The Urgency of Adversity Quotient for Women Running the Small Businesses

. During the economic crisis occurring in Indonesian, entrepreneurial sector has been the solution for Indonesian economic downturn. However, entrepreneur women face more specific obstacles which complicate their steps, then it causes the fact that there are more entrepreneur women have contributions in Indonesian economic growth (60%) is less exposed (Tjahjadi et al., 2019). The study is aimed to identify the relationship between adversity quotients with entrepreneurial intentions of entrepreneur women. The hypothesis proposed in this study is that there is a positive relationship between adversity quotients with entrepreneurial intentions of entrepreneur women. The research subjects were 100 batik entrepreneur women. The scale used in this study was made based on the aspects of the Theory Planned Behavior (TPB) by Ajzen for the entrepreneurial intention variable and aspects of the Adversity Response Profile (ARP) by Stotlz for the adversity quotient variable. The hypothesis test result using Pearson’s product-moment showed a correlation number r of .497 and p = .000 ( p < .01). It indicates that there is a significant relationship between Adversity Quotient and Entrepreneurial Intensity so that the proposed hypothesis is accepted. The implication of the research is for encouraging the entrepreneur women to create solution to overcome adversities in developing the business.

Kata Kunci: adversity quotient, intensi berwirausaha, perempuan wirausaha Korespondensi: Faraz.Email: 159151301@uii.ac.idEntrepreneurship is an interesting topic in the national economic arena because entrepreneurial actors (MSMEs) contribute 99.99% of all existing businesses, employ 89% of the private sector workforces, and contribute 57% to GDP (Japhta et al., 2016).The number of MSMEs and also the expanding MSME employment are the main drivers for reducing poverty and increasing income (Putra, 2016).
Its role during the economic crisis has made many parties realize that entrepreneurship is potential of being the saviour of Indonesia's economic downturn.Until the crisis ends, entrepreneurship remains the cornerstone of the government in encouraging Indonesia's economic growth (Tjahjadi et al., 2019).However, there is not enough exposure to how entrepreneur women are the ones who contributes more (60%) in the growth of

Indonesian economical state
The 2016 World Bank survey stated that 52.9% of micro-enterprises, 50.6% of small businesses, and 34.0% of medium-sized enterprises in urban areas were owned by women (Azizah, 2019).Although the majority (85%) of businesses managed by women are micro and small enterprises, the impact is very large (Azizah, 2019).Entrepreneur women in Indonesia have employed not less than 15 million employees; it means that we can call them as agents of change because they can be the source of economic activities by creating job fields.Another advantage is that entrepreneur women have higher life forces compared to entrepreneur men.Today's entrepreneurial women enlarge the skills by developing businesses which are normally managed by men, such as factory management, construction, transportation, and agriculture (Armiati, 2015).Based on a BPS survey (2018), the number of female SME entrepreneurs has reached 14.3 million people, where the number increased up to 1.6 million people from 12.7 million people the previous year.Finally, entrepreneur women are listed as bank borrowers with a lower default rate than men (Tjahjadi et al., 2019).
Women running the micro and small businesses are also considered as having several weaknesses, they are: (a) the attitude of less assertive and lack of confidence can be the obstacles for risk-taking; (b) the status in the social structure make women to be dependent on men (family); (c) women have less access to education and training; and (d) the difficult access for loans and credit for women (Tambunan, 2017).These constraints become the basis for Indonesia women in choosing business fields (Saputri & Himam, 2015).In addition to these basic weaknesses, entrepreneur women are faced with situations that hinder or make it difficult for them to build a successful business.For entrepreneurial women, therefore, they must fully understand the issues related to the income uncertainty, the risk of losing all investment, and the responsibility (Smith & Chimucheka, 2014).In connection with the many obstacles faced by entrepreneur women, the existence of entrepreneurial intentions is often becoming a solution for the entrepreneur women.According to Choo & Wong (2006) intention is proven to be a predictor for entrepreneurial behaviour, or in other word, intention can support the business success.and the ability to overcome these factors (Fishbein & Ajzen, 2005).
Entrepreneurial intention is defined as the tendency of an individual to take entrepreneurial action by creating a new product through business opportunities and taking risks (Ramayah & Harun, 2005).
According to Hattab (2014), entrepreneurial intention can be defined as a state of mind that directs and guides each individual towards the development and implementation of new business concepts.The intention has been proven to be the best predictor of entrepreneurial behavior, intention in entrepreneurial behavior can support the business success, and it maintains activeness in doing entrepreneurship.An intention is a basic approach that enables us to identify which person will be an entrepreneur (Choo & Wong, 2006).In this case, the intention of entrepreneurship is also defined as the desire The results of the researchers' interview with two respondents in Godean sub-district, Sleman district, showed that they had problems with their intention in entrepreneurship.Mrs.
Reisa, the owner of a fashion shop, mentioned that at the beginning of running her business, there were many other shops as competitors.
It Declared there is a strong relationship between adversity quotient and entrepreneurship (Kline et al., 2004).He explains in his study that a person with a higher adversity quotient can take higher risks, have more control, have the perseverance and confidence to continue the business, easier to find new ideas, strategies, and also products to compete in resulting in increased profits and higher income.Adversity Quotient can be useful for predicting performance, motivation, empowerment, creativity, productivity, learning, expectation, resilience, and response to change (Phoolka & Kaur, 2012).
For entrepreneur women, the adversity quotient is needed to be able to face all the problems or obstacles they experience while

