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Abstract
Biomassa mikroalga Chlorella sp. mampu menghasilkan lipid yang dapat dikonversi menjadi biodiesel sebagai energi alternatif bahan bakar fosil disamping perannya dalam pengolahan limbah. Oleh karena itu, teknik budidaya mikroalga tersebut menjadi penting untuk dikembangkan. Salah satunya dengan memanfaatkan bakteri Azospirillum sp. yang bisa meningkatkan pertumbuhan Chlorella sp. dalam pembentukan lipid dan menurunkan kadar pencemar pada limbah cair tahu. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengukuran pertumbuhan dan jumlah lipid yang dihasilkan Chlorella sp. serta mengetahui hubungan bakteri Azospirillum sp. dan Chlorella sp. dalam menurunkan kadar penyisihan nitrogen total di limbah cair tahu. Penelitian dilakukan secara batch dengan perlakuan penambahan bakteri dengan 5 level yang berbeda, yaitu 0 (tanpa penambahan bakteri), penambahan bakteri sebanyak 0,25; 0,50; 0,75 dan 1 (%v/v). Proses pengolahan dilakukan selama 13 hari dengan penyinaran cahaya matahari dalam fotobioreaktor. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, kepadatan tertinggi diperoleh dari perlakuan penambahan 1% bakteri Azospirillum sp. sebesar 9,26 x 106 sel/ml. Perlakuan dengan penambahan 1% mampu menghasilkan lipid 24,38% dengan efisiensi penyisihan N total sebesar 66,67%.
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References
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- Allaf, M.M. (2013). Effect of Plant Hormones on the Production of Biomass and Lipid in Microalgae. Tesis. The University of Western Ontario.
- Arwiyanto, T., M. Goto., and Y. Takikawa. (1993). Characterization of Bacteriocins Produced by Pseudomonas solanacearum. Journal Annals Phytopathological Society of Japan, 59: 114-122.
- Bashan. L. E., Antoun, H., and Bashan, Y. (2008). Involvement of Indole-3-Acetic-Acid Produced By The Growth-Promoting Bacterium Azospirillum spp. In Promoting Growth Of Chlorella vulgaris. J. Phycol, 44(4):938–947.
- Bashan, L. E., Hernandez, J. P., Morey, T., and Bashan, Y. (2004). Microalgae Growth-Promoting Bacteria as ‘‘Helpers’’ for Microalgae: a Novel Approach for Removing Ammonium and Phosphorus from Municipal Wastewater. Water Res. ,38 (2):466–474.
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- Borowitzka, M.A. and Moheimani, N.R. (2013). Algae for Biofuel and Energy. New York: Springer.
- Choix, Francisco J., Yoav B., Alberto M., and Luz E. de-Bashan. (2014). Enhanced Activity of ADP Glucose Pyrophosphorylase and Formationof Starch Induced by Azospirillum brasilense in Chlorella vulgaris. Journal of Biotechnology. 177 (10) :22–34.
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- Dahril, T. (2012). Rotifer, Biologi dan Pemanfaatannya. Pekanbaru: Unri Press.
- Fakhri, M., Antika, P.W., Ekawati, A.W., dan Arifin, B.A. (2020). Pertumbuhan, Kandungan Pigmen, dan Protein Spirulina platensis yang Dikultur pada Ca(NO3)2 Dengan Dosis yang Berbeda. Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health. 91 (: 43-44.
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- Gonzalez, L. E., and Bashan, Y. (2000). Increased Growth of The Microalga Chlorella vulgaris when Co-Immobilized and Cocultured in Alginate Beads with The Plant Growth Promoting Bacterium Azospirillum brasilense. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 66(4):27–31.
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- Hadiyanto dan Azim, M. (2012). Mikroalga Sumber Pangan dan Energi Masa Depan. Semarang: UPT UNDIP.
- Hadiyanto dan Hidayat. (2014). Biofiksasi CO2 oleh Mikroalga Chlamydomonas sp. dalam Photobioreaktor Tubular. Jurnal Jurusan Teknik Kimia, 15 (1): 37-42.
- Harianja, D. C. N., Sri Rezeki M., dan Chairul. (2019). Kultivasi Mikroalga Chlorella sp. secara Fed-Batch Dalam Media POME Sebagai Bahan Baku Bioetanol. JOM FTEKNIK, 6(2): 1-5.
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- Meirinawati, H. (2017). Transformasi Nitrogen di Laut. Jurnal Oseana, 42(1): 36-46.
- Nugroho, W. A., Lutfi, M., and Susilo. (2016). Promoting the Growth of Chlorella vulgaris in Secondary Wastewater Treatment Effluent of Tofu Industry using Azospirillum sp. International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering Informationn Technology, 6 (3): 1-6.
