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Abstract
This paper delves into the intricate dynamics of the Southern Ocean conflict (2005-2017), an at times highly publicized confrontation between Japanese whaling vessels and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. It examines the pivotal role of cultural factors in shaping and driving this conflict. Drawing upon a range of media representations, including television, print, and digital platforms, the analysis underscores how Sea Shepherd's activities, bolstered by substantial support from a dedicated environmental activist subculture, have influenced public perception and action. Central to this study are three distinct cultural perspectives that illuminate the multifaceted nature of conflict and communication. By exploring how cultural underpinnings can both spawn and manifest within conflicts, this paper offers a nuanced understanding of the communicative expressions and cultural dimensions at play in the Japan-Sea Shepherd standoff. The findings not only shed light on this specific case but also contribute to broader discussions on the intersection of culture, communication, and environmental engagement.
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Copyright (c) 2023 Matthew Michaud
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References
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References
Avruch, K. (2000). Culture and negotiation pedagogy. Negotiation Journal, 16, 339-
Becker, M. A. (2009). International Law of the Sea. The International Lawyer, 43(2), 915–928. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40708313
Bryant, N. (2013, March 1). Politics at play in Sea Shepherd-Japan whaling wars. BBC
News. Retrieved 2023, January 12 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia- 21612740
Catalinac, A. L., & Chan, G. (2005). Japan, the West, and the whaling issue: understanding the Japanese side. Japan Forum, 17(1), 133-163. doi.org/10.1080/0955580052000337512
Durney, F. (2020). Appropriate Targets: Global Patterns in Interaction and Conflict Surrounding Cetacean Conservation and Traditional Marine Hunting Communities. Environment and Society, 11, 44–63. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27111429
Feler Bose. (2018). The Green Marketplace: Applying a Model of Church and Sect to the Environmental Movement. Journal for the Study of Radicalism, 12(2), 131–156. https://doi.org/10.14321/jstudradi.12.2.0131
Filisko, G. M. (2015). Sea Change: New law firm won’t make waves like the protest group. ABA Journal, 101(7), 31–31. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24806558
Fletcher, R. (2018). License to Kill: Contesting the Legitimacy of Green Violence. Conservation and Society, 16(2), 147–156. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26393325
Gales, N., Leaper, R., & Papastavrou, V. (2008). Is Japan’s whaling humane? Marine Policy, 32(3), 408-412. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2007.08.004
Institute of Cetacean Research (n.d.) Overview and Purpose. Retrieved 2023, January 12
Kowner, R. (2004). Japanese miscommunication with foreigners. Japanstudien, 15(1), 117-151. doi.org/10.1080/09386491.2004.11826904
LeBaron, M. (2001). Transforming Cultural Conflict in an Age of Complexity.
Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation.
http://www.berghof-handbook.net/documents/publications/lebaron_hb.pdf
Littlejohn, S. W., & Domenici, K. (2007) Communication, Conflict, and the
Management of Difference. Waveland Press, Inc.
Magnuson, W. (2014). Marine conservation campaigners as pirates: The consequences of “Sea Shepherd.” Environmental Law, 44(3), 923–958. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43267836
Menkel-Meadow, C. J., Schneider A. K., & Love, L. P. (2006). Negotiation processes for problem solving. Aspen Publishers.
Oslund, K. (2004). Protecting fat mammals or carnivorous humans? Towards an environmental history of whales. Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung, 29(3 (109)), 63–81. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20761976
Peace, A. (2010). The whaling war: Conflicting cultural perspectives. Anthropology Today, 26(3), 5–9. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40650035
Peel, J. (2015). Introductory note to whaling in the Antarctic (Australia V. Japan: New Zealand Intervening) (I.C.J.). International Legal Materials, 54(1), 1–52. https://doi.org/10.5305/intelegamate.54.1.0001
Robé, C. (2015). The Convergence of Eco-Activism, Neoliberalism, and Reality TV in Whale Wars. Journal of Film and Video, 67(3–4), 94–111. https://doi.org/10.5406/jfilmvideo.67.3-4.0094
Sea Shepherd. (n.d.). Sea Shepherd Japan. Retrieved 2023, January 12 from
http://www.seashepherd.org/japan/
Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. (n.d.) In Wikipedia. Retrieved 2023, January 12, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society
Shi-shepa-do [Sea Shepherd] (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved 2023, January 12, from
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/シーシェパード
Simpson, M. & Van Luinen, E. (2009). Is this a good fit? The connection between
organizational culture and communications style. PSM Press.
Stuart, A., Thomas, E. F., Donaghue, N., & Russell, A. (2013). “We may be pirates, but we are not protesters”: Identity in the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. Political Psychology, 34(5), 753–777. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43783734