Main Article Content
Abstract
The number of sexual violence cases against women remains a concern faced by Indonesian society. Ideally, when a sexual violence occurs, the victim shall report the crime. However, while undergoing the process to demand justice, it is not uncommon for victims of sexual violence to experience the secondary victimization wherein the victim is blamed for the crime instead and receives negative stigma from the law enforcement officials. This study focuses on the causal factors for the occurrence of secondary victimization for victims of sexual violence in the court proceeding and strategies to prevent such phenomenon. This study is a combined empirical and doctrinal legal research focusing on the interview with the officials of legal institution and judges concerning this issue supported by existing regulations. It is argued that many law enforcement officials are still lacking the perspective of the victim and having no understanding on the dynamics of the victims in the aftermath of the crime. Various prevention of secondary victimization has been provided, such as the existence of legal assistance by Rifka Annisa psychological centre as well as the relevant Supreme Court Regulation. During examination in court, judges should prevent and/or reprimand parties, legal counsel, public prosecutors, and/or attorneys who behave or make statements in ways that demean, blame, intimidate and/or use the experience or sexual background of women in conflict with the law. Law Number 12 of 2022 can be implemented immediately so that law enforcement officials can prioritize the interests of victims and implement related procedures for handling victims of sexual violence in the criminal justice system.
Keywords: Secondary victimization, Sexual violence, Court hearing process
Abstrak
Banyaknya kasus kekerasan seksual terhadap perempuan masih menjadi perhatian yang dihadapi masyarakat Indonesia. Ketika kekerasan seksual terjadi, korban harus melaporkan kejahatan tersebut. Namun, saat menjalani proses menuntut keadilan, tidak jarang korban kekerasan seksual mengalami viktimisasi sekunder dimana korban malah disalahkan atas kejahatan tersebut dan menerima stigma negatif dari aparat penegak hukum. Penelitian ini berfokus pada faktor-faktor kasual terjadinya viktimisasi sekunder bagi korban kekerasan seksual dalam sidang pengadilan dan strategi untuk mencegah fenomena ini. Penelitian ini merupakan gabungan penelitian hukum empiris dan doktrinal yang berfokus pada wawancara dengan pejabat lembaga hukum dan hakim mengenai masalah ini yang didukung oleh peraturan yang ada. Dikatakan bahwa banyak aparat penegak hukum masih kurang perspektif korban dan tidak memahami dinamika korban pasca kejahatan. Berbagai pencegahan viktimisasi sekunder telah diberikan, seperti adanya pendampingan hukum oleh Rifka Annisa dan Peraturan Mahkamah Agung. Selama pemeriksaan di pengadilan, hakim harus mencegah dan/atau menegur pihak, penasihat hukum, penuntut umum, dan/atau pengacara yang berperilaku atau membuat pernyataan yang merendahkan, menyalahkan, mengintimidasi dan/atau menggunakan pengalaman atau latar belakang seksual perempuan yang berkonflik dengan hukum. Peraturan nomor 12 tahun 2022 ini dapat segera diimplementasikan agar aparat penegak hukum dapat mengutamakan kepentingan korban dan melaksanakan prosedur terkait penanganan korban kekerasan seksual dalam sistem peradilan pidana.
Kata kunci: Viktimisasi sekunder, Kekerasan seksual, Proses sidang pengadilan
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2024 Dinah Faizah Syahbur, Aroma Elmina Martha, Galuh Praharafi Rizqia
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References
Ali, Mahrus, and Rena Yulia. “Finding the Factors and Proposing the Solution for Preventing Secondary Victimization.” Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 12, no. 5 (September 1, 2023): 262–73. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2023-0150.
Australian Institute of Criminology., Denise. Lievore, and Australia. Dept. of Family and Community Services. Office for Women. No Longer Silent : A Study of Women’s Help-Seeking Decisions and Service Responses to Sexual Assault. Department of Family and Community Services, 2005. https://www.aic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-05/no-longer-silent-a-womens-help-seeking-decisions-and-service-responses-to-sexual-assult.pdf.
BBC News. “Tito Karnavian: Korban Perkosaan Bisa Ditanya Oleh Penyidik ‘apakah Nyaman’ Selama Perkosaan?” https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-41676366, n.d.