- Nurlaili, F.R, Hendrawan, Y., dan Nugroho, W.A. (2015). Pengaruh Dosis Pertambahan Bakteri (Azospirillum sp.) Terhadap Kelimpahan Populasi Mikroalga (Chlorella sp.) pada Media Kultur Limbah Cair Biogas (Setelah Proses Anaerob). Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian Tropis dan Biosistem, 3 (2): 121-126.
- Nursoid. (2008). Kemampuan Azospirillum sp. JG3 dalam Menghasilkan Lipase pada Medium Campuran Dedak dan Onggok dengan Waktu Inkubasi Berbeda. Purwokerto: Fakultas Biologi Universitas Jenderal Soedirman.
- Putri, E.V. (2012). Cultivation of Microalgae Using Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Lipid Production.Thesis. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
- Spaepen, S., Vanderleyden, J., and Remans, R. (2007). Indole Acetic Acid In Microbial and Microorganism–Plant Signaling. FEMS Microbiol, 31(4):425–448.
- Susanti, T. I., Musthofa. L., dan Wahyunanto. A. N. (2013). Pengaruh Penambahan Plant-Growth Promoting Bacteria (Azospirillum sp.) terhadap Laju Pertumbuhan Mikroalga (Chlorella sp.) pada Media Limbah Cair Tahu Sintetis. Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian Tropis dan Biosistem, 1 (3): 239-248.
- Tang, YZ, Koch, F. dan Gobler, CJ. (2010). Most Harmful Algal Bloom Species are Vitmin B1 and B12 Auxotrophs. Journal PNAS ,107 (20) : 756 - 761.
- Wijoseno, Tangguh. (2011). Uji pengaruh variasi media kultur terhadap tingkat pertumbuan dan kandungan protein, lipid, klorofil, dan karatenoid pada mikroalga Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg. Skripsi. Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia.
- Yang, X., Liu, P., Hao, Z., Shi, J., Zhang, S. (2012). Characterization and identification of freshwater microalgal strains toward biofuel production. BioResources. 7(1):686–695.
- Yao, S., Lyu, S., An, Y., Lu, J., Gjermansen. C., and Schramm, A. (2018). Mikroalgae-Bacteria Symbiosis in Microalgal Growth and Biofuel Production: A Review. Journal of Applied Microbiology 126(2) : 359-368
- Zulfarina, Sayuti, I and Putri, H. (2013). Potential Utilization of Algae Chlorella Pyrenoidosa for Rubber Waste Management. Prosiding Semirata FMIPA Universitas Lampung, 1 (1) : 511 - 520
References
Adi, M. (2015). Fiksasi Emisi Karbon Dioksida dengan Kultivasi Mikroalga Menggunakan Nutrisi dari Air Limbah Industri Susu. Jurnal Riset Industri, 9(1) : 13-21.
Allaf, M.M. (2013). Effect of Plant Hormones on the Production of Biomass and Lipid in Microalgae. Tesis. The University of Western Ontario.
Arwiyanto, T., M. Goto., and Y. Takikawa. (1993). Characterization of Bacteriocins Produced by Pseudomonas solanacearum. Journal Annals Phytopathological Society of Japan, 59: 114-122.
Bashan. L. E., Antoun, H., and Bashan, Y. (2008). Involvement of Indole-3-Acetic-Acid Produced By The Growth-Promoting Bacterium Azospirillum spp. In Promoting Growth Of Chlorella vulgaris. J. Phycol, 44(4):938–947.
Bashan, L. E., Hernandez, J. P., Morey, T., and Bashan, Y. (2004). Microalgae Growth-Promoting Bacteria as ‘‘Helpers’’ for Microalgae: a Novel Approach for Removing Ammonium and Phosphorus from Municipal Wastewater. Water Res. ,38 (2):466–474.
Bashan, L. E., Bashan,Y., Moreno,M., Lebsky,V.K., and Bustillos, J.J. (2002). Increased pigment and lipid content, lipid variety, and cell and population size of the microalgae Chlorella spp. when co-immobilized in alginate beads with the microalgae-growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense. Can. J. Microbiol, 48 (6): 514-521.
Borowitzka, M.A. and Moheimani, N.R. (2013). Algae for Biofuel and Energy. New York: Springer.
Choix, Francisco J., Yoav B., Alberto M., and Luz E. de-Bashan. (2014). Enhanced Activity of ADP Glucose Pyrophosphorylase and Formationof Starch Induced by Azospirillum brasilense in Chlorella vulgaris. Journal of Biotechnology. 177 (10) :22–34.
Christenson, L and Sims, R. (2011). Production and Harvesting of Microalgae for Wastewater Treatment, Biofuels, and Bioproducts. Journal Biotechnol. Adv, 29 (6):686–702.
Dahril, T. (2012). Rotifer, Biologi dan Pemanfaatannya. Pekanbaru: Unri Press.
Fakhri, M., Antika, P.W., Ekawati, A.W., dan Arifin, B.A. (2020). Pertumbuhan, Kandungan Pigmen, dan Protein Spirulina platensis yang Dikultur pada Ca(NO3)2 Dengan Dosis yang Berbeda. Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health. 91 (: 43-44.
