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Abstract
Optimistic bias adalah fenomena kognitif di mana seseorang cenderung meremehkan risiko negatif dan meremehkan peluang positif dalam konteks situasi atau keputusan. Sebuah studi menunjukan bahwa peningkatan beban kerja mental dikaitkan dengan penurunan tingkat akurasi dalam mendeteksi informasi dan waktu reaksi yang lebih lama. Seorang pilot melakukan manuver lebih baik ketika respon stres nya lebih rendah. Berdasarkan latar belakang masalah tersebut perlu untuk dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui apakah pengguna flight simulator mengalami optimistic bias. Secara statistik dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat kesalahan sistematis / bias pada data akurasi estimasi score penyelesaian tugas menggunakan flight simulator. Responden pengguna flight simulator terlalu optimis dalam mengestimasi nilai / skor penyelesaian tugas. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah optimistic bias terjadi pada akurasi estimasi nilai / skor penyelesaian tugas menggunakan flight simulator. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara bahwa responden menginginkan nilai atau skor yang lebih baik pada penyelesaian tugas berikutnya. Hal inilah yang menjadi salah satu penyebab terjadinya optimistic bias.
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References
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Ng, D. T. K., & Chu, S. K. W. (2021). Motivating Students to Learn STEM via Engaging Flight Simulation Activities. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 30(5), 608–629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-021-09907-2
Obaid, M. S., & Mebayet, S. O. (2021). Drone controlled real live flight simulator. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1818(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1818/1/012104
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Sharot, T., & Garrett, N. (2016). Forming Beliefs: Why Valence Matters. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.11.002
Sharot, T., Guitart-Masip, M., Korn, C. W., Chowdhury, R., & Dolan, R. J. (2012). How dopamine enhances an optimism bias in humans. Current Biology, 22(16), 1477–1481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.05.053
Sharot, T., Korn, C. W., & Dolan, R. J. (2011). How unrealistic optimism is maintained in the face of reality. Nature Neuroscience, 14(11), 1475–1479. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2949
Sharot, T., & Sunstein, C. R. (2020). How people decide what they want to know. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(1), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0793-1
Stanton, N. A., Li, W. C., & Harris, D. (2017). Ergonomics and Human Factors in Aviation. In Ergonomics (Vol. 60, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2016.1262578
Wanyan, X., Zhuang, D., Lin, Y., Xiao, X., & Song, J. W. (2018). Influence of mental workload on detecting information varieties revealed by mismatch negativity during flight simulation. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 64, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2017.08.004
Zimmermann, U. (2019). The Influential Mind: What the Brain Reveals About Our Power to Change Others. Public Integrity, 21(1), 104–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2018.1511668
References
Bertelson, P., Imbert, M., Kempson, R., Osherson, D., Schnelle, H., Streitz, N., Thomassen, A. J. W. M., & Viviani, P. (1987). Cognitive Ergonomics. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85276-3_5
Cao, X., Macnaughton, P., Cadet, L. R., Cedeno-Laurent, J. G., Flanigan, S., Vallarino, J., Donnelly-McLay, D., Christiani, D. C., Spengler, J. D., & Allen, J. G. (2019). Heart rate variability and performance of commercial airline pilots during flight simulations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020237
Cross, J., Boag-Hodgson, C., Ryley, T., Mavin, T. J., & Potter, L. E. (2023). Using Extended Reality in Flight Simulators: A Literature Review. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 29(9), 3961–3975. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2022.3173921
Dehnad, K. (1987). Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis. Technometrics, 29(4), 495. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1987.10488295
Demerouti, E., Veldhuis, W., Coombes, C., & Hunter, R. (2019). Burnout among pilots: psychosocial factors related to happiness and performance at simulator training. Ergonomics, 62(2), 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2018.1464667
Hollnagel, Erik (2003). Handbook of Cognitive Task Design. In Handbook of Cognitive Task Design (1st ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781410607775
Lebreton, M., Abitbol, R., Daunizeau, J., & Pessiglione, M. (2015). Automatic integration of confidence in the brain valuation signal. Nature Neuroscience, 18(8), 1159–1167. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4064
Lee, J. D., & Krlik, A. (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Engineering. In The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Engineering (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199757183.001.0001
Malmendier, U., & Tate, G. A. (2005). CEO Overconfidence and Corporate Investment. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.354387
ND, W. (1980). Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(39), 806–820.
Ng, D. T. K., & Chu, S. K. W. (2021). Motivating Students to Learn STEM via Engaging Flight Simulation Activities. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 30(5), 608–629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-021-09907-2
Obaid, M. S., & Mebayet, S. O. (2021). Drone controlled real live flight simulator. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1818(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1818/1/012104
Puri, M., & Robinson, D. T. (2011). Optimism and Economic Choice. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.686240
Sharot, T., & Garrett, N. (2016). Forming Beliefs: Why Valence Matters. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.11.002
Sharot, T., Guitart-Masip, M., Korn, C. W., Chowdhury, R., & Dolan, R. J. (2012). How dopamine enhances an optimism bias in humans. Current Biology, 22(16), 1477–1481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.05.053
Sharot, T., Korn, C. W., & Dolan, R. J. (2011). How unrealistic optimism is maintained in the face of reality. Nature Neuroscience, 14(11), 1475–1479. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2949
Sharot, T., & Sunstein, C. R. (2020). How people decide what they want to know. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(1), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0793-1
Stanton, N. A., Li, W. C., & Harris, D. (2017). Ergonomics and Human Factors in Aviation. In Ergonomics (Vol. 60, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2016.1262578
Wanyan, X., Zhuang, D., Lin, Y., Xiao, X., & Song, J. W. (2018). Influence of mental workload on detecting information varieties revealed by mismatch negativity during flight simulation. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 64, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2017.08.004
Zimmermann, U. (2019). The Influential Mind: What the Brain Reveals About Our Power to Change Others. Public Integrity, 21(1), 104–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2018.1511668