Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to add to the current poverty dynamics literature by investigating the underlying causes of poverty persistence in Turkey, with an emphasis on both entry and exit rates.
Methods: The study analyzes data from the Turkish Statistical Institute's "Survey on Income and Living Conditions" from 2018 to 2021 using dynamic probit models. This large dataset, which gives a detailed picture of socioeconomic situations, helps in properly understanding the complex aspects influencing poverty rates.
Findings: The analysis reveals significant poverty persistence in Turkey, influenced by factors such as gender, marital status, employment, and health conditions. According to the research, these variables frequently interact, forming a complex structure that maintains poverty throughout the country.
Implications: The findings necessitate targeted interventions to address persistent poverty, considering the diverse influencing factors. This could lead to a reduction in poverty rates and improved socioeconomic conditions for individuals.
Originality/Value: This study offers a unique perspective on poverty dynamics in Turkey, focusing on both entry and exit rates. It provides valuable insights for those formulating policies or strategies aimed at poverty reduction, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive approach to poverty alleviation.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2023 Mustafa Bilik
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References
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- Ayllón, S. (2013). Understanding poverty persistence in Spain. SERIEs, 4(2), 201–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13209-012-0089-4
- Ayllón, S., & Gábos, A. (2017). The interrelationships between the Europe 2020 poverty and social exclusion indicators. Social Indicators Research, 130(3), 1025–1049.
- Bane, M. J., & Ellwood, D. T. (1986). Slipping into and out of poverty: The dynamics of spells. The Journal of Human Resources, 21(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/145955
- BaşakDalgıç AytekinGüven, P. İ. (2015). Yoksulluk ve yoksulluk geçişlerinin belirleyenleri: Türkiye orneği. Sosyoekonomi, 23(24), 51–70.
- Baulch, B., & Masset, E. (2003). Do monetary and nonmonetary indicators tell the same story about chronic poverty? A study of Vietnam in the 1990s. World Development, 31(3), 441–453. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00215-2
- Biewen, M. (2009). Measuring state dependence in individual poverty histories when there is feedback to employment status and household composition. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 24(7), 1095–1116. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.1081
- Bigsten, A., & Shimeles, A. (2008). Poverty transition and persistence in Ethiopia: 1994–2004. World Development, 36(9), 1559–1584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.09.002
- Bosco, B., & Poggi, A. (2019). Middle class, government effectiveness and poverty in the EU: A dynamic multilevel analysis: XXXX. Review of Income and Wealth, 66. https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12403
- Buddelmeyer, H., & Verick, S. (2008). Understanding the drivers of poverty dynamics in Australian households. Economic Record, 84(266), 310–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2008.00493.x
- Cappellari, L., & Jenkins, S. P. (2002). Who stays poor? Who becomes poor? Evidence from the British household panel survey. Economic Journal, 112(478), C60–C67. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00028
- Devicienti, F., & Poggi, A. (2011). Poverty and social exclusion: Two sides of the same coin or dynamically interrelated processes? Applied Economics, 43(25), 3549–3571. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036841003670721
- Fusco, A., & Islam, N. (2020). Household size and poverty. In J. G. Rodríguez & J. A. Bishop (Eds.), Inequality, Redistribution and Mobility (Vol. 28, pp. 151–177). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1049-258520200000028006
- Garza-Rodriguez, J., Ayala-Diaz, G. A., Coronado-Saucedo, G. G., Garza-Garza, E. G., & Ovando-Martinez, O. (2021). Determinants of poverty in Mexico: A quantile regression analysis. In Economies (Vol. 9, Issue 2, p. 60). https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9020060
- Giarda, E., & Moroni, G. (2018). The degree of poverty persistence and the role of regional disparities in Italy in comparison with France, Spain and the UK. Social Indicators Research, 136(1), 163–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1547-3
- Heckman, J. (1981). Heterogeneity and state dependence. In Studies in labor markets (pp. 91–140). University of Chicago Press.
- Justino, P., & Litchfield, J. (2003). Poverty dynamics in rural Vietnam: winners and losers during reform (10; PRUS Working Papers, Issue 10). Poverty Research Unit at Sussex.