Fithriani, D., dan Melanie, S. (2015). Rendemen Minyak dari Mikroalga Spirulina sp. dan Chlorella sp. dengan Teknik Pemecahan Dinding Sel. Jurnal Riset, 1(1):
Gonzalez, L. E., and Bashan, Y. (2000). Increased Growth of The Microalga Chlorella vulgaris when Co-Immobilized and Cocultured in Alginate Beads with The Plant Growth Promoting Bacterium Azospirillum brasilense. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 66(4):27–31.
Hadiyanto. (2010). Produksi Mikroalga Berbiomassa Tinggi dalam Bioreaktor Open Pond. Jurnal Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia, A02:1-6.
Hadiyanto dan Azim, M. (2012). Mikroalga Sumber Pangan dan Energi Masa Depan. Semarang: UPT UNDIP.
Hadiyanto dan Hidayat. (2014). Biofiksasi CO2 oleh Mikroalga Chlamydomonas sp. dalam Photobioreaktor Tubular. Jurnal Jurusan Teknik Kimia, 15 (1): 37-42.
Harianja, D. C. N., Sri Rezeki M., dan Chairul. (2019). Kultivasi Mikroalga Chlorella sp. secara Fed-Batch Dalam Media POME Sebagai Bahan Baku Bioetanol. JOM FTEKNIK, 6(2): 1-5.
Lu, B., Yuan, Y., Zhang, C., Ou, J., Zhou, W., and Lin, Q. (2005). Modulation of Key Enzymes Involved in Ammonium Assimilation and Carbon Metabolism by Low Temperature in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Roots. Plant Sci, 169 (2):295–302.
Maharsyah, Taif. (2013). Efektifitas Penambahan Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (Azospirillum sp.) dalam Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Mikroalga (Chlorella sp.) pada Media Limbah Cair Tahu Setelah Proses Anaerob. Skripsi. Universitas Brawijaya.
Meirinawati, H. (2017). Transformasi Nitrogen di Laut. Jurnal Oseana, 42(1): 36-46.
Nugroho, W. A., Lutfi, M., and Susilo. (2016). Promoting the Growth of Chlorella vulgaris in Secondary Wastewater Treatment Effluent of Tofu Industry using Azospirillum sp. International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering Informationn Technology, 6 (3): 1-6.
Nurlaili, F.R, Hendrawan, Y., dan Nugroho, W.A. (2015). Pengaruh Dosis Pertambahan Bakteri (Azospirillum sp.) Terhadap Kelimpahan Populasi Mikroalga (Chlorella sp.) pada Media Kultur Limbah Cair Biogas (Setelah Proses Anaerob). Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian Tropis dan Biosistem, 3 (2): 121-126.
Nursoid. (2008). Kemampuan Azospirillum sp. JG3 dalam Menghasilkan Lipase pada Medium Campuran Dedak dan Onggok dengan Waktu Inkubasi Berbeda. Purwokerto: Fakultas Biologi Universitas Jenderal Soedirman.
Putri, E.V. (2012). Cultivation of Microalgae Using Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Lipid Production.Thesis. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Spaepen, S., Vanderleyden, J., and Remans, R. (2007). Indole Acetic Acid In Microbial and Microorganism–Plant Signaling. FEMS Microbiol, 31(4):425–448.
Susanti, T. I., Musthofa. L., dan Wahyunanto. A. N. (2013). Pengaruh Penambahan Plant-Growth Promoting Bacteria (Azospirillum sp.) terhadap Laju Pertumbuhan Mikroalga (Chlorella sp.) pada Media Limbah Cair Tahu Sintetis. Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian Tropis dan Biosistem, 1 (3): 239-248.
Tang, YZ, Koch, F. dan Gobler, CJ. (2010). Most Harmful Algal Bloom Species are Vitmin B1 and B12 Auxotrophs. Journal PNAS ,107 (20) : 756 - 761.
Wijoseno, Tangguh. (2011). Uji pengaruh variasi media kultur terhadap tingkat pertumbuan dan kandungan protein, lipid, klorofil, dan karatenoid pada mikroalga Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg. Skripsi. Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia.
Yang, X., Liu, P., Hao, Z., Shi, J., Zhang, S. (2012). Characterization and identification of freshwater microalgal strains toward biofuel production. BioResources. 7(1):686–695.
Yao, S., Lyu, S., An, Y., Lu, J., Gjermansen. C., and Schramm, A. (2018). Mikroalgae-Bacteria Symbiosis in Microalgal Growth and Biofuel Production: A Review. Journal of Applied Microbiology 126(2) : 359-368
Zulfarina, Sayuti, I and Putri, H. (2013). Potential Utilization of Algae Chlorella Pyrenoidosa for Rubber Waste Management. Prosiding Semirata FMIPA Universitas Lampung, 1 (1) : 511 - 520