Main Article Content
Abstract
This study investigates the profound impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the global media landscape and its consequential effects on journalism. Utilizing the secondary data analysis method, this study explores how the pandemic affected journalists worldwide. The study argues that the Covid-19 pandemic exacerbated media commercialization globally due to the ensuing global recession. Simultaneously, there was a noticeable push by politicians to exert greater influence over the media, seeking to conceal their misdeeds and shortcomings, as well as to propagate their narratives through the press. This encompassed discussions about the coronavirus’s origin, transmission, and containment efforts, often as a means to gain advantages over domestic and international political adversaries. Many outlets, faced with fiscal and political adversity, unwittingly became conduits for such political propaganda, a consequence both of their struggle for survival and their lack of preparedness to navigate a crisis of such magnitude. Consequently, a surge of disinformation and misinformation regarding the virus’s origin and mitigation permeated media outlets, resulting in a crisis of credibility. The aftermath reveals a disheartening decline in public trust in mass media that significantly impeded vaccination initiatives.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2023 Ershad Komal Khan
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References
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References
Altemeyer, R. A. (1981). Right-wing Authoritarianism. Winnipeg, Canada.
Amnesty International. (2020, May 1). Global: Crackdown on Journalists Weakens Efforts to
Tackle COVID-19. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/05/global-crackdown-on-journalists-weakens-efforts-to-tackle-covid19/
Anspach, N. M. (2017). The New Personal Influence: How our Facebook Friends Influence the
News we Read. Political Communication, 34(4), 590–606.
Ariely, G. (2015). Does Commercialized Political Coverage Undermine Political Trust?:
Evidence Across European Countries. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59(3), 438–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2015.1055000
Berger, P., & Luckmann, T. (2016). The Social Construction of Reality. In Social Theory Re-
Wired, 110-122. Routledge.
Bogart, L. (2000). Commercial Culture: The Media System and the Public Interest (1st ed.).
Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315080949
BBC News Online. (2020, May 28). Coronavirus: Inside the pro-China network targeting the
US, Hong Kong and an Exiled Tycoon. https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-52657434
BBC News Online. (2020, Feb 4). China coronavirus: Misinformation spreads online about
origin and scale. https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-51271037
Castle, J. E. (2003). Maximizing research opportunities: Secondary data analysis. Journal of
Neuroscience Nursing, 35(5), 287–290.
Carey, J. W. (2009). Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society. Boston: Unwin
Hyman.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). How to Address COVID-19 Vaccine
Misinformation. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/health-departments/addressing-vaccine-misinformation.html
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implementation. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry, 26(6), 371–375. https://dx.doi.org/10.11919%2Fj.issn.1002-0829.214171
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Casero-Ripollés, A. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on the media system: Communicative and
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Cook, S. (2021). China’s Global Media Footprint: Democratic Response to Expending
Authoritarian Influence. Sharp Power and Democratic Resilience Series. National Endowment for Democracy. https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Chinas-Global-Media-Footprint-Democratic-Responses-to-Expanding-Authoritarian-Influence-Cook-Feb-2021.pdf
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Daily Caller. (2020, June 9). Chinese Propaganda Outlet has paid U.S. Newspapers $19 Million
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Deuze, M. (2020). The role of media and mass communication theory in the global pandemic.
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Ferreira, J. P., Epstein, M., & Zannad, F. (2021). The Decline of the Experimental Paradigm
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Franck, T. (2020). Trump says the coronavirus is the Democrats’ “new hoax.” CNBC.
https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/28/trump-says-the-coronavirus-is-the-democrats-new-hoax.html
Gaziano, C. (1988). How credible is the credibility crisis?. Journalism Quarterly, 65(2), 267-
Golan, G. J., & Day, A. G. (2010). In God we trust: Religiosity as a predictor of perceptions of
media trust, factuality, and privacy invasion. American Behavioral Scientist, 54(2), 120-136.
Gottfried J. & Liedke J. (2021, August 30). Partisan divides in media trust widen, driven by a
decline among Republicans. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/08/30/partisan-divides-in-media-trust-widen-driven-by-a-decline-among-republicans/
Hanusch, F., Banjac, S., & Maares, P. (2020). The power of commercial influences: How
lifestyle journalists experience pressure from advertising and public relations. Journalism Practice, 14(9), 1029-1046.
Hart, P. S., Chinn, S., & Soroka, S. (2020). Politicization and Polarization in COVID-19 News
Coverage. Science Communication, 42(5), 679–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547020950735
Heaton, J. (2008). Secondary analysis of qualitative data: An overview. Historical Social
Research, 33(3), 33–45.
Hovland, C. I., & Weiss, W. (1951). The influence of source credibility on communication
effectiveness. Public Opinion Quarterly, 15(4), 635-650.
Hu, Z., Yang, Z., Li, Q., Zhang, A., & Huang, Y. (2020). Infodemiological study on COVID-19
epidemic and COVID-19 infodemic.