Budiarti, Arsa Ilmi, Marsa Maharani, Maria Tarigan, Bestha Inatsan Ashila, Dio Ashar Wicaksana, and Adery Ardhan Saputro. “An Outlook on Sexual Violence Case Handling In Indonesia: An Analysis on Court Decesions from 2018-2020.” Jakarta, March 2022. https://ijrs.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/An-Outlook-On-Sexual-Violence-Case-Handling-In-Indonesia-18-May-2022.pdf.
Darma, I Made Wirya, I Gusti A A Mas Triwulandari, and Dewi Bunga. “Victim Blaming: Labeling For Women Victims Of Sexual Violence In Human Rights Perspective.” International Journal of Law Reconstruction 6, no. 2 (September 26, 2022): 212. https://doi.org/10.26532/ijlr.v6i2.23887.
Febrianto, PriyonoTri, Aditya Dyah Puspitasari, Ade Cyntia Pritasari, Nilamsari Damayanti Fajrin, Siti Mas’udah, and Lutfi Apreliana Megasari. “Sexual Violence and the Healing Process of the Victims.” Jurnal Sosiologi Dialektika 17, no. 1 (June 19, 2022): 109–19. https://doi.org/10.20473/jsd.v17i1.2022.109-119.
Hairi, Prianter Jaya, and Marfuatul Latifah. “Implementasi Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2022 Tentang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual (Implementation of Law Number 12 of 2022 on Criminal Acts of Sexual Violence).” Negara Hukum 14, no. 2 (2023). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.22212/jnh.v14i2.4108.
Haskell, Lori, and Melanie Randall. The Impact of Trauma on Adult Sexual Assault Victims. Canada: Department of Justice Canada, 2019. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/jr/trauma/trauma_eng.pdf.
Hill, James K. “Victims’ Response to Trauma and Implications for Interventions: A Selected Review and Synthesis of the Literature.” Canada, 2003.
Intentilia, Anak Agung Mia. “Analyzing Patriarchy, Political Participation, and Active Citizenship in ASEAN.” Intermestic: Journal of International Studies 5, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 12. https://doi.org/10.24198/intermestic.v5n1.2.
Komnas Perempuan. “Pengantar Memahami UU Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual.” Jakarta, 2023.
Kunst, Maarten, Lieke Popelier, and Ellen Varekamp. “Victim Satisfaction With the Criminal Justice System and Emotional Recovery.” Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 16, no. 3 (July 28, 2015): 336–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838014555034.
Maiorano, Nicole, Áine Travers, and Frédérique Vallières. “The Relationship Between Rape Myths, Revictimization by Law Enforcement, and Well-Being for Victims of Sexual Assault.” Violence Against Women 29, no. 14 (November 1, 2023): 2873–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012231196056.
Mas’udah, Siti. “The Meaning of Sexual Violence and Society Stigma Against Victims of Sexual Violence.” Society 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.33019/society.v10i1.384.
McQueen, Karen, and Jodie Murphy-Oikonen. “Responding to Sexual Assault: A Systematic Review of Police Training Interventions and Outcomes.” Crime and Delinquency, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/00111287231195763.
Mulyadi, Dudung. “Efektivitas Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perlindungan Saksi Dan Korban.” Jurnal Ilmiah Galuh Justisi 4, no. 1 (2016). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.25157/jigj.v4i1.408.
Nengah, Selandin Tyas Pangesti Latra Wijayanti, and Made Karisma Sukmayanti Suarya, Luh. “Fenomena Victim Blaming Fenomena Victim Blaming Pada Korban Kekerasan Seksual: Kajian Literatur.” Psychopolytan : Jurnal Psikolog 7, no. 1 (2023).
Orth, Uli. “Secondary Victimization of Crime Victims by Criminal Proceedings.” Social Justice Research. Vol. 16, 2002.
Paradiaz, Rosania, and Eko Soponyono. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Korban Pelecehan Seksual.” Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia 4, no. 1 (2022): 61–72.
Parsons, Jim, and Tiffany Bergin. “The Impact of Criminal Justice Involvement on Victims’ Mental Health.” Journal of Traumatic Stress 23, no. 2 (April 11, 2010): 182–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20505.
