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Abstract
This study analyzes the relationship between the number of tourists, tourism investment, government tourism spending, and economic growth in South Sumatra. It uses Granger causality model and simultaneous equation model to estimate the empirical model. The findings show that the number of tourists, the added value of the tourism sector, and the tourism spending of the tourism sector affect economic growth, while tourism investment does not affect the economic growth. In the second model, this study found that economic growth, tourism added value, tourism, and government tourism spending affect the number of tourists. This study implies that government policy has an important role in encouraging the tourism sector development which is indicated the contribution this sector on economic growth.
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References
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- Brida, J.G., Risso, W.A., Lanzilotta, B., & Lionetti, S. (2010). The Tourism-led-Growth Hypothesis for Uruguay. Tourism Economics, 16(3), 765–771. Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/ sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1333102
- Brida, J. G., London, S., & Rojas, M. (2013). A Dynamic Model of Tourism and Economic Growth: The Role of Physical and Human Capital. Economics Bulletin, 33(2), 1361–1373.
- Caglayan, E., Şak, N., Karymshakov, K., Çaglayan, E., & Sak, N. (2012). Relationship Between Tourism and Economic Growth: a Panel Granger Causality Approach. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 2(5), 591–602.
- Cortes-Jimenez, I., Pulina, M., Prunera C.M., & Artis, M. (2009). Tourism and Exports as a means of Growth. Research Institute of Applied Economics: Working Papers, (10): 1–28. Retrieved from http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3005929&orden= 216448&info=link
- Chang, C., T. Khamkaev., & M. McAleer. (2010). Estimation of a Panel Threshold Model of Tourism Specialization and Economic Development. Social Science Research, (14) http://ssrn.com/abstract=1583242 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1583242.
- De Mello-Sampayo, F., & De Sousa-Vale, S. (2010). Tourism and Growth in European Countries: An Application of Likelihood-Based Panel Cointegration. Working Papers, (0510), ISCTE, UNIDE, Economics Research Centre.
- Durbarry, R. (2004). Toruism and Economic Growth: The Case of Mauritius. Tourism Economic, 10(4): 389-401.
- Dritsakis, N. (2004). Tourism as a long-run economic growth factor: An empirical investigation for Greece using causality analysis. Tourism Economics, 10(3), 305–316. https://doi.org/ 10.5367/0000000041895094
- Dritsakis, N. (2009). Tourism Development and Economic Growth in Seven Mediterranean Countries : a Panel Data Approach. (Accessed, December 18, 2016)
- Eugenio-Martin, J.L., Morales, N.M., & Scarpa, R. (2004). Tourism and economic growth in Latin American countries: a panel data approach. Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection, (26): 1-20. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? abstract_id= 504482. (Accessed, December 21, 2016)
- Fayissa, B., Nsiah, C., & Tadesse, B. (2009). Tourism and Economic Growth in Latin American Countries (LAC): Further Empirical Evidence, Department of Economics and Finance Working Paper Series, 1-26. http://capone.mtsu.edu/berc/working/Tourism LAC03-5-09WP.pdf, (Accessed, December 11, 2016)
- Gunduz L., A. Hatemi-J., (2005). Is the Tourism-led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Turkey?. Applied Economics Letters. 12, 499-504
- Granger, C. (1988). Some recent Developments in a Concept of Causality. Journal of Econometrics, 39, 199-211.
- Hanafiah H., Faruoka, F., Munir, Q. (2013). The role of tourism and exchange rate on economic growth: Evidence from BIMP- EAGA countries. Economic Bulletin, 2013, 33(Issue 4), 2756–2762. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
- Hazari, B.R. & Sgro, P.M. (1995). Tourism and Growth in a Dynamic Model of Trade. The Journal of International Trade and Economic Development. 2(4), 253-256.
- Insukindro. (1999). Pemilihan Model Ekonomi Empirik dengan Pendekatan Koreksi Kesalahan. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Indonesia, 14(1).
- Kementerian Pariwisata Republik Indonesia. (2016). Ranking Devisa Pariwisata Terhadap Komoditas Ekspor Lainnya tahun 2011-2015. Jakarta: Penerbit Kementerian Pariwisata Republik Indonesia (Kemenpar RI). (Accessed, Desember 27, 2016).
- Leitao N.C., & Shahbaz, M. ( 2016 ). Economic Growth, Tourism Arrivals and Climate Change. Bulletin of Energy Economics, 4(1), 35-43. http://www.tesdo.org/Journal Detail.aspx?Id=4 Economic
- Lewis, M. Paul., Gary F. Simons., and Charles D. Fennig. (2015). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online: www.ethnologue.com. (Accessed, January 13, 2015).
- Lee, C. and C. Chang (2008) Tourism development and economic growth: A closer look at panels. Tourism Management, 29, 180–192.
