Main Article Content
Abstract
The newly emerged method of Money Laundering (ML) is to purchase cryptocurrency. The anonymity of cryptocurrency makes it difficult to identify perpetrators for the purpose of asset confiscation. Unfortunately, Indonesia does not have the law on asset confiscation. This research analyses the legislation on asset confiscation in case of ML through cryptocurrency transactions in Indonesia and the extent of the Asset Confiscation Bill in covering asset confiscation from ML through cryptocurrency transactions. This doctrinal legal research uses both statutory and conceptual approaches to address the proposed legal issues. The results of this study indicate that the regulation of asset confiscation in the Money Laundering Act in Indonesia still places the criminal confiscation to certain goods as an additional punishment that must be imposed along with the primary punishment, making it difficult to reach the asset confiscationof ML through cryptocurrency transactions. Furthermore, the concept of following the money in the Asset Confiscation Bill reaches the nominee mode. Asset confiscation is carried out without criminal conviction by proving that the assets were indeed derived from criminal proceedings, which is sufficient for submitting an application for asset confiscation. The Bill does not address the problem when the arrangement uses the DEX model as the issue lies in the technical execution. Hence, specific regulations and procedural law are needed to confiscate assets that have been laundered through cryptocurrency transactions as well as to synergise the dynamics between the law enforcement and the suspect in order to successfully confiscate the said assets.
Keywords: Asset Forfeiture, Cryptocurrency, Legislation, Money Laundering.
Abstrak
Metode baru Pencucian Uang (ML) adalah membeli cryptocurrency. Anonimitas cryptocurrency membuat sulit untuk mengidentifikasi pelaku penyitaan aset. Sayangnya, Indonesia tidak memiliki undang-undang penyitaan aset. Penelitian ini menganalisis peraturan perundang-undangan penyitaan aset ML melalui cryptocurrency di Indonesia dan sejauh mana RUU Perampasan Aset dalam mencakup penyitaan aset dari ML melalui cryptocurrency. Penelitian hukum doktrinal ini menggunakan pendekatan hukum dan konseptual untuk mengatasi masalah hukum yang diusulkan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan penyitaan aset dalam Undang-Undang Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang di Indonesia masih menempatkan penyitaan pidana terhadap barang-barang tertentu sebagai hukuman tambahan yang harus dijatuhkan bersamaan dengan hukuman utama, sehingga sulit untuk mencapai penyitaan aset ML melalui Cryptocurrency. Selanjutnya, konsep follow the money dalam RUU Perampasan Aset mencapai mode nominee. Penyitaan harta dilakukan tanpa pemidanaan pidana dengan membuktikan bahwa harta kekayaan tersebut berasal dari hasil tindak pidana, yang cukup untuk mengajukan permohonan penyitaan harta benda. Bill tidak menjawab masalah ketika penempatan menggunakan model DEX karena masalahnya ada pada eksekusi teknis. Oleh karena itu, peraturan khusus dan hukum acara diperlukan untuk menyita aset yang dicuci uang melalui cryptocurrency.
Kata kunci: Perampasan Aset, Cryptocurrency, Legislasi, Pencucian Uang.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2024 Mahdavika Arsy Mubarak, Ayu Izza Elvany
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References
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Ghozi, Ahmad. “The Urgency of Electronic Know Your Customer (e-KYC): How Electronic Customer Identification Works to Prevent Money Laundering in The Fintech Industry.” Diponegoro Law Review. Vol. 07, 2022. https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/dlr/article/download/34447/21476.
Yusmar, Widiya, and Nella Sumika Putri. “Perampasan Aset Sebagai Upaya Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang Dengan Predicate Crime Tindak Pidana Narkotika.” Jurnal Ilmiah Galu Justisi 9, no. 2 (2021). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.25157/justisi.v9i2.5581.
Irma, Dasih, Sari Maeunah, Saefudin Zuhri, and Nendi Juhandi. “The Future of Cryptocurrency Legality in Indonesia.” Journal of Economics and Business Letters 1, no. 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.11347.
Laila Afifa. “Indonesian Police Seize US$4.64mn Assets in Binomo Binary Scam Case.” In 2022, in the fraud case of Binomo binary option which involed Indra Kesuma, also known as Indra Kenz, the Indonesian Police (Dittipideksus Bareskrim Polri) revealed Indra Kenz’s ownership of 58 million Rupiah worth of crypto assets, May 9, 2022.