Method Subject
In this study, the subjects were 120 entrepreneur women as the members of the

Research Instruments
The data collection method used in this study used the scale method.A scale is a measuring tool that contains questions to reveal the psychological attributes to be measured indirectly (Azwar, 2012).This research used a Likert scale.The Likert scale consists of statements or items to measure certain psychological attributes (Supratiknya, 2015).Subjects were asked to state their agreement and disagreement in a continuum consisting of five responses: Strongly Agree (SS), Agree (S), Slightly Disagree (KS), Disagree (TS), and Strongly Disagree (STS).The scales used in this study were a scale of entrepreneurial intentions and the adversity quotient.

Entrepreneurial Intention Scale
This scale was used to reveal the intention of entrepreneur women in entrepreneurship.
The entrepreneurial intentions instrument was developed based on Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior (1991) and compiled by researchers through three aspects, namely behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and behavior control.
The scale arrangement was grouped into favourable and unfavourable items.There were several items on the scale about entrepreneurial intention.There were 35 items available and it consisted of 17 favourable statements and also 18 unfavourable statements.Researchers used the Likert scales where the favourable assessment ranged from 1 (one) to 5 (five) with options on a scale starting from "strongly agree" which had a value of 5, "agree" which had a value of 4, "slightly agree" which had a value of 3, "disagree" which had a value of 2, "strongly disagree" which had a value of 1.The unfavourable scales started from "strongly agree" which had a value of 1, "agree" which had a value of 2, "slightly disagree" which had a value of 3, "disagree" which had a value of 4, "strongly disagrees" which had a value of 5.
Therefore, the individual maximum score on this scale was 175 and the individual minimum score on this scale was 35.

Adversity Quotient Scale
This scale was used to reveal the adversity quotient of entrepreneurial women in entrepreneurship.The adversity quotient instrument used in this study was prepared by the researcher by concerning to the theory of Stoltz (2007)  had a value of 4, "slightly agree" which had a value of 3, "disagree" which had a value of 2, "strongly disagree" which has a value of 1.The unfavorable scales started from "strongly agree" which had a value of 1, "agree" which had a value of 2, "slightly disagree" which had a value of 3, "disagree" which has a value of 4, "strongly disagrees" which has a value of 5.
Therefore, the individual maximum score on this scale was 180 and the individual minimum score on this scale was 36.

Data analysis
The data analysis technique used in this study was Pearson's product moment analysis.
This analysis technique was used because the research data was normally distributed.In addition, as an additional analysis, the researcher also conducted an analysis based on demographics, age and length of work.Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 21 software.