- Li, C. C., Mahmood, R., Abdullah, H., & Chuan, O. S. (2013). Economic Growth, Tourism and selected Macroeconomic variables: a Triangular Causal Relationship in Malaysia. The Journal of Applied Economic Research, 7(2), 185–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973 801013483503
- Lozano, J., Gómez, C., Rey-maquieira, J. (2005). An Analysis of the Evolution of Tourism Destinations from the Point of View of the Economic Growth Theory, Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection, (146), 1-23. http://ssrn.com/abstract= 861885
- Makochekanwa, A. (2013). An analysis of tourism contribution to economic growth in SADC Countries. Botswana Journal of Economics, 11(15), 42–56.
- Mallick, L., Mallesh, U., & Behera, J. (2016). Does tourism affect economic growth in Indian states? Evidence from panel ARDL model. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 23(1), 183–194. Retrieved from http://store.ectap.ro/articole/1170.pdf
- Myers, R. H. (1990). Classical and Modern Regression with Applications. PWS-Kent Publishing Company.
- Nizar, M.A. (2011). Tourism Effect on Economic Growth in Indonesia. MPRA Paper, (65628), Posted July 21, 2015. (Accessed, January 13, 2015).
- Oh, C. O. (2005). The contribution of tourism development to economic growth in the Korean economy. Tourism Management, 26(1), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.tourman.2003.09.014
- Phiri, A. (2016). Tourism and Economic growth in South Africa: Evidence from linear and nonlinear cointegration frameworks. Managing Global Transitions: International Research Journal, 14(1), 31–53.
- Pina, I. P. A., & MartÃnez-GarcÃa, M. P. (2013). An Endogenous Growth Model of International Tourism. Tourism Economics, 19(3), 509–529. https://doi.org/10.5367/ te.2013.0212
- Proenca, S., & Soukiazis, E. (2008). Tourism as an Economic Growth Factor: a Case Study for Southern European Countries. Tourism Economics, 14(4), 791–806. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000008786440175
- Šimundić, B., & Kuliš, Z. (2016). Tourism and Economic Growth in Mediterranean Region: Dynamic Panel Data Approach. Acta Economica Et Turistica, 2(1), 65-84. https://doi.org/ 10.1515/ aet-2016-0005
- Spillane, J James. (1994). “Indonesia Tourism: Strategy Economics and Engineering of Culture.†(Pariwisata Indonesia: Siasat Ekonomi dan Rekayasa Kebudayaan). Yogyakarta: Kanisius Publisher, 1-128.
- *www.antaranews.com. (2011). Time for N. Maluku to become tourist destination. Antaranews. 8 Mei 2011. (Accessed, 27 Juni 2013).
References
Balaguer, J., & Cantavella-Jorda, M. (2002). Tourism as a long-run economic growth factor: The Spanish case. Applied Economics, 34, 877-884.
Brida, J.G., Risso, W.A., Lanzilotta, B., & Lionetti, S. (2010). The Tourism-led-Growth Hypothesis for Uruguay. Tourism Economics, 16(3), 765–771. Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/ sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1333102
Brida, J. G., London, S., & Rojas, M. (2013). A Dynamic Model of Tourism and Economic Growth: The Role of Physical and Human Capital. Economics Bulletin, 33(2), 1361–1373.
Caglayan, E., Şak, N., Karymshakov, K., Çaglayan, E., & Sak, N. (2012). Relationship Between Tourism and Economic Growth: a Panel Granger Causality Approach. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 2(5), 591–602.
Cortes-Jimenez, I., Pulina, M., Prunera C.M., & Artis, M. (2009). Tourism and Exports as a means of Growth. Research Institute of Applied Economics: Working Papers, (10): 1–28. Retrieved from http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3005929&orden= 216448&info=link
Chang, C., T. Khamkaev., & M. McAleer. (2010). Estimation of a Panel Threshold Model of Tourism Specialization and Economic Development. Social Science Research, (14) http://ssrn.com/abstract=1583242 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1583242.
De Mello-Sampayo, F., & De Sousa-Vale, S. (2010). Tourism and Growth in European Countries: An Application of Likelihood-Based Panel Cointegration. Working Papers, (0510), ISCTE, UNIDE, Economics Research Centre.
Durbarry, R. (2004). Toruism and Economic Growth: The Case of Mauritius. Tourism Economic, 10(4): 389-401.