Legal Research Directorate staff, Global, and Law Library of Congress. “Regulation of Cryptocurrency Around the World,” 2018. http://www.law.gov.
Lewiandy. “Crypto Asset Trends In Indonesia: New Challenges To Indonesian Regulations.” Era Hukum 20, no. 1 (2022).
Liang, Jiaqi, Linjing Li, and Daniel Zeng. “Evolutionary Dynamics of Cryptocurrency Transaction Networks: An Empirical Study.” PLoS ONE 13, no. 8 (July 1, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202202.
Lin, Dan, Jiajing Wu, Qishuang Fu, Yunmei Yu, Kaixin Lin, Zibin Zheng, and Shuo Yang. “Towards Understanding Crypto Money Laundering in Web3 Through the Lenses of Ethereum Heists.” SIGMETRICS 23 (May 24, 2023). http://arxiv.org/abs/2305.14748.
Mao, Tian, and Junhua Chen. “Smart Contract in Blockchain,” 868–75, 2023. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-030-5_86.
Nguyen, An Pham Ngoc, Tai Tan Mai, Marija Bezbradica, and Martin Crane. “The Cryptocurrency Market in Transition before and after COVID-19: An Opportunity for Investors?” Entropy 24, no. 9 (September 1, 2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/e24091317.
Of the Treasury, U.S Department. “Crypto-Assets: Implications for Consumers, Investors, and Businesses,” 2022.
Pathik, Shah. “How Money Laundering Is Messing up the World of Cryptocurrency.” https://amluae.com/how-money-laundering-is-messing-up-the-world-of-cryptocurrency/, 2024.
Pauwels, Pieter. “A Solution Concept for KYC without Knowing Your Customer, Leveraging Self-Sovereign Identity and Zero-Knowledge Proofs,” 2021. https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/907.pdf.
Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Article 1 Number (3) Draft Law on Asset Forfeiture Bill (n.d.).
———. Article 1 paragraph (1) Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 of 2011 concerning Amendments to Law Number 32 of 1997 concerning Commodity Futures Trading (n.d.).
———. Article 39 Indonesian Criminal Code (n.d.).
———. Article 71 Law Number 8 of 2010 concerning Eradication and Prevention of the Crime of Money Laundering (n.d.).
Pusat Pelaporan dan Analisis Transaksi Keuangan. “Tipologi Pencucian Uang,” 2019. http://www.ppatk.go.id.
Putri, Tiara, and Dwi Nurfauziah Ahmad. “Inadequate Cryptocurrency and Money Laundering Regulations in Indonesia (Comparative Law of US and Germany).” Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 12, no. 2 (2023): 129–52. https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.
Shahzad, Muhammad Farrukh, Shuo Xu, Weng Marc Lim, Muhammad Faisal Hasnain, and Shahneela Nusrat. “Cryptocurrency Awareness, Acceptance, and Adoption: The Role of Trust as a Cornerstone.” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2024). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02528-7.
Solichul Mukminah, Lily, and Otto Yudianto. “The Importance of Regulating Non-Conviction Based Asset Forfeiture in Corruption Cases in Indonesia.” IBLAM Law Review 3, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.52249.
Syauket, Amalia, Jantarda Mauli Hutagalung, and Muhammad Andi Prastio. “Fintech Dan Bitcoin Modus Pencuci Uang Hasil Korupsi.” Krtha Bhayangkara 17, no. 1 (March 14, 2023): 27–40. https://doi.org/10.31599/krtha.v17i1.1970.
Tjokrosetio, Douglas. The Complete Guide to Blockchain: Panduan Mudah Dan Lengkap Untuk Pemula. Jakarta: PT Tempo Inti Media, 2022.
Yanuar, Muh Afdal. “Risiko Dan Posibilitas Penyalahgunaan Aset Kripto Dalam Kejahatan Pencucian Uang (Risks and Possibilities of Misuse of Crypto Assets in Money Laundering Crimes).” Majalah Hukum Nasional 52, no. 2 (2022). https://doi.org/10.33331/mhn.v52i2.170.
References
Aspris, Angelo, Sean Foley, Jiri Svec, and Leqi Wang. “Decentralized Exchanges: The ‘Wild West’ of Cryptocurrency Trading.” International Review of Financial Analysis 77 (October 2021): 101845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101845.
Bappebti. “Aset Kripto,” 2020. https://bappebti.go.id/resources/docs/brosur_leaflet_2001_01_09_o26ulbsq.pdf.
