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Abstract
This study examines how The Korea Daily Chicago, a Korean ethnic newspaper with more than 40 years of history in the U.S. Midwest, fulfills its journalistic mission while navigating organizational and economic challenges. Following the closure of its parent company’s Chicago branch in 2018, the newspaper has operated independently, offering a unique case for understanding ethnic media survival strategies amid declining print readership, limited staffing, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Using participant observation of newsroom practices and semi-structured interviews conducted in September 2021, this qualitative case study found that the newspaper maintains transnational partnerships with The Joongang Daily Seoul and The Korea Daily Los Angeles to secure stable news content, while also relying heavily on advertising from Korean-owned businesses to sustain local operations. These practices illustrate how ethnic newspapers serve not only as business enterprises but also as transcultural and glocal spaces. The case of The Korea Daily Chicago sheds light on the precarious yet adaptive role of ethnic newspapers in the U.S., positioning ethnic media as vital cultural institutions.
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References
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- Byeong-gap, M. (2011). The immigration of Koreans to the United States: A review of 45 year (1965-2009) trends. Development and Society, 40(2), 195–223. https://doi.org/10.21588/dns.2011.40.2.003
- Campbell, S. M., Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2017). Fuzzy but useful constructs: Making sense of the differences between generations. Work, Aging and Retirement, 3(2), 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/wax001
- Chung, S. (2021). History of Korean immigration to America, from 1903 to present. School of Theology: Boston Korean Diaspora Project. https://sites.bu.edu/koreandiaspora/issues/history-of-korean-immigration-to-america-from-1903-to-present/
- Croteau, D., & Hoynes, W. (2019). Media/Society: Technology, industries, content, and users. Sage.
- Glazer, N., & Moynihan, D. P. (1970). Beyond melting pot. MIT Press. https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262570046/beyond-the-melting-pot/
- Gudykunst, W. B., & Kim, Y. Y. (1997). Communicating with strangers: An approach to intercultural communication. McGraw-Hill.
- Hanson, R. E. (2019). Mass communication: Living in a media world. Sage.
- Hess, K., & Waller, L. J. (2021). Local newspapers and coronavirus: Conceptualising connections, comparisons and cures. Media International Australia, 178(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X20956455
- Johnson, M. A. (2000). How ethnic are U.S. ethnic media: The case of Latina magazines. Mass Communication and Society, 3(2–3), 229–248. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0323_04
- Ju, H., & Lee, S. (2015). The Korean wave and Asian Americans: The ethnic meanings of transnational Korean pop culture in the USA. Continuum, 29(3), 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2014.986059
- Jung, E., & Lee, C. (2004). Social construction of cultural identity: An ethnographic study of Korean American students. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 12(3), 146–162. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15456889ajc1203_2
- Kim, J.-Y. (2013). The Korean media in Los Angeles: Their role in the multicultural society. International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, 8(6), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.14257/ijmue.2013.8.6.07
- Kim, Y. Y. (1988). Communication and cross-cultural adaptation: An integrative theory. Multilingual Matters Ltd.
- Lee, C. (2004). Korean immigrants’ viewing patterns of Korean satellite television and its role in their lives. Asian Journal of Communication, 14(1), 68–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/0129298042000195161
- Lee, C. (2009). The organizational structure and characteristics of Korean ethnic newspapers: Centering on the Texas case in the United States. Journal of Social Science, (11), 107–130. https://doi.org/10.31625/issdoi.2009.1.107
- Lee, E. (2015). A part and apart: Asian American and immigration history. Journal of American Ethnic History, 34(4), 28–42. https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.34.4.0028
- Lule, J. (2021). Globalization and media. Rowman & Littlefield.
- Matsaganis, M., Katz, V., & Ball-Rokeach, S. (2011). Understanding ethnic media: Producers, consumers, and societies. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452230412
- Park, R. E. (1950). Race and culture. Free Press.
- Park, R. E. (1970). The immigrant press and its control. Harper & Brothers. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002459254
- Pieterse, J. N. (2020). Globalization and culture: Global melange. Rowman & Littlefield.
- Robertson, R. (1994). Globalisation or glocalisation? The Journal of International Communication, 1(1), 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/13216597.1994.9751780
- Robertson, R. (2000). Globalization: Social theory and global culture. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446280447
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- Subervi-Velez, F. A. (1986). The mass media and ethnic assimilation and pluralism. Communication Research, 13(1), 71–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365028601300105
- UNC Hussman School of Journalism and Media. (2021). Journalistic mission: The challenges and opportunities for ethnic media. Www.Usnewsdeserts.Com. https://www.usnewsdeserts.com/reports/news-deserts-and-ghost-newspapers-will-local-news-survive/the-news-landscape-of-the-future-transformed-and-renewed/journalistic-mission-the-challenges-and-opportunities-for-ethnic-media/
- Viswanath, K., & Arora, P. (2000). Ethnic media in the United States: An essay on their role in integration, assimilation, and social control. Mass Communication and Society, 3(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0301_03
- Welsch, W. (1999). Transculturality: The puzzling form of cultures today. In Spaces of Culture: City, Nation, World (pp. 195–213). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446218723.n11
- Yang, J. H. (2007). Globalization, nationalism, and regionalization: The case of Korean popular (Vol. 36, Issue 2, pp. 177–199). Institute for Social Development and Policy Research, Center for Social Sciences, Seoul National University. https://hdl.handle.net/10371/86700
- Yonhap. (2023). About yonhap news: Yonhap news is South Korea’s representative newswire service. Yonhap News Agency. https://en.yna.co.kr/aboutus/yonhapnews
- Yoon, K. (2018). Multicultural digital media practices of 1.5-generation Korean immigrants in Canada. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 27(2), 148–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0117196818766906
- Yu, E.-Y. (1985). “Koreatown” Los Angeles: Emergence of a new inner-city ethnic community. Bulletin of the Population and Development Studies Center.