Dritsakis, N. (2004). Tourism as a long-run economic growth factor: An empirical investigation for Greece using causality analysis. Tourism Economics, 10(3), 305–316. https://doi.org/ 10.5367/0000000041895094
Dritsakis, N. (2009). Tourism Development and Economic Growth in Seven Mediterranean Countries : a Panel Data Approach. (Accessed, December 18, 2016)
Eugenio-Martin, J.L., Morales, N.M., & Scarpa, R. (2004). Tourism and economic growth in Latin American countries: a panel data approach. Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection, (26): 1-20. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? abstract_id= 504482. (Accessed, December 21, 2016)
Fayissa, B., Nsiah, C., & Tadesse, B. (2009). Tourism and Economic Growth in Latin American Countries (LAC): Further Empirical Evidence, Department of Economics and Finance Working Paper Series, 1-26. http://capone.mtsu.edu/berc/working/Tourism LAC03-5-09WP.pdf, (Accessed, December 11, 2016)
Gunduz L., A. Hatemi-J., (2005). Is the Tourism-led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Turkey?. Applied Economics Letters. 12, 499-504
Granger, C. (1988). Some recent Developments in a Concept of Causality. Journal of Econometrics, 39, 199-211.
Hanafiah H., Faruoka, F., Munir, Q. (2013). The role of tourism and exchange rate on economic growth: Evidence from BIMP- EAGA countries. Economic Bulletin, 2013, 33(Issue 4), 2756–2762. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Hazari, B.R. & Sgro, P.M. (1995). Tourism and Growth in a Dynamic Model of Trade. The Journal of International Trade and Economic Development. 2(4), 253-256.
Insukindro. (1999). Pemilihan Model Ekonomi Empirik dengan Pendekatan Koreksi Kesalahan. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Indonesia, 14(1).
Kementerian Pariwisata Republik Indonesia. (2016). Ranking Devisa Pariwisata Terhadap Komoditas Ekspor Lainnya tahun 2011-2015. Jakarta: Penerbit Kementerian Pariwisata Republik Indonesia (Kemenpar RI). (Accessed, Desember 27, 2016).
Leitao N.C., & Shahbaz, M. ( 2016 ). Economic Growth, Tourism Arrivals and Climate Change. Bulletin of Energy Economics, 4(1), 35-43. http://www.tesdo.org/Journal Detail.aspx?Id=4 Economic
Lewis, M. Paul., Gary F. Simons., and Charles D. Fennig. (2015). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online: www.ethnologue.com. (Accessed, January 13, 2015).
Lee, C. and C. Chang (2008) Tourism development and economic growth: A closer look at panels. Tourism Management, 29, 180–192.
Li, C. C., Mahmood, R., Abdullah, H., & Chuan, O. S. (2013). Economic Growth, Tourism and selected Macroeconomic variables: a Triangular Causal Relationship in Malaysia. The Journal of Applied Economic Research, 7(2), 185–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973 801013483503
Lozano, J., Gómez, C., Rey-maquieira, J. (2005). An Analysis of the Evolution of Tourism Destinations from the Point of View of the Economic Growth Theory, Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection, (146), 1-23. http://ssrn.com/abstract= 861885
Makochekanwa, A. (2013). An analysis of tourism contribution to economic growth in SADC Countries. Botswana Journal of Economics, 11(15), 42–56.
Mallick, L., Mallesh, U., & Behera, J. (2016). Does tourism affect economic growth in Indian states? Evidence from panel ARDL model. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 23(1), 183–194. Retrieved from http://store.ectap.ro/articole/1170.pdf
Myers, R. H. (1990). Classical and Modern Regression with Applications. PWS-Kent Publishing Company.
Nizar, M.A. (2011). Tourism Effect on Economic Growth in Indonesia. MPRA Paper, (65628), Posted July 21, 2015. (Accessed, January 13, 2015).
Oh, C. O. (2005). The contribution of tourism development to economic growth in the Korean economy. Tourism Management, 26(1), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.tourman.2003.09.014
Phiri, A. (2016). Tourism and Economic growth in South Africa: Evidence from linear and nonlinear cointegration frameworks. Managing Global Transitions: International Research Journal, 14(1), 31–53.
Pina, I. P. A., & MartÃnez-GarcÃa, M. P. (2013). An Endogenous Growth Model of International Tourism. Tourism Economics, 19(3), 509–529. https://doi.org/10.5367/ te.2013.0212
Proenca, S., & Soukiazis, E. (2008). Tourism as an Economic Growth Factor: a Case Study for Southern European Countries. Tourism Economics, 14(4), 791–806. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000008786440175
Šimundić, B., & Kuliš, Z. (2016). Tourism and Economic Growth in Mediterranean Region: Dynamic Panel Data Approach. Acta Economica Et Turistica, 2(1), 65-84. https://doi.org/ 10.1515/ aet-2016-0005
Spillane, J James. (1994). “Indonesia Tourism: Strategy Economics and Engineering of Culture.†(Pariwisata Indonesia: Siasat Ekonomi dan Rekayasa Kebudayaan). Yogyakarta: Kanisius Publisher, 1-128.
*www.antaranews.com. (2011). Time for N. Maluku to become tourist destination. Antaranews. 8 Mei 2011. (Accessed, 27 Juni 2013).