The Effect of Mindfulness on Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analysis

. Aggressive behavior is a concerning issue that requires attention because of its negative effects on victims. It can manifest in various forms and can be carried out by anyone, at any time. The reasons and conditions that contribute to this behavior are closely linked to an individual’s level of mindfulness. Previous studies have shown that mindfulness can minimize this aggressive behavior. Therefore, this meta-analysis study aims to examine the effect of mindfulness on aggressive behavior. It involves 17 scientific studies with 6,722 respondents. The entire results showed a negative relationship between mindfulness and aggressive behavior. The study obtained an effect-sized result of -.270 with 95% Cl [-.336, -.205] and I 2 of 83.89%. This implies that mindfulness and aggression behavior have a small effect size due to other variables, factors, and mediators. These other variables and moderators need to be included in future studies to describe other factors more related to this behavior. Furthermore, similar studies need to be added to confirm the correlation between mindfulness and aggression behavior.

Kata Kunci: kesadaran utuh, metaanalisis, perilaku agresi Correspondence: Ananta Yudiarso.Email: ananta@staff.ubaya.ac.idPSIKOLOGIKA Volume 28 Nomor 1 Januari 2023 Yasmin Adlina Heraputri Utami, Ananta Yudiarso This study focuses on the association between negative emotions and aggressive behavior.Aggression can be defined as physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt others and cause damage (Myers, 2015).It is highly conceivable for an individual to develop aggressive behaviors as they grow into adolescents.This behavior can be influenced by the passage of time, which reveals its intensity and different forms.Aggression that consistently appears will affect other behaviors until adulthood.According to Aghajari et al. (2017), its negative consequences are experienced by the victims and also the perpetrators.Based on psychological labels, this is divided into (1) Hostile Aggression, which arises from anger to hurt, and (2) Instrumental aggression, which is aimed at hurting to achieve other goals (Myers, 2015).
Aggressive behavior results in many negative impacts and will persist for the foreseeable future when not resolved promptly.
The individual also has a large ego and a desire to dominate and affect others (Arriani, 2014).Furthermore, it can impede a student's learning concentration, resulting in poor academic performance, and tends to disrupt classroom situations in school by causing disturbances or provoking others (Arriani, 2014).Aggressive behaviors, especially in school environments, affect low involvement in academic activities, result in negative views from schools and teachers, as well as poor social relationships with classmates (Estévez et al., 2018).
Generally, the negative effects of aggressive behavior always experienced by the victims include anxiety, low self-esteem, low life satisfaction, psychological stress, and depression (Estévez et al., 2018).The impact on adult victims can be physical injuries, psychological trauma, and financial problems (Aghajari et al., 2017).However, these negative impacts can be experienced by the perpetrators.For example, in a school context, the perpetrators are despised by their peers (Aghajari et al., 2017).
The prevalence of bullying and even murder cases in Indonesia showed that aggressive behavior is a significant issue requiring special attention.According to Badan Pusat Statistik (2019), there were 1,024 cases of crimes against life or murder in 2018.In the same year, 39,567 cases or incidents of crimes against the body, including severe and minor bullying and domestic violence.
Aggressive behavior can be viewed from several theoretical perspectives.According to the social learning theory, it results from observing models that are maintained because of reinforcement (Lan et al., 2010).Individuals will imitate and engage in the aggressive behavior performed by their role models, such as parents, friends, figures, and others.(Gilbert et al., 2013).
According to social cognitive theory, the basis for the development of aggressive behavior includes interpersonal knowledge, attitudes, and mental representations.There are three factors that form aggressive behavior.
The first is the presence of scripts or knowledge structures embedded in an individual's mind that requires aggressive behavior when social problems arise, such as humiliation, mocking, etc.Second, the presence of normative beliefs that consider aggressive behavior beneficial, for example, hitting and kicking others, will make the individual win a dispute.Third, the presence of maladaptive cognition shows personality dysfunction, a bad self-perception experience, and others.Consequently, individuals lack self-confidence, self-control instability, and explosive emotions (Gilbert et al., 2013).
Various factors, such as gender roles, can also cause aggressive behavior.Generally, men show more aggressive behavior than women, even since childhood.It is also caused by a lack of self-control and impulsivity, which can be observed in a baby's temperamental attitude.
The hormone testosterone also greatly affects aggressive behavior in adolescence, which is quite normal due to changes and developments.
However, in a situation where adolescents cannot control themselves, it will become a problem and trigger aggressive behavior.Other factors that can lead to aggressive behavior are heritable genetics, impulsivity, and antisocial behavior (Warburton & Anderson, 2015).Schick and Cierpka (2016) explained that several risk and protective factors at the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral levels greatly affect this behavior.For example, intelligence below average is correlated with an increase in aggressive behavior, while above average can be one protective factor.