Bappebti Republik Indonesia. Article 1 paragraph (7) Peraturan Badan Pengawas Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi (Bappebti) Nomor 8 Tahun 2021 tentang Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Perdagangan Pasar Fisik Aset Kripto (Crypto Asset) di Bursa Berjangka (n.d.).
Barry, Basit. “Urgensi Perlindungan Hukum Perusahaan Exchanger Cryptocurrency Terhadap Aliran Transaksi Dari Pengguna Anonim Wallet Decentralize Exchange.” COMSERVA Indonesian Jurnal of Community Services and Development 2, no. 11 (March 27, 2023): 2620–44. https://doi.org/10.59141/comserva.v2i11.650.
Bintarto, Muhammad Al Ikhwan. “Cryptocurrency as a Digital Property in Indonesian Law Perspective.” Jurnal Penegakan Hukum Dan Keadilan 3, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 104–13. https://doi.org/10.18196/jphk.v3i2.15134.
Budhi, I Gusti Kade. Bitcoin: Potensi Tindak Kejahatan Dan Pertanggungjawaban Pidana. Depok: Rajawali Press, 2021.
Chainalysis Team. “Latin America: Venezuela and Argentina Stand Out as Examples of Crypto’s Unique Utility.” https://www.chainalysis.com/blog/latin-america-cryptocurrency-adoption/, October 11, 2023.
Chen, Yuxi, Pedro Gurrola-Pérez, and Kaitao Lin. “A Review of Crypto-Trading Infrastructure Exchanges’ Engagement with Crypto Market Functioning & Development,” 2023. www.world-exchanges.org.
CNBC Indonesia. “Cek Aplikasi Kripto Untuk Pemula Di Indonesia.” https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/market/20231006190351-17-478632/cek-aplikasi-kripto-untuk-pemula-di-indonesia, October 3, 2023.
Covolo, Valentina. “The EU Response to Criminal Misuse of Cryptocurrencies The Young, Already Outdated 5th Anti-Money Laundering Directive.” Niversity of Luxembourg Law Working Paper, no. 2019–015 (2019). https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3503535.
Dima, and sidelnikov. “Applying IFRS Accounting by Holders of Crypto Assets,” 2021. https://assets.ey.com/content/dam/ey-sites/ey-com/en_gl/topics/ifrs/ey-apply-ifrs-crypto-assets-update-october2021.pdf?download.
Dinesha, Disha Lagadamane, Balachandra Patil, Disha L Dinesha, and P Balachandra. “Decentralized Token Exchanges in Blockchain Enabled Interconnected Smart Microgrids.” TechRxiv, 2023. https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21896064.v1.
Dyntu, Valeriia, and Oleh Dykyi. “Cryptocurrency In The System Of Money Laundering.” Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, no. 5 (February 11, 2019): 75. https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-5-75-81.
Editorial Team CNBC Indonesia. “Rafael Cuci Uang Miliaran Pakai Bitcoin, Ini Kata PPATK.” https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20230512113504-4-436827/rafael-cuci-uang-miliaran-pakai-bitcoin-ini-kata-ppatk, May 12, 2023.
Fanusie, Yaya J. “Financial Authorities Confront Two Cryptocurrency Ecosystems.” Global Governance to Combat Illicit Financial Flows: Measurment, Evaluation, Innovation, 2018. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep21429.8.
Ferry Sandi. “Tersangka Asabri Diduga Cuci Uang Di Bitcoin, Ini Modusnya.” https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/tech/20210421123611-37-239558/tersangka-asabri-diduga-cuci-uang-di-bitcoin-ini-modusnya, 2021.
Fletcher, Emily, Charles Larkin, and Shaen Corbet. “Countering Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing: A Case for Bitcoin Regulation,” 2023. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4674925.
Ghozi, Ahmad. “The Urgency of Electronic Know Your Customer (e-KYC): How Electronic Customer Identification Works to Prevent Money Laundering in The Fintech Industry.” Diponegoro Law Review. Vol. 07, 2022. https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/dlr/article/download/34447/21476.
Yusmar, Widiya, and Nella Sumika Putri. “Perampasan Aset Sebagai Upaya Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang Dengan Predicate Crime Tindak Pidana Narkotika.” Jurnal Ilmiah Galu Justisi 9, no. 2 (2021). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.25157/justisi.v9i2.5581.
Irma, Dasih, Sari Maeunah, Saefudin Zuhri, and Nendi Juhandi. “The Future of Cryptocurrency Legality in Indonesia.” Journal of Economics and Business Letters 1, no. 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.11347.
