Public Finance, 6(4), 459–472. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008741113074
Milesi-Ferretti, G.-M., & Razin, A. (2000). Current Account Reversals and Currency Crisis: Empirical Regularities. In P. Krugman (Ed.), Currency Crises (Vol. 98, Issue 89, pp. 285–323). University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451952421.001
Mulder, C., Perrelli, R., & Rocha, M. (2002). The Role of Corporate, Legal and Macroeconomic Balance Sheet Indicators in Crisis Detection and Prevention (WP/02/59; Issue 02). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=879539
Padhan, R., & Prabheesh, K. P. (2019). Effectiveness of Early Warning Models: a Critical Review and New Agenda for Future Direction. Buletin Ekonomi Moneter Dan Perbankan, 22(4), 457–484. https://doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v22i4.1188
Park, D. (2008). Capital Outflows, Sovereign Wealth Funds, and Domestic Financial Instability in Developing Asia (Issue 225). https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/28228/economics-wp129.pdf
Pritsker, M. (2013). Knightian uncertainty and interbank lending. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 22(1), 85–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2012.09.001
Reinhart, C., Goldstein, M., & Kaminsky, G. (2000). Assessing financial vulnerability , an early warning system for emerging markets : Introduction (Issue 13629). https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/13629/
Sachs, J. D., Tornell, A., & Velasco, A. (1996). Financial Crises in Emerging Markets: The Lessons from 1995. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 147–215. https://doi.org/10.2307/2534648
Sasmitasiwi, B., & Cahyadin, M. (2008). The Impact of World Oil Prices to Indonesia’s Macroeconomy : Crisis and After Crisis. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Indonesia, 23(2), 107–123. https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jieb/article/download/6348/18181
van den Berg, J., Candelon, B., & Urbain, J. P. (2008). A cautious note on the use of panel models to predict financial crises. Economics Letters, 101(1), 80–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2008.06.015
World Bank. (2022). Reforms for Recovery: East Aasia and Pacific Economic Recovery Update. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/east-asia-and-pacific-economic-update