References
Berry, J. W. (1980). Acculturation as varieties of adaptation. In M. P. Amado (Ed.), Acculturation: Theory, models and some new findings (pp. 9–25). Westview.
Byeong-gap, M. (2011). The immigration of Koreans to the United States: A review of 45 year (1965-2009) trends. Development and Society, 40(2), 195–223. https://doi.org/10.21588/dns.2011.40.2.003
Campbell, S. M., Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2017). Fuzzy but useful constructs: Making sense of the differences between generations. Work, Aging and Retirement, 3(2), 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/wax001
Chung, S. (2021). History of Korean immigration to America, from 1903 to present. School of Theology: Boston Korean Diaspora Project. https://sites.bu.edu/koreandiaspora/issues/history-of-korean-immigration-to-america-from-1903-to-present/
Croteau, D., & Hoynes, W. (2019). Media/Society: Technology, industries, content, and users. Sage.
Glazer, N., & Moynihan, D. P. (1970). Beyond melting pot. MIT Press. https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262570046/beyond-the-melting-pot/
Gudykunst, W. B., & Kim, Y. Y. (1997). Communicating with strangers: An approach to intercultural communication. McGraw-Hill.
Hanson, R. E. (2019). Mass communication: Living in a media world. Sage.
Hess, K., & Waller, L. J. (2021). Local newspapers and coronavirus: Conceptualising connections, comparisons and cures. Media International Australia, 178(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X20956455
Johnson, M. A. (2000). How ethnic are U.S. ethnic media: The case of Latina magazines. Mass Communication and Society, 3(2–3), 229–248. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0323_04
Ju, H., & Lee, S. (2015). The Korean wave and Asian Americans: The ethnic meanings of transnational Korean pop culture in the USA. Continuum, 29(3), 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2014.986059
Jung, E., & Lee, C. (2004). Social construction of cultural identity: An ethnographic study of Korean American students. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 12(3), 146–162. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15456889ajc1203_2
Kim, J.-Y. (2013). The Korean media in Los Angeles: Their role in the multicultural society. International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, 8(6), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.14257/ijmue.2013.8.6.07
Kim, Y. Y. (1988). Communication and cross-cultural adaptation: An integrative theory. Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Lee, C. (2004). Korean immigrants’ viewing patterns of Korean satellite television and its role in their lives. Asian Journal of Communication, 14(1), 68–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/0129298042000195161
Lee, C. (2009). The organizational structure and characteristics of Korean ethnic newspapers: Centering on the Texas case in the United States. Journal of Social Science, (11), 107–130. https://doi.org/10.31625/issdoi.2009.1.107
Lee, E. (2015). A part and apart: Asian American and immigration history. Journal of American Ethnic History, 34(4), 28–42. https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.34.4.0028
Lule, J. (2021). Globalization and media. Rowman & Littlefield.
Matsaganis, M., Katz, V., & Ball-Rokeach, S. (2011). Understanding ethnic media: Producers, consumers, and societies. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452230412
Park, R. E. (1950). Race and culture. Free Press.
Park, R. E. (1970). The immigrant press and its control. Harper & Brothers. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002459254
Pieterse, J. N. (2020). Globalization and culture: Global melange. Rowman & Littlefield.
Robertson, R. (1994). Globalisation or glocalisation? The Journal of International Communication, 1(1), 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/13216597.1994.9751780
Robertson, R. (2000). Globalization: Social theory and global culture. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446280447
Seo, M., & Moon, S.-G. (2013). Ethnic identity, acculturative stress, news uses, and two domains of civic engagement: A case of Korean immigrants in the United States. Mass Communication and Society, 16(2), 245–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2012.696768
Subervi-Velez, F. A. (1986). The mass media and ethnic assimilation and pluralism. Communication Research, 13(1), 71–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365028601300105
UNC Hussman School of Journalism and Media. (2021). Journalistic mission: The challenges and opportunities for ethnic media. Www.Usnewsdeserts.Com. https://www.usnewsdeserts.com/reports/news-deserts-and-ghost-newspapers-will-local-news-survive/the-news-landscape-of-the-future-transformed-and-renewed/journalistic-mission-the-challenges-and-opportunities-for-ethnic-media/
Viswanath, K., & Arora, P. (2000). Ethnic media in the United States: An essay on their role in integration, assimilation, and social control. Mass Communication and Society, 3(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0301_03
Welsch, W. (1999). Transculturality: The puzzling form of cultures today. In Spaces of Culture: City, Nation, World (pp. 195–213). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446218723.n11
Yang, J. H. (2007). Globalization, nationalism, and regionalization: The case of Korean popular (Vol. 36, Issue 2, pp. 177–199). Institute for Social Development and Policy Research, Center for Social Sciences, Seoul National University. https://hdl.handle.net/10371/86700
Yonhap. (2023). About yonhap news: Yonhap news is South Korea’s representative newswire service. Yonhap News Agency. https://en.yna.co.kr/aboutus/yonhapnews
Yoon, K. (2018). Multicultural digital media practices of 1.5-generation Korean immigrants in Canada. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 27(2), 148–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0117196818766906
Yu, E.-Y. (1985). “Koreatown” Los Angeles: Emergence of a new inner-city ethnic community. Bulletin of the Population and Development Studies Center.