Parwata, I Gusti Ngurah. Bahan Ajar Mata Kuliah Victimologi: Peranan Korban Terjadinya Kejahatan. Denpasar: Universitas Udayana, 2017.
Rahardjo, Satjipto. Bunga Rampai Permasalahan Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana. Jakarta: Pusat Pelayanan Keadilan dan Pengabdian Hukum, 1998.
Rahmawati, Maidina. “Kasus Pemerkosaan Anak 14 Tahun Di Bengkulu: Deret Panjang Reviktimisasi Terhadap Korban Kekerasan Seksual.” https://icjr.or.id/kasus-pemerkosaan-anak-14-tahun-di-bengkulu-deret-panjang-reviktimisasi-terhadap-korban-kekerasan-seksual/, November 14, 2017.
Rauf, Sofyan, Hasjad Hasjad, and Sabri Guntur. “Efektifitas Peran Lembaga Perlindungan Saksi Dan Korban (Lpsk) Dalam Melindungi Saksi Tindak Pidana Gratifikasi.” SIBATIK JOURNAL: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Sosial, Ekonomi, Budaya, Teknologi, Dan Pendidikan 1, no. 3 (February 26, 2022): 203–18. https://doi.org/10.54443/sibatik.v1i3.26.
Rukman, Rukman, Yeni Huriani, and Lily Suzana binti Haji Shamsu. “Stigma Terhadap Perempuan Korban Kekerasan Seksual.” Jurnal Iman Dan Spiritualitas 3, no. 3 (October 31, 2023): 447–54. https://doi.org/10.15575/jis.v3i3.29853.
Sinombor, Sonya Hellen. “People Are Becoming More Sensitive and Brave Enough to Report Cases of Violence.” https://www.kompas.id/baca/english/2024/01/05/en-masyarakat-makin-peka-dan-berani-laporkan-kasus-kekerasan, January 6, 2024.
Suhita, Byba Melda, Nofita Ratih, and Kurniawan Edi Priyanto. “STRADA Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Psychological Impact On Victims of Sexual Violence: Literature Review STRADA Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan.” STRADA Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan 10, no. 1 (2021): 1412–23. https://doi.org/10.30994/sjik.v10i1.825.
Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung). Article 2-9 Regulation of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of 2017 concerning guidelines for adjudicating cases of women in conflict with the law (n.d.).
———. Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of 2017 concerning guidelines for adjudicating cases of women in conflict with the law (n.d.).
Tuage, Saristha Natalia. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Saksi Dan Korban Oleh Lembaga Perlindungan Saksi Dan Korban (LPSK).” Lex Crimen 2, no. 2 (2013). http://repository.unand.ac.id/17037/1/FUNGSI_LE.
Utama, Abraham. “Perkosaan Dan Serangan Seksual Terhadap Anak Terus Terjadi: Perppu Kebiri ‘Tak Efektif’?” https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-42170333, November 30, 2017.
Villacampa, C., G. Filella, and J. Tamarit. “Secondary Victimization and Victim Assistance.” European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 18, no. 3 (2010): 281–98. https://doi.org/10.1163/157181710X12767720266049.
Waluyo, Andylala. “Bertemu Aktivis Perempuan, Kapolri Klarifikasi Soal Pemeriksaan Korban Perkosaan.” https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/bertemu-aktivis-perempuan-kapolri-klarifikasi-soal-pemeriksaan-korban-pemerkosaan/4083634.html, n.d.
Yang, Saet Byeol, Sam Sik Choi, Hyoung Yoon Chang, Dohyun Kim, Youngil Lee, and Myung Ho Lim. “Central Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder on Adult Victims of Sexual Violence: A Network Analysis.” Medicine (United States) 102, no. 27 (July 7, 2023): E34083. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000034083.
References
Ali, Mahrus, and Rena Yulia. “Finding the Factors and Proposing the Solution for Preventing Secondary Victimization.” Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 12, no. 5 (September 1, 2023): 262–73. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2023-0150.
