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Submitted
November 3, 2025
Accepted
March 10, 2026
Published
April 30, 2026
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Abstract

Unemployment is a major challenge in economic development, reflecting an imbalance between labor supply and available job opportunities. This study aimed to examine the spatial variation of factors influencing the open unemployment rate (OUR) in Lampung Province, Indonesia, and to compare the performance of a global regression model with the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model in explaining these variations. The GWR method, using a fixed Gaussian kernel, was applied to capture spatial heterogeneity across regions. Secondary data were obtained from the Statistics Indonesia of Lampung Province in 2023, including economic growth (EG), human development index (HDI), and labor force participation rate (LFPR). The results showed that in the global regression model, LFPR was the only variable that significantly reduced unemployment, while EG and HDI were not statistically significant. The Breusch–Pagan test confirmed spatial heterogeneity, supporting the use of the GWR. The GWR model performed better, with Akaike information criterion (AIC) of 40.8262 and R² of 0.6059. Spatial analysis indicated that EG and HDI positively affected unemployment in several districts, suggesting limited job absorption and possible skill mismatches, whereas LFPR consistently showed a negative relationship with the open unemployment rate (OUR) across regions.

Keywords

Optimal Bandwidth Fixed Gaussian Kernel Geographically Weighted Regression Spatial Heterogeneity Unemployment Rate Lampung Province

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Author Biography

Ma'rufah Hayati, Institut Teknologi Sumatera

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How to Cite
Hayati, M., Madonna, N., Simanjuntak, E. G. ., & Nikmah, R. (2026). Utilizing Geographically Weighted Regression with a Gaussian Kernel to Analyze Unemployment. Enthusiastic : International Journal of Applied Statistics and Data Science, 6(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.20885/enthusiastic.vol6.iss1.art3
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