Article Sidebar

Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 1610 Download : 1416

Main Article Content

Abstract

This study aims to find out the way gender socialization affects the young people’s perception on men and women roles. This paper uses state-supported gender roles in the Soeharto era as a benchmark for gender ideology today. The government of Soeharto marked a pivotal moment in the development of the expected roles of men and women both in the public and private areas. The aims of this paper are: (1) to explore whether gender roles in Indonesia have shifted from the Soeharto era to the present, (2) to examine what messages are conveyed by TV, schools and social media as agents of socialization, and (3) to look at young people's perceptions of "ideal roles” for men and women. The data from this paper are from journal articles, books and dissertations written in English taken from Proquest database by using the specific key words. Article searches were also conducted on the internet with the same keywords, both in English and in Indonesian. This literature review shows that inspite of various progress in the educational and political sectors, contemporary gender roles in Indonesia are relatively the same as traditional gender roles in the Suharto’s era. Young people, both men and some women, consider jobs in the public area and leadership positions as male domains. On the other hand, domestic work is considered as women's work, even though women work full time outside the house. The discrepancy between social expectations and the reality of everyday life often causes the double burden and the stress among women.

Article Details

License

Copyright (c) 2022 Sumedi P. Nugraha, Dewi Haryani Susilastuti

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Author Biography

Sumedi P. Nugraha, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social-Cultural Science, Univesitas Islam Indonesia, Indonesia

Google Scholar : https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=r96eMzoAAAAJ&hl=en

Scopus ID : https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57201948103