Australian Institute of Criminology., Denise. Lievore, and Australia. Dept. of Family and Community Services. Office for Women. No Longer Silent : A Study of Women’s Help-Seeking Decisions and Service Responses to Sexual Assault. Department of Family and Community Services, 2005. https://www.aic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-05/no-longer-silent-a-womens-help-seeking-decisions-and-service-responses-to-sexual-assult.pdf.
BBC News. “Tito Karnavian: Korban Perkosaan Bisa Ditanya Oleh Penyidik ‘apakah Nyaman’ Selama Perkosaan?” https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-41676366, n.d.
Budiarti, Arsa Ilmi, Marsa Maharani, Maria Tarigan, Bestha Inatsan Ashila, Dio Ashar Wicaksana, and Adery Ardhan Saputro. “An Outlook on Sexual Violence Case Handling In Indonesia: An Analysis on Court Decesions from 2018-2020.” Jakarta, March 2022. https://ijrs.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/An-Outlook-On-Sexual-Violence-Case-Handling-In-Indonesia-18-May-2022.pdf.
Darma, I Made Wirya, I Gusti A A Mas Triwulandari, and Dewi Bunga. “Victim Blaming: Labeling For Women Victims Of Sexual Violence In Human Rights Perspective.” International Journal of Law Reconstruction 6, no. 2 (September 26, 2022): 212. https://doi.org/10.26532/ijlr.v6i2.23887.
Febrianto, PriyonoTri, Aditya Dyah Puspitasari, Ade Cyntia Pritasari, Nilamsari Damayanti Fajrin, Siti Mas’udah, and Lutfi Apreliana Megasari. “Sexual Violence and the Healing Process of the Victims.” Jurnal Sosiologi Dialektika 17, no. 1 (June 19, 2022): 109–19. https://doi.org/10.20473/jsd.v17i1.2022.109-119.
Hairi, Prianter Jaya, and Marfuatul Latifah. “Implementasi Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2022 Tentang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual (Implementation of Law Number 12 of 2022 on Criminal Acts of Sexual Violence).” Negara Hukum 14, no. 2 (2023). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.22212/jnh.v14i2.4108.
Haskell, Lori, and Melanie Randall. The Impact of Trauma on Adult Sexual Assault Victims. Canada: Department of Justice Canada, 2019. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/jr/trauma/trauma_eng.pdf.
Hill, James K. “Victims’ Response to Trauma and Implications for Interventions: A Selected Review and Synthesis of the Literature.” Canada, 2003.
Intentilia, Anak Agung Mia. “Analyzing Patriarchy, Political Participation, and Active Citizenship in ASEAN.” Intermestic: Journal of International Studies 5, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 12. https://doi.org/10.24198/intermestic.v5n1.2.
Komnas Perempuan. “Pengantar Memahami UU Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual.” Jakarta, 2023.
Kunst, Maarten, Lieke Popelier, and Ellen Varekamp. “Victim Satisfaction With the Criminal Justice System and Emotional Recovery.” Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 16, no. 3 (July 28, 2015): 336–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838014555034.
Maiorano, Nicole, Áine Travers, and Frédérique Vallières. “The Relationship Between Rape Myths, Revictimization by Law Enforcement, and Well-Being for Victims of Sexual Assault.” Violence Against Women 29, no. 14 (November 1, 2023): 2873–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012231196056.
Mas’udah, Siti. “The Meaning of Sexual Violence and Society Stigma Against Victims of Sexual Violence.” Society 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.33019/society.v10i1.384.
McQueen, Karen, and Jodie Murphy-Oikonen. “Responding to Sexual Assault: A Systematic Review of Police Training Interventions and Outcomes.” Crime and Delinquency, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/00111287231195763.
Mulyadi, Dudung. “Efektivitas Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perlindungan Saksi Dan Korban.” Jurnal Ilmiah Galuh Justisi 4, no. 1 (2016). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.25157/jigj.v4i1.408.
Nengah, Selandin Tyas Pangesti Latra Wijayanti, and Made Karisma Sukmayanti Suarya, Luh. “Fenomena Victim Blaming Fenomena Victim Blaming Pada Korban Kekerasan Seksual: Kajian Literatur.” Psychopolytan : Jurnal Psikolog 7, no. 1 (2023).
Orth, Uli. “Secondary Victimization of Crime Victims by Criminal Proceedings.” Social Justice Research. Vol. 16, 2002.