International Federation of Journalists. (2020). Exposed: The Crisis Facing Journalism in the
Face of Covid-19. https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/category/press- releases/article/exposed-the-crisis-facing-journalism-in-the-face-of-covid-19.html
International Federation of Journalists. (2021). The Covid-19 Story: Unmasking China’s Global
Strategy. https://www.ifj.org/fileadmin/user_upload/210512_IFJ_The_Covid_Story_Report_-_FINAL.pdf
International Center for Journalists. (2021). Journalism and the Pandemic Project: Assessing and
Responding to COVID-19’s Long-Term Impacts. https://www.icfj.org/news/journalism-and-pandemic-project-assessing-and-responding-covid-19s-long-term-impacts
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Jowett, G., & O'Donnell, V. (2006). Propaganda and Persuasion (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
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https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/fact-sheet/newspapers/
McManus, J. H. (1994). Market-driven Journalism: Let the Citizen Beware?. Sage Publications.
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(Eds.), The Handbook of Journalism Studies, 218-236. Routledge.
McChesney, R. W. (2003). The problem of journalism: A political economic contribution to an
explanation of the crisis in contemporary US journalism. Journalism Studies, 4(3), 299-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700306492
McGuire, W. J. (1986). The myth of massive media impact: Savaging and salvaging. In G.
Comstock (Ed.), Public Communication and Behavior, 1, 173–257.
Motta, M., Stecula, D., & Farhart, C. (2020). How Right-Leaning Media Coverage of COVID-19
Facilitated the Spread of Misinformation in the Early Stages of the Pandemic in the U.S. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 53(2), 335-342. doi:10.1017/S0008423920000396
Nelson, J. (2020). Coronavirus: News media sounded the alarm for months but few listened. The
Conversation. https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-news-media-sounded-the-alarm-for-months-but-few-listened-132224
Newman et al. (2020). Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2019. Reuters Institute.
https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-06/DNR_2019_FINAL_0.pdf
Picard, R. G. (2004). Commercialism and newspaper quality. Newspaper Research Journal,
(1), 54–65.
Perse, E. M., & Lambe, J. L. (2017). Media effects and society. New York: Routledge.
Posetti, J., Bell, E., & Brown, P. (2020). Journalism and the pandemic: A global snapshot of
impacts.
International Center for Journalists. Retrieved from https://www.icfj.org/sites/default/files/2020-
/Journalism%20and%20the%20Pandemic%20Project%20Report%2C%20201.
Posetti, J., & Bontcheva, K. (2020). Disinfodemic. Deciphering Covid-19 disinformation, Policy
brief, 1. UNESCO
Putnam, R. D. (2002). Bowling together. The American Prospect, 13(3), 20-22.
Reporters Without Borders. (2021). 2021 World Press Freedom Index: Journalism, the vaccine
against disinformation, blocked in more than 130 countries. https://rsf.org/en/2021-world-press-freedom-index-journalism-vaccine-against-disinformation-blocked-more-130-countries
Rew, L., Koniak-Griffin, D., Lewis, M. A., Miles, M., & O’Sullivan, A. (2000). Secondary data
analysis: New perspective for adolescent research. Nursing Outlook, 48(5), 223–239. 10.1067/mno.2000.104901
Rupar, A. (2020). Hannity claims he’s “never called the virus a hoax” 9 days after decrying
Democrats’ “new hoax.” Vox. https://www.vox.com/2020/3/20/21186727/hannity-coronavirus-coverage-foxnews
Smith, A. K., Ayanian, J. Z., Covinsky, K. E., Landon, B. E., McCarthy, E. P., Wee, C. C., &
Steinman, M. A. (2011). Conducting high-value secondary dataset analysis: An
introductory guide and resources. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 26(8), 920–929.
1007/s11606-010-1621-5
South China Morning Post. (2020, March 13). Chinese foreign ministry spokesman tweets claim
US military brought coronavirus to Wuhan.
https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3075051/chinese-foreign-ministry-
spokesman-tweets-claim-us-military
Tjaardstra, N. (2017). World Press Trends 2017: Trust is the New Currency for Success.
Frankfurt am Main, Germany: WAN-IFRA.
Tsfati, Y., & Cappella, J. N. (2003). Do people watch what they do not trust? Exploring the
association between news media skepticism and exposure. Communication Research, 30(5), 504-529.
Toff B. et al. (2020). What we think we know and what we want to know: perspectives on trust
in news in a changing world. Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/what-we-think-we-know-and-what-wewant-know-perspectives-trust-news-changing
Thussu, D. K. (2007). The 'Murdochization' of news? The case of Star TV in India. Media,
Culture & Society, 29(4), 593-611.
Ward, S. J. A. (2014). Classical Liberal Theory in a Digital World. The Handbook of Media and
Mass Communication Theory (pp. 411-424). John Wiley & Sons.
Wickham, R. J. (2019). Secondary Analysis Research. Journal of the Advanced Practitioner in
Oncology, 10(4), 395-400. https://doi.org/10.6004/jadpro.2019.10.4.7
Waisbord, S. (2018). Truth is what happens to news: On journalism, fake news, and post-truth.
Journalism Studies, 19(13), 1866-1878.
World Health Organization. (2020). Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): Situation Report, 13.
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