Individuals with low intelligence will have difficulty identifying emotions based on facial
Yasmin Adlina Heraputri Utami, Ananta Yudiarso expressions and will often behave inappropriately in certain situations.Furthermore, poor academic performance negatively impacts self-esteem and increases the possibility of aggressive and criminal behavior.
Those with difficult temperaments are also at high risk for having behavioral disorders such as unstable emotional reactions, impulsivity, anxiety, sleep, and attention disorders, as well as a low tolerance for unpleasant situations.
Aggressive behavior is also caused by main factors that originate from the environment.First, there is provocation from the surrounding environment.Second, it originates from the weapon stimulation that can be seen in the virtual and real worlds.Third, the individual is in a hostile setting, which can be a source of stress and facilitate the emergence of violence.Fourth, social media, films, and games that display violence and violent scenes are also easily modeled by children and adolescents and then imitated in real life (Warburton & Anderson, 2015).The study carried out a selection or screening of the statistical (r) discovered journals by examining the title, abstract, methods, participants (N), and results.This was done to ensure that the journals found corroborate with the criteria required in the meta-analysis study.The process was carried out from October to November 2020 with a limit on the search year from 2010 to 2020.
Additional data searches were conducted in December 2022 using some keywords, such as "mindfulness and aggression" and "correlation mindfulness and aggression".Figure 1 shows the scheme for searching for previous journals.
After the screening, only journals with relevant variables and results were selected.
Based on the search, 18 journals were obtained and determined to meet the study criteria.

Statistical data analysis
A meta-analysis method that processes the correlation results presented by previous studies was adopted.According to Mikolajewicz and Komarova (2019), meta-analysis is a statistical analysis of primary study data focused on the same question to produce a quantitative estimate of the phenomena being studied.Shelby and Vaske (2008) also explained that it is a quantitative technique using certain measures, such as effect size, to show the strength of the relationship between variables.The effect size is a term given for a set of indices that measure the magnitude of the treatment effect or a variable (Elsayir, 2012).
The data obtained from previous studies were processed using the Jamovi statistical Yasmin Adlina Heraputri Utami, Ananta Yudiarso application version 1.6.6(The Jamovi Project, 2020).They include the researcher's name, the year of publication, the correlation coefficient (r) between mindfulness and aggression behavior, and the number of samples or respondents involved (N).When looking at the results of statistical analysis, it is important to consider the inconsistency value (I 2 ), the estimated value, and egger bias.
The inconsistency value (I 2 ) determines the use of random or fixed.The random effects model is used when the value (I 2 ) is greater than 75%.In a meta-analysis study that tests the variable correlation, to determine the correlation between variables, it is necessary to see the amount of effect size value, which is known that r   .1 (small effect size), r = .3-.5 (medium effect size), and r .5 (large effect size) (Cooper et al., 2019).Moreover, study bias can also be determined through the egger bias value.

Results
This meta-analysis study aims to examine the correlation between mindfulness and aggressive behavior.Based on the presentation in Table 1, the entire studies show a negative relationship between mindfulness and aggressive behavior.This indicates that the higher the mindfulness of an individual, the lower the occurrence of aggressive behavior.
Furthermore, the statistical analysis shows an inconsistency value (I 2 ) of 83.89%, indicating that there is a large variation in previous studies.
The random effect model was used because the inconsistency value (I 2 ) is greater than 75%.In the random effects model, the effect size is known to be -.270 with 95% Cl [-.336, -.205     behavior such as forgiving, loving others and so on (Shepperd et al., 2015).This enables people with great religion to manage their aggressive behavior.