Laila Afifa. “Indonesian Police Seize US$4.64mn Assets in Binomo Binary Scam Case.” In 2022, in the fraud case of Binomo binary option which involed Indra Kesuma, also known as Indra Kenz, the Indonesian Police (Dittipideksus Bareskrim Polri) revealed Indra Kenz’s ownership of 58 million Rupiah worth of crypto assets, May 9, 2022.
Legal Research Directorate staff, Global, and Law Library of Congress. “Regulation of Cryptocurrency Around the World,” 2018. http://www.law.gov.
Lewiandy. “Crypto Asset Trends In Indonesia: New Challenges To Indonesian Regulations.” Era Hukum 20, no. 1 (2022).
Liang, Jiaqi, Linjing Li, and Daniel Zeng. “Evolutionary Dynamics of Cryptocurrency Transaction Networks: An Empirical Study.” PLoS ONE 13, no. 8 (July 1, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202202.
Lin, Dan, Jiajing Wu, Qishuang Fu, Yunmei Yu, Kaixin Lin, Zibin Zheng, and Shuo Yang. “Towards Understanding Crypto Money Laundering in Web3 Through the Lenses of Ethereum Heists.” SIGMETRICS 23 (May 24, 2023). http://arxiv.org/abs/2305.14748.
Mao, Tian, and Junhua Chen. “Smart Contract in Blockchain,” 868–75, 2023. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-030-5_86.
Nguyen, An Pham Ngoc, Tai Tan Mai, Marija Bezbradica, and Martin Crane. “The Cryptocurrency Market in Transition before and after COVID-19: An Opportunity for Investors?” Entropy 24, no. 9 (September 1, 2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/e24091317.
Of the Treasury, U.S Department. “Crypto-Assets: Implications for Consumers, Investors, and Businesses,” 2022.
Pathik, Shah. “How Money Laundering Is Messing up the World of Cryptocurrency.” https://amluae.com/how-money-laundering-is-messing-up-the-world-of-cryptocurrency/, 2024.
Pauwels, Pieter. “A Solution Concept for KYC without Knowing Your Customer, Leveraging Self-Sovereign Identity and Zero-Knowledge Proofs,” 2021. https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/907.pdf.
Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Article 1 Number (3) Draft Law on Asset Forfeiture Bill (n.d.).
———. Article 1 paragraph (1) Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 of 2011 concerning Amendments to Law Number 32 of 1997 concerning Commodity Futures Trading (n.d.).
———. Article 39 Indonesian Criminal Code (n.d.).
———. Article 71 Law Number 8 of 2010 concerning Eradication and Prevention of the Crime of Money Laundering (n.d.).
Pusat Pelaporan dan Analisis Transaksi Keuangan. “Tipologi Pencucian Uang,” 2019. http://www.ppatk.go.id.
Putri, Tiara, and Dwi Nurfauziah Ahmad. “Inadequate Cryptocurrency and Money Laundering Regulations in Indonesia (Comparative Law of US and Germany).” Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 12, no. 2 (2023): 129–52. https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.
Shahzad, Muhammad Farrukh, Shuo Xu, Weng Marc Lim, Muhammad Faisal Hasnain, and Shahneela Nusrat. “Cryptocurrency Awareness, Acceptance, and Adoption: The Role of Trust as a Cornerstone.” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2024). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02528-7.
Solichul Mukminah, Lily, and Otto Yudianto. “The Importance of Regulating Non-Conviction Based Asset Forfeiture in Corruption Cases in Indonesia.” IBLAM Law Review 3, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.52249.
Syauket, Amalia, Jantarda Mauli Hutagalung, and Muhammad Andi Prastio. “Fintech Dan Bitcoin Modus Pencuci Uang Hasil Korupsi.” Krtha Bhayangkara 17, no. 1 (March 14, 2023): 27–40. https://doi.org/10.31599/krtha.v17i1.1970.
Tjokrosetio, Douglas. The Complete Guide to Blockchain: Panduan Mudah Dan Lengkap Untuk Pemula. Jakarta: PT Tempo Inti Media, 2022.
Yanuar, Muh Afdal. “Risiko Dan Posibilitas Penyalahgunaan Aset Kripto Dalam Kejahatan Pencucian Uang (Risks and Possibilities of Misuse of Crypto Assets in Money Laundering Crimes).” Majalah Hukum Nasional 52, no. 2 (2022). https://doi.org/10.33331/mhn.v52i2.170.