- Kedir, A. M., & Mckay, A. (2005). Chronic poverty in urban Ethiopia: Panel data evidence. International Planning Studies, 10(1), 49–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563470500159246
- Klasen, S. (2008). Economic growth and poverty reduction: Measurement issues using income and non-income indicators. World Development, 36(3), 420–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.03.008
- Kudebayeva, A. (2018). Chronic poverty in Kazakhstan (627; CERGE-EI Working Paper Series).
- Rabe-Hesketh, S., & Skrondal, A. (2013). Avoiding biased versions of Wooldridge’s simple solution to the initial conditions problem. Economics Letters, 120(2), 346–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2013.05.009
- Ravallion, M. (2011). On multidimensional indices of poverty. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 9(2), 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-011-9173-4
- Ribas, R. P., & Machado, A. F. (2007). Distinguishing chronic poverty from transient poverty in Brazil: Developing a model for pseudo-panel data (36; International Poverty Centre Working Paper).
- Roberts, B. (2000). Chronic and transitory poverty in post-apartheid South Africa: Evidence from KwaZuluNatal (28; CSDS Working Paper).
- Şahin, S. Ç., & Kılıç, İ. E. (2021). Poverty dynamics in Turkey: A multinomial logit model. In Ekonomika (Vol. 100, Issue 2, pp. 133–143). https://doi.org/10.15388/Ekon.2021.100.2.6
- Şeker, S. D., & Dayioğlu, M. (2015). Poverty dynamics in Turkey. Review of Income and Wealth, 61(3), 477–493. https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12112
- Şeker, S. D., & Jenkins, S. P. (2015). Poverty trends in Turkey. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 13(3), 401–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-015-9300-8
- Stevens, A. H. (1999). Climbing out of poverty, falling back in: Measuring the persistence of poverty over multiple spells. Journal of Human Resources, 34(3), 557–588. https://doi.org/10.2307/146380
- Tran, V. Q., Alkire, S., & Klasen, S. (2015). Static and dynamic disparities between monetary and multidimensional poverty measurement: Evidence from Vietnam. In Measurement of Poverty, Deprivation, and Economic Mobility (Vol. 23, pp. 249–281). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1049-258520150000023008
- Wooldridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. MIT Press.
- Wooldridge, J. M. (2005). Simple solutions to the initial conditions problem in dynamic, nonlinear panel data models with unobserved heterogeneity. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 20(1), 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.770
- Yildirim, J., Bakır, M. A., & Savas, A. (2018). State dependence in poverty: The case of Turkey. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 54(9), 1963–1972. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2017.1386097
- You, J. (2017). Asset-based poverty transition and persistence in rural China. Agricultural Economics, 48(2), 219–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12328
References
Alia, D. Y., Jossa-Jouable Alia, K. A. S. M., & Fiamohe, E. R. (2016). On poverty and the persistence of poverty in Benin. Journal of Economic Studies, 43(4), 661–676. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-12-2014-0205
Ayllón, S. (2013). Understanding poverty persistence in Spain. SERIEs, 4(2), 201–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13209-012-0089-4
Ayllón, S., & Gábos, A. (2017). The interrelationships between the Europe 2020 poverty and social exclusion indicators. Social Indicators Research, 130(3), 1025–1049.
Bane, M. J., & Ellwood, D. T. (1986). Slipping into and out of poverty: The dynamics of spells. The Journal of Human Resources, 21(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/145955
BaşakDalgıç AytekinGüven, P. İ. (2015). Yoksulluk ve yoksulluk geçişlerinin belirleyenleri: Türkiye orneği. Sosyoekonomi, 23(24), 51–70.