Paradiaz, Rosania, and Eko Soponyono. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Korban Pelecehan Seksual.” Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia 4, no. 1 (2022): 61–72.
Parsons, Jim, and Tiffany Bergin. “The Impact of Criminal Justice Involvement on Victims’ Mental Health.” Journal of Traumatic Stress 23, no. 2 (April 11, 2010): 182–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20505.
Parwata, I Gusti Ngurah. Bahan Ajar Mata Kuliah Victimologi: Peranan Korban Terjadinya Kejahatan. Denpasar: Universitas Udayana, 2017.
Rahardjo, Satjipto. Bunga Rampai Permasalahan Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana. Jakarta: Pusat Pelayanan Keadilan dan Pengabdian Hukum, 1998.
Rahmawati, Maidina. “Kasus Pemerkosaan Anak 14 Tahun Di Bengkulu: Deret Panjang Reviktimisasi Terhadap Korban Kekerasan Seksual.” https://icjr.or.id/kasus-pemerkosaan-anak-14-tahun-di-bengkulu-deret-panjang-reviktimisasi-terhadap-korban-kekerasan-seksual/, November 14, 2017.
Rauf, Sofyan, Hasjad Hasjad, and Sabri Guntur. “Efektifitas Peran Lembaga Perlindungan Saksi Dan Korban (Lpsk) Dalam Melindungi Saksi Tindak Pidana Gratifikasi.” SIBATIK JOURNAL: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Sosial, Ekonomi, Budaya, Teknologi, Dan Pendidikan 1, no. 3 (February 26, 2022): 203–18. https://doi.org/10.54443/sibatik.v1i3.26.
Rukman, Rukman, Yeni Huriani, and Lily Suzana binti Haji Shamsu. “Stigma Terhadap Perempuan Korban Kekerasan Seksual.” Jurnal Iman Dan Spiritualitas 3, no. 3 (October 31, 2023): 447–54. https://doi.org/10.15575/jis.v3i3.29853.
Sinombor, Sonya Hellen. “People Are Becoming More Sensitive and Brave Enough to Report Cases of Violence.” https://www.kompas.id/baca/english/2024/01/05/en-masyarakat-makin-peka-dan-berani-laporkan-kasus-kekerasan, January 6, 2024.
Suhita, Byba Melda, Nofita Ratih, and Kurniawan Edi Priyanto. “STRADA Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Psychological Impact On Victims of Sexual Violence: Literature Review STRADA Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan.” STRADA Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan 10, no. 1 (2021): 1412–23. https://doi.org/10.30994/sjik.v10i1.825.
Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung). Article 2-9 Regulation of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of 2017 concerning guidelines for adjudicating cases of women in conflict with the law (n.d.).
———. Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of 2017 concerning guidelines for adjudicating cases of women in conflict with the law (n.d.).
Tuage, Saristha Natalia. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Saksi Dan Korban Oleh Lembaga Perlindungan Saksi Dan Korban (LPSK).” Lex Crimen 2, no. 2 (2013). http://repository.unand.ac.id/17037/1/FUNGSI_LE.
Utama, Abraham. “Perkosaan Dan Serangan Seksual Terhadap Anak Terus Terjadi: Perppu Kebiri ‘Tak Efektif’?” https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-42170333, November 30, 2017.
Villacampa, C., G. Filella, and J. Tamarit. “Secondary Victimization and Victim Assistance.” European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 18, no. 3 (2010): 281–98. https://doi.org/10.1163/157181710X12767720266049.
Waluyo, Andylala. “Bertemu Aktivis Perempuan, Kapolri Klarifikasi Soal Pemeriksaan Korban Perkosaan.” https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/bertemu-aktivis-perempuan-kapolri-klarifikasi-soal-pemeriksaan-korban-pemerkosaan/4083634.html, n.d.
Yang, Saet Byeol, Sam Sik Choi, Hyoung Yoon Chang, Dohyun Kim, Youngil Lee, and Myung Ho Lim. “Central Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder on Adult Victims of Sexual Violence: A Network Analysis.” Medicine (United States) 102, no. 27 (July 7, 2023): E34083. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000034083.