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

References

  1. Abbott, P., Tyler, M., & Wallace, C. (2005). An introduction to sociology: Feminist perspectives. Routledge.
  2. Arifianto, A. R. (2020). Rising islamism and the struggle for islamic authority in post-reformasi Indonesia. TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia, 8(1), 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/trn.2019.10
  3. Arnett, J. J. (2014). Socialization in emerging adulthood: From the family to the wider world, from socialization to self-socialization. In J.E. Grusec & P.D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 85–109). Guilford Publications. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
  4. Brewer, L. (2001). Gender socialization and the cultural construction of elder caregivers. Journal of Aging Studies, 15(3), 217–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-4065(01)00020-2
  5. Bukowski, W., Castellanos, M., Vitaro, F., & Brendgen, M. (2016). Socialization and experiences with peers. In J.E. Grusec & P.D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 228–251). Guilford Publications. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
  6. Čablová, L., Pazderková, K., & Miovský, M. (2014). Parenting styles and alcohol use among children and adolescents: A systematic review. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 21(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2013.817536
  7. Dunn, J. (2014). Siblings. In J.E. Grusec & P.D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 182–202). Guilford Publications. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
  8. Elkin, F. & Handel, G. (1989). The child and society: The process of socialization (5th Editio). Random House.
  9. Ena, O. T. (2014). Gender roles representation in indonesian school textbooks: A visual content analysis. TLEIA5 International Conference, Universiti Utara Malaysia. https://repository.usd.ac.id/6790/1/2666_Gender+Roles+and+Representations+of+Indonesian+School+Etextbook_Ouda_Tleia5.pdf
  10. Esteve, J. M. (2018). The third educational revolution:Education in the knowledge society. Paidó.
  11. Fee, E., & Krieger, N. (1994). Man-made medicine and women’s health: The biopolitics of sex/gender and race/ethnicity. International Journal of Health Services, 24(2), 265-283. https://doi.org/ 10.2190/LWLH-NMCJ-UACL-U80Y
  12. Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  13. Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4–27. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4
  14. Grusec, J. E., & Davidov, M. (2014). Analyzing socialization from a domain specific perspective. In J.E. Grusec & P.D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 158–182). Guilford Publications. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
  15. Hochschild, A., & Machung, A. (2012). The second shift: Working families and the revolution at home. Penguin.
  16. Hyunanda, V. F., Palacios Ramírez, J., López-Martínez, G., & Meseguer-Sánchez, V. (2021). State ibuism and women’s empowerment in Indonesia: Governmentality and political subjectification of Chinese Benteng Women. Sustainability, 13(6), 3559. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063559
  17. Ida, R. (2008). Bukan perempuan biasa (Not ordinary women): The identity construction of female celebrity in Indonesian media. Masyarakat, Kebudayaan, dan Politik, 21(1), 66–76. http://journal.unair.ac.id/MKP@bukan-perempuan-biasa-(not-ordinary-women)--the-identity-construction-of-female-celebrity-in-indonesian-media-article-2592-media-15-category-8.html
  18. Investing in Women. (2020a). A Designer toolkit for gender and urban millennials in Indonesia. Investing in Women. https://investinginwomen.asia/knowledge/designers-toolkit-gender-urban-millenials-indonesia/
  19. Investing in Women. (2020b). Gender equality matters: Social norms, attitudes and practices (SNAP) 2020 survey of urban millennials in Indonesia, Philippines, and Vietnam. Investing in Women. https://investinginwomen.asia/knowledge/gender-equality-matters-2020-social-norms-attitudes-practices-urban-millennials-indonesia-philippines-vietnam/
  20. Islam, K. M. M., & Asadullah, M. N. (2018). Gender stereotypes and education: A comparative content analysis of Malaysian, Indonesian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi school textbooks. PLOS ONE, 13(1), e0190807. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190807
  21. Jenks, C. (1993). Cultural reproduction. Routledge.
  22. John, A. N., Stoebenau, K., Ritter, S., Edmeades, J., & Balvin, N. (2017). Gender socialization during adolescence in low-and middle-income countries: Conceptualization, influences and outcomes. Innocenti. UNICEF Office of Research. https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/IDP_2017_01.pdf
  23. Kailani, N., Ikhwan, M., & Suhadi. (2019). Ulama, politik, dan narasi kebangsaan: Fragmentasi otoritas keagamaan di kota-kota Indonesia. PusPIDeP.
  24. Komnas Perempuan. (2020). Kajian dinamika perubahan di dalam rumah tangga selama COVID-19 di 34 provinsi di Indonesia. Siaran Pers Komnas Perempuan: “Urgensi Perspektif HAM dengan Perhatian Khusus pada Kerentanan Perempuan dalam Penanganan COVID”. https://komnasperempuan.go.id/uploadedFiles/webOld/file/Kerjasama%20KP%20dan%20KOminfo/2020%20Siaran%20Pers%20Pernyataan%20Misoginis%20Pejabat%20Publik%20(39%20Mei%202020)/Eksekutif%20Summary%20KAJIAN%20DINAMIKA%20PERUBAHAN%20DI%20DALAM%20RUMAH%20TANGGA_03062020.pdf
  25. Lawson, K. M., Crouter, A. C., & McHale, S. M. (2015). Links between family gender socialization experiences in childhood and gendered occupational attainment in young adulthood. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 90, 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.07.003
  26. Leaper, C., & Farkas, T. (2014). The socialization of gender during childhood and adolescence. In J.E. Grusec & P.D. Hastings (Eds.). Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (2nd ed.) (pp. 541–566). Guilford Publications. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
  27. Leuze, K., & Strauß, S. (2016). Why do occupations dominated by women pay less? How ‘female-typical’ work tasks and working-time arrangements affect the gender wage gap among higher education graduates. Work, Employment and Society, 30(5), 802–820. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017015624402
  28. Lukens-Bull, R. (2008). Commodification of religion and the ’religification of commodities: Youth culture and religious identity. In P. Kitiarsa (Ed.), Religious commodifications in Asia: Marketing Gods (pp. 220-234). Routledge.
  29. Millett, K. (2005). Theory of sexual politics. In K. Millet (Ed.), Feminist theory: A philosophical anthology (pp. 23-58). Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
  30. Muttaqin, A. (2020). Women’s identity in the digital islam age: Social media, new religious authority, and gender bias. QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies), 8(2), 353-399. https://doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v8i2.7095
  31. Noor, F. A. (2015). Popular religiosity in Indonesia today: The next step after ‘Islam Kultural’? Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 53(2), 283-302. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2015.532.33-52
  32. Oakley, A. (1972). Sex, gender, and society. Maurice Temple Smith.
  33. Patterson, O. (2010). The mechanism of cultural reproduction, explaining the puzzle of persistence. Hall JR, Grindstaff L, Lo M-C, (Eds.), Handbook of cultural sociology (pp. 139–151). Routledge.
  34. Rahman, M. (2018). Visualisasi agama di ruang publik: Komodifikasi, reproduksi simbol dan maknanya. HUMANISTIKA : Jurnal Keislaman, 4(1), 91–106. https://doi.org/10.36835/humanistika.v4i1.32
  35. Smetana, J. G., Robinson, J., & Rote, W. M. (2014). Socialization in adolescence. In J.E. Grusec & P.D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization. Theory and research (2nd ed.) (pp. 6–85). https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
  36. Sofjan, D. (2012). Gender construction in Dakwahtainment: A case study of hati ke hati bersama Mamah Dedeh. Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 50(1), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2012.501.57-74
  37. Stinchcome, A. (1968). Constructing social theories. University of Chicago Press.
  38. Stockard, J. (1999). Gender socialization. In J.S. Chafetz (Ed.), Handbook of the sociology of gender (pp. 215–227). Kluwer Aca-demic/Plenum Publishers.
  39. Suryakusuma, J. (2011). State ibuism: The social construction of womanhood in new order Indonesia. In Komunitas Bambu.
  40. UN Women. (2020). Menilai dampak COVID-19 terhadap gender dan pencapaian tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan di Indonesia. UN Women.
  41. UNICEF, UNDP, Prospera, and SMERU (2021). Analysis of the Social and Economic Impacts of COVID-19 on Households and Strategic Policy Recommendations for Indonesia. https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/media/9501/file/Analysis%20of%20the%20Social%20and%20Economic%20Impacts%20of%20COVID-19%20on%20Household%20and%20Strategic%20Policy%20Recommendations%20for%20Indonesia.pdf
  42. Utari, V. Y. D. (2017). Unpaid care work in Indonesia: Why should we care? SMERU Institute.
  43. Utomo, A. J. (2008). Women as secondary earners: The labour market and marriage expectations of educated youth in urban Indonesia [Austalian National University, Demography and Sociology Program]. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/10801
  44. Utomo, I. D., McDonald, P., Hull, T., Rosyidah, I., Hatimah, T., Idrus, N. I., Sadli, S., & Makruf, J. (2008). Gender depiction in Indonesian school textbooks: Progress or deterioration [Paper untuk seminar].
  45. Utomo, R. H. R. ., & Meiyuntari, T. (2015). Kebermaknaan hidup, kestabilan emosi dan depresi. Persona: Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 4(03), 274–287. https://doi.org/10.30996/persona.v4i03.722
  46. Wentzel, K. R. (2014). Socialization in school settings. In J.E. Grusec & P.D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (2nd ed.) (pp. 251–276). Guilford Publications. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
  47. Wieringa, S. (1992). IBU or the beast: Gender interests in two Indonesian women’s organizations. Feminist Review, 41(1), 98–113. https://doi.org/10.1057/fr.1992.33