Baulch, B., & Masset, E. (2003). Do monetary and nonmonetary indicators tell the same story about chronic poverty? A study of Vietnam in the 1990s. World Development, 31(3), 441–453. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00215-2
Biewen, M. (2009). Measuring state dependence in individual poverty histories when there is feedback to employment status and household composition. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 24(7), 1095–1116. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.1081
Bigsten, A., & Shimeles, A. (2008). Poverty transition and persistence in Ethiopia: 1994–2004. World Development, 36(9), 1559–1584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.09.002
Bosco, B., & Poggi, A. (2019). Middle class, government effectiveness and poverty in the EU: A dynamic multilevel analysis: XXXX. Review of Income and Wealth, 66. https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12403
Buddelmeyer, H., & Verick, S. (2008). Understanding the drivers of poverty dynamics in Australian households. Economic Record, 84(266), 310–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2008.00493.x
Cappellari, L., & Jenkins, S. P. (2002). Who stays poor? Who becomes poor? Evidence from the British household panel survey. Economic Journal, 112(478), C60–C67. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00028
Devicienti, F., & Poggi, A. (2011). Poverty and social exclusion: Two sides of the same coin or dynamically interrelated processes? Applied Economics, 43(25), 3549–3571. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036841003670721
Fusco, A., & Islam, N. (2020). Household size and poverty. In J. G. Rodríguez & J. A. Bishop (Eds.), Inequality, Redistribution and Mobility (Vol. 28, pp. 151–177). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1049-258520200000028006
Garza-Rodriguez, J., Ayala-Diaz, G. A., Coronado-Saucedo, G. G., Garza-Garza, E. G., & Ovando-Martinez, O. (2021). Determinants of poverty in Mexico: A quantile regression analysis. In Economies (Vol. 9, Issue 2, p. 60). https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9020060
Giarda, E., & Moroni, G. (2018). The degree of poverty persistence and the role of regional disparities in Italy in comparison with France, Spain and the UK. Social Indicators Research, 136(1), 163–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1547-3
Heckman, J. (1981). Heterogeneity and state dependence. In Studies in labor markets (pp. 91–140). University of Chicago Press.
Justino, P., & Litchfield, J. (2003). Poverty dynamics in rural Vietnam: winners and losers during reform (10; PRUS Working Papers, Issue 10). Poverty Research Unit at Sussex.
Kedir, A. M., & Mckay, A. (2005). Chronic poverty in urban Ethiopia: Panel data evidence. International Planning Studies, 10(1), 49–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563470500159246
Klasen, S. (2008). Economic growth and poverty reduction: Measurement issues using income and non-income indicators. World Development, 36(3), 420–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.03.008
Kudebayeva, A. (2018). Chronic poverty in Kazakhstan (627; CERGE-EI Working Paper Series).
Rabe-Hesketh, S., & Skrondal, A. (2013). Avoiding biased versions of Wooldridge’s simple solution to the initial conditions problem. Economics Letters, 120(2), 346–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2013.05.009
Ravallion, M. (2011). On multidimensional indices of poverty. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 9(2), 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-011-9173-4
Ribas, R. P., & Machado, A. F. (2007). Distinguishing chronic poverty from transient poverty in Brazil: Developing a model for pseudo-panel data (36; International Poverty Centre Working Paper).
Roberts, B. (2000). Chronic and transitory poverty in post-apartheid South Africa: Evidence from KwaZuluNatal (28; CSDS Working Paper).
Şahin, S. Ç., & Kılıç, İ. E. (2021). Poverty dynamics in Turkey: A multinomial logit model. In Ekonomika (Vol. 100, Issue 2, pp. 133–143). https://doi.org/10.15388/Ekon.2021.100.2.6
Şeker, S. D., & Dayioğlu, M. (2015). Poverty dynamics in Turkey. Review of Income and Wealth, 61(3), 477–493. https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12112
Şeker, S. D., & Jenkins, S. P. (2015). Poverty trends in Turkey. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 13(3), 401–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-015-9300-8
Stevens, A. H. (1999). Climbing out of poverty, falling back in: Measuring the persistence of poverty over multiple spells. Journal of Human Resources, 34(3), 557–588. https://doi.org/10.2307/146380
Tran, V. Q., Alkire, S., & Klasen, S. (2015). Static and dynamic disparities between monetary and multidimensional poverty measurement: Evidence from Vietnam. In Measurement of Poverty, Deprivation, and Economic Mobility (Vol. 23, pp. 249–281). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1049-258520150000023008
Wooldridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. MIT Press.
Wooldridge, J. M. (2005). Simple solutions to the initial conditions problem in dynamic, nonlinear panel data models with unobserved heterogeneity. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 20(1), 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.770
Yildirim, J., Bakır, M. A., & Savas, A. (2018). State dependence in poverty: The case of Turkey. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 54(9), 1963–1972. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2017.1386097
You, J. (2017). Asset-based poverty transition and persistence in rural China. Agricultural Economics, 48(2), 219–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12328