Furthermore
, the reinforcement acquired can be in the form of approval or recognition of their social environment, negligence, tolerance, and lack of supervision from parents or others.The Effect of Mindfulness on Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analysis PSIKOLOGIKA Volume 28 Nomor 1 Januari 2023 The behavior theory describes the outcomes for individuals exposed to many examples of aggression in the school, home, or fantasy world, such as television, computer, and video games.Individuals will develop basic knowledge about the behavior and imitate it from the examples observed.Repeatedly rewarding aggressive behavior with positive outcomes will cause individuals to have the same response to similar situations.In addition to the explanation of the behavioral theory, the formation of aggressive behavior can be viewed from the cognitive perspective (Goodnight et al., 2017).The cognitive theory explains that aggressive behavior is based on various cognitive constructs, such as interpersonal knowledge and attitudes.It views aggressive behavior as a result of knowledge structures and life experiences, which significantly influences an individual's understanding and response to social situations.Therefore, this behavior can be triggered by an individual's thoughts and beliefs without considering role models or examples Personality and character, such as an angry and easily provoked nature, can also play a role in the emergence of aggressive behavior.Psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism are non-emotional personality styles that may also exhibit high hostility, a lack of empathy, and a limited emotional reaction.According toWarburton and Anderson (2015), it is likely for an individual with low agreeableness and high neuroticism to cause aggressive and violent behavior.Based on the above explanation, the emotions that can trigger aggressive behavior are negative feelings such as anger.Every individual is expected to have the ability to minimize negative feelings to reduce aggressive behavior.According toChethiyar and Rukumangadan (2020), mindfulness or whole awareness can reduce negative feelings, indicating its significant impact on reducing the triggers of aggressive behavior and negative feelings.Mindfulness can be defined as the awareness level and the presence of whole attention in the present moment, along with an openness to all present conditions(Kelley & Lambert, 2012).According toShorey et al.   (2015), quality attention allows the individual to be more open to experiences, feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.Individuals who practice mindfulness will also not consider rejection, ridicule, threats, and others; as a result, their self-esteem will not feel endangered and their wrath will not quickly erupt(Kelley & Lambert, 2012).The relationship between mindfulness and aggression behavior needs to be reexamined to obtain a more general and convincing result.Therefore, a meta-analysis study can help show the level of relationship between mindfulness and aggression behavior.This study aims to examine the extent of the effect of mindfulness on aggressive behavior.The results are expected to support other studies in examining the appropriateness of mindful interventions to The Effect of Mindfulness on Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analysis PSIKOLOGIKA Volume 28 Nomor 1 Januari 2023 control or reduce individuals' level of aggressiveness.Method Previous study search In general, this meta-analysis study refers to the Prisma-E 2012 Checklist, which uses mindfulness and aggression behavior as variables.It uses a total of 18 scientific journals that focus on discussing the relationship between mindfulness and aggression behavior.Furthermore, the search and selection of the study used several databased journals such as ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Springerlink, PubMed, JSTOR, and DOAJ, as well as Oxford Academic and Sagepub Journals.

Figure 1
Figure 1 Journal Search Scheme related to the Correlation of Mindfulness and Aggression behavior

(
2022) with g value = -.13 (95% Cl [-.24, -.0.2]), and the largest effect size is g = -.69 (95% Cl [-1.03, -.35]) by Chethiyar and Rukumangadan (2020), as shown in Figure 2. All studies show negative effect sizes, indicating that mindfulness and aggressive behavior are inversely correlated.In Figure 3, most of the data is close to the middle line, except for three studies that are spread or significantly different from others.This indicates that 3 of the 12 studies have quite different results.The Effect of Mindfulness on Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analysis PSIKOLOGIKA Volume 28 Nomor 1 Januari 2023 = Mindfulness Attention and Awareness Scale; FFMQ = Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire; FMI = Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory; AQ = Aggression Questionnaire; PAI = Personality Inventory; CAX = Cycling Anger Expression Inventory; DBQ = Driving Behaviour Questionnaire; = The Explicit Aggression Scale; CTS = Conflict Tactics Scale; CRTT = Competitive Reaction Time Task; AS = Aggression Scale; TMS = Toronto Mindfulness Scale; -= Not listed.Yasmin Adlina Heraputri Utami, Ananta Yudiarso Figure 2Forest Plot