Results
The result of the assumption test shows that the data distribution meets the normality requirements, namely p which has value greater than .05,and the result of the linearity test shows the two linear variables.The result of the analysis shows that the correlation coefficient r = .551with p = .000(p < .05).This indicates that there is a positive relationship between the adversity quotient and entrepreneurial intentions of the entrepreneur women.Additional analysis results can be seen in the following table.
Table 4 The  In the result of different test based on length of business, there was no difference between subjects who had run a business for less than 3 years and for those who did more than or equal to 3 years.

Discussion
The  MSMEs, so that their contribution to regional and national economic growth can be further enhanced.Also, for further researches, it is expected that they can expand the population, or add other variables so that the findings are more varied so that the conclusions obtained are more comprehensive.
Influence of adversity quotient and entrepreneurial self efficacy to the entrepreneurial intention on clothing stores in Sleman district (on July 2018) found that the married women who wanted to increase the family income had higher interest in entrepreneurship.However, not all of them can run the business well since there are many factors affect it, including the factor of intention in doing entrepreneurship.The intention based on the Theory of Planned Behavior is assumed that humans are rational creatures, they think about the implications of actions before deciding to do or not to do certain behaviors.Individual behavior is guided by three things, they are behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs.Behavioral beliefs are a person's beliefs about the expected outcome of the behavior and evaluation of these outcomes.Normative beliefs are normative expectations regarding behavior and motivation to fulfill these expectations.Control beliefs are individual beliefs about factors that can inhibit behavior that exists within the individual to create a business which can provide employment both for himself and for others with the provision of independence, courage, and creativity.The entrepreneurial intentionof a person will get weaker due to a lack of confidence, doubt, and fear of failure then it leads the person not to be ready to face the obstacles/difficulties existing in the entrepreneurship.Thus only people who can survive and overcome obstacles are having strong entrepreneurial intentions.The ability to survive and overcome obstacles or difficulties by Stoltz (2007) is called the adversity quotient or level of resistance to pressure.Mar'atus Sholikhah, Faraz PSIKOLOGIKA Volume 26 Nomor 2 Juli 2021 study held byEkasari & Hafizhoh   (2009)  also found that there is a positive relationship with the weak correlation category between adversity quotient and intention.Based on the explanation above, the researcher is interested in and considers that the research on adversity quotient toward entrepreneurial intentions is important to further clarify how big the impact of the adversity quotient on entrepreneurial intentions by having female entrepreneurs as the research subjects.This research was conducted door-to-door by seeing the subject directly to eliminate the unwanted variables and this process was different than all the previous research methods mentioned above.The hypothesis in this study is there is a positive relationship between adversity quotient and entrepreneurial intentions.
Entrepreneur women at ages e" 45 years need more help in increasing entrepreneurial intentions to maximize adversity quotient compared to the entrepreneur women < 45 years.Based on the length of time in starting a business, the relationship between the adversity quotient and entrepreneurial intentions can be seen in table 3, that entrepreneur women who have businesses (< 3 years) are more likely to need an increase in the adversity quotient.The implication of this research is to encourage entrepreneur woman to create solution to overcome adversities in the business.This study has several limitations, namely the scale of the research made by researchers is less than perfect and there are still many shortcomings.Some statements on the adversity quotient dimension are real and should be perceptual.Conclusionon the results of the analysis that has been carried out from this study, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between the adversity quotient and entrepreneurial intentions.The results of the correlation analysis indicate that there is a significant positive relationship between the adversity quotient and entrepreneurial intentions.This means that the adversity quotient is needed and very urgent for entrepreneur women who run the micro, small, and medium enterprises.For further research on entrepreneurial intention, it is better to involve other variables such as self-efficacy or personality.SuggestionThus, it is highly recommended to the government and stakeholders to provide empowerment in the form of training or education related to the method of increasing the adversity quotient for women doing

Table 1
Description of research data *Note.* p > .05

Table 3
Hypothesis Test Result *Note.* p < .05 Result of Different Test of Adversity Quotient and Entrepreneurial Intention based on Age

Table 5
Test Result for Difference in Adversity Quotient and Entrepreneurial Intention Based on