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Abstract
Microplastics are plastic fragments with size less than 5mm in length, according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Microplastics occur and spread in the environment as a result of plastic pollution. Although further assessment is needed to find the health impact of microplastic exposure to humans, several studies show that microplastic might harm the ocean and aquatic life. Code river is one of the big rivers in Yogyakarta. According to the Regional Environmental Agency of Yogyakarta, Code river was highly polluted by domestic waste and wastewater from the settlement along the river and its tributaries. Therefore, the objectives of this research are to investigate the abundance and characteristic of microplastics in fish from Code River Yogyakarta. Fish samples were collected from the fisherman in the upstream, middle, and downstream areas of Code River from February to May 2019. In the laboratory, the samples were analyzed using Wet Peroxide Oxidation (WPO) method. Fish gills and intestine were oxidized using WPO method followed by density separation for 24 hours. Nikon SMZ445 Stereoscopic Microscope with 35x magnification was used to analyze the shape, color, and total of microplastics. The highest abundance was found in fish samples collected from the upstream area (4.33 particles/gram) compare with the downstream area (3.25 particles/gram). The dominant color is blue, while the dominant type of microplastics is fiber.
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References
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References
B.D. Hardesty, J. Harari, A. Isobe, L. Lebreton, N. Maximenko, J. Potemra, E. van Sebille, A. Dick
Vethaak, C. Wilcox, Using numerical model simulations to improve the understanding of micro-plastic
distribution and pathways in the marine environment, Frontiers in Marine Science (2017) 30.
M.S. Tankovic, V.S. Perusco, J. Godrijan, D. M. Pfannkuchen, M. Pfannkuchen, marine plastic debris in the north-eastern Adriatic, (2015) 26
I. Mujiarto, Sifat dan karakteristik Material Plastik dan Bahan Aditif, Traksi. 3 (2005) 65-74
P. Hohenblum, B. Liebmann, M. Liedermann, Plastic and microplastic in the environment, Umweltbundensamt GmbH, Vienna (2015) 1-27
F. galgani, The Mediterranean Sea: From litter to microplastics Francois, Proc. Micro 2015 Seminar on Microplastics Issues. (2015) 15-16
K. Assidqi, the Physiological Impact of Microplastics on Holothuaria leucospilota, Thesis report, Graduate School Bogor Agricultural University, 2015
M. Eriksen, L.C. M. Lebreton,H.S. carson, M. Thiel, C.J. Moore, J.C. Borerro, F. Galgani, P.G. Ryan, J. reisser, platic pollution in the world's oceans: more than 5 trilion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea, PloS one 9 (12) (2014) 3l 11913
Sukirno, Sadono, Ekonomi Pembangunan, perpustakaan digital Universitas Negeri Malang, Jakarta, 2007
W. Brontowiyono, R. Lupiyanto, D. Wijaya, Pengelolaan Kawasan Sungai Code Berbasis Masyarakat, Jurnal Saibs & Tejnologi Lingkungan 2 91) (2010) 07-20
L. K. Rarung, S.B. Pratasik, Potensi Jenis-jenis Ikan Air Tawar Konsumsi Masyarakat Aliran sungai Digoel, kabupaten Boven Digoel, Papua dan beberapa Langkah pengelolaanay, Jurnal Perikanan dan kelautan Tropis 6 91) 92010) 41-45
C. reed, Plastic age: how it's resphairng rocks, oceans and life, new Scientist 28 92015)
H. Hirai, H. Takada, Y. Ogata, R. yamashita, K. Mizukawa, M.Saha, C. Kwan, C. Moore, H. gray, D. Laursen, organic micropollutants in marine plastics debris from the open ocean and remote and urban beaches, Marine pollution bulletin 62 (8) 92011) 1683-1692
j. masura, J.e. baker, G.D. Foster, C. Arthur, C. herring, Laboratory methids for the analysis of microplastics in the marine environment: recommendations for quantifying synthetic particles in waters and sediments (2015) 1-39
S. H. Siahaan, S. Dolant, T. A. Murwanto, inovasi Teknologi Energo terbarukan Di Lembaga, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kebijakan dan Manajemen IPTEK (2010) 113-133
W. Xhang, S. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. wang, J. Mu, P. Wang, X. Lin, D. Ma, Microplastics pollution in the surface waters of the Bohai Sea, China, Environmental pollution 231 (2017) 541-548
N, H. M. Nor, J.P. Obbard, Microplastics in Singapores coastal mangrove ecosystems, Marine pollution bulletin 79 (1-20 (2014) 278-283
I. S. Dewi, A. A. Budiarsa, I.R. Ritonga, Distribusi mikroplastik pada sedimen di Muara Badak, Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara, DEPIK Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Perariran, pesisir dan Perikanan 4 (3) 92015) 121-131
P. Kershaw, Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: a global assessment, International Maritime Organization, 2015.
M.L. Pedrotti, S. Bruzaud, B. Dumontet, A. Elineau, S. petit, Y. Grohens, P. Voisin, J.-C. Crebassa, G. Gorsky, Plastic fragments on the surface of Mediterranean waters, CIESM Workshop Monographs (2014) 115-123
C.J. Moore, S.L. Moore, M.K. Leecaster, S.B. Weisberg, A. comparison of plastic and plankton in the North Pacific central gyre, marine pollution nulletin 42 (12) (2001) 1297-1300
C.J. Moore, Synthetic polymers in the marine environment: a rapidly increasing, long-term threat, Environmental research 108 92) 92008) 131-139