Main Article Content
Abstract
Agritourism is known as a means of identification and realization of various on-farm and off-farm attractions existing in rural areas. This study aims at exploring the main determinants of agritourism development in Iran. Data were obtained via field survey and interview with 115 sample farmers from areas currently presenting agritourism services. By using a multinomial logit model, the impacts of theoretically expected variables were estimated. Findings/Originality: Education is the main driver of agritourism development. The programs aiming at increasing the knowledge of farmers regarding different advantages of agritourism should be paid special attention by the government. The result also indicates direct effect of diversified crops and services on probability to get involved in agritourism business. Provision of more crops and services on the farm generates more attraction for tourists and can lead to development of agritourism. In addition, farm size revealed same association, while the age of farmers has an adverse effect on provision of agritourism.
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References
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- Bahrami, R., Habibi, K., & Ghaderi, R. (2011). Strategic planning of rural tourism development (Case study: Rural areas of Kurdistan Province). Geography and Regional Planning, 2(1), 21–36.
- Barbieri, C., & Mshenga, P. M. (2008). The role of the firm and owner characteristics on the performance of agritourism farms. Journal Compilation European Society for Rural Sociology, 48(1), 166–183.
- Baum, S., Weingarten, P., & Banski, J. (2004). Developments or rural economies in the Central and Eastern Europe: An overview (Rural Areas and Development No. 2).
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- Liu, W. (2006). Analysis of agritourism development of Shanghai. Shanghai Journal of Economics, 1(2), 53–60.
- Long, J. S. (1997). Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. London, UK.: SAGE Publications, Inc.
- Ma, Y., Ma, J., Zhang, L., Yu, J., & Zhang, C. (2011). Research on dynamic mechanism of the development of agricultural tourism in Shanghai. Chinese Agriculture Science Bulletin, 27(33), 318–322.
- Mahaliyanaarachchi, R. (2015). Agritourism farm and farm stay. Sabaragamuwa: Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3938.4721
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- McFadden, D. (1974). Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behaviour. In P. Zarembka (Ed.), Frontiers in Econometrics (pp. 105–142). New York: Academic Press.
- McGehee, N. G. (2007). An agritourism systems model: A weberian perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(2), 111–124. https://doi.org/10.2167/jost634.0
- McGehee, N. G., & Kim, K. (2004). Motivation for agri-tourism Eentrepreneurship. Journal of Travel Research, 43(2), 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504268245
- Mnguni, K. I. (2010). The socio-economic analysis of agritourism in two rural communities in the Limpopo Province. University of South Africa.
- Moss, C. B., Kuethe, T., & Morehart, M. (2012). The agricultural resource management survey: An information system for production agriculture. Agricultural Finance Review, 72(2), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1108/00021461211250429
- Myer, S., & de Crom, E. (2013). Agritourism activities in the Mopani District Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa: Perceptions and opportunities. The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa, 9(2), 295–308. https://doi.org/10.4102/td.v9i2.208
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- Schilling, B. J., Attavanich, W., & Jin, Y. (2014). Does agritourism enhance farm profitability? Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.168260
- Sonnino, R. (2004). For a piece of bread? Interpreting sustainable development through agritourism in Southern Tuscany. Sociologia Ruralis, 44(3), 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2004.00276.x
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- Steiner, C. (2006). Social distance, security threats and tourism volatility (University of Mainz Publications). Germany.
- Tanrivermis, H., & Sanli, H. (2007). A research on the impacts of tourism on rural household income and farm enterprises: The case of the Nevsehir Province of Turkey. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics, 108(2), 169–189.
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References
Åke Nilsson, P. (2002). Staying on farms: An ideological background. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 7–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00081-5
Amanor-Boadu, V. (2013). Diversification decisions in agriculture: The case of agritourism in Kansas. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 16(2), 57–74.
Ashley, C., De Brine, P., Lehr, A., & Wilde, H. (2007). The role of the tourism sector in expanding economic opportunity.
Bagi, F., & Reeder, R. J. (2012). Factors affecting farmer participation in agritourism. Agricultural and Resource Economics, 41(2), 189–199.
Bahrami, R., Habibi, K., & Ghaderi, R. (2011). Strategic planning of rural tourism development (Case study: Rural areas of Kurdistan Province). Geography and Regional Planning, 2(1), 21–36.
Barbieri, C., & Mshenga, P. M. (2008). The role of the firm and owner characteristics on the performance of agritourism farms. Journal Compilation European Society for Rural Sociology, 48(1), 166–183.
Baum, S., Weingarten, P., & Banski, J. (2004). Developments or rural economies in the Central and Eastern Europe: An overview (Rural Areas and Development No. 2).
Bernardo, D., Valentine, L., & Leatherman, J. (2004). Agritourism: If we build It, will they come? In Risk and Profit Conference, Manhattan, Kansas. Retrieved from http://www.uvm.edu/ tourismresearch/agtour/publications/Kansas
Birthal, P. S., Joshi, P. K., Roy, D., & Thorat, A. (2007). Diversification in Indian agriculture towards high-value crops: The role of smallholders (IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 00727).
Blacka, A., Coale, P., Couture, P., Dooley, J., Hankins, A., Lastovica, A., … Uysal, M. (2001). Agritourism. Retrieved 25 November 2007, from http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/ agritour/310-003/310-003.html
Boruj, A. (2012). Standardization of eco lodges in Iran,. In 1st International Conference on Standardization in the Tourism and Related Industries.
Brandth, B., & Haugen, M. (2011). Farm diversification into tourism - implications for social identity? Journal of Rural Studies, 27(1), 35–44.
Brown, D. M., & Reader, R. J. (2007). Farm-based recreation: A statistical profile (No. ERR-53).
Carpio, C. E., Wohlgenant, M. K., & Boonsaeng, T. (2008). The demand for agritourism in the United States. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.42465
CBI. (2018). Economic report & balance Sheet. Tehran.
Che, D., Veeck, A., & Veeck, G. (2005). Sustaining production and strengthening the agritourism product: Linkages among Michigan agritourism destinations. Agriculture and Human Values, 22(2), 225–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-004-8282-0
Colton, J. W., & Bissix, G. (2005). Developing agritourism in Nova Scotia: Issues and challenges. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 27(1), 91–112. https://doi.org/10.1300/J064v27n01_06
Cordell, K. (2004). Outdoor recreation for 21st Century America: A report to the nation: The national survey on recreation and the environment. Andover, MA: Venture Publishing, Inc.
Demirbas Topcu, E. (2007). Agri-tourism: As a new element of country planning. Middle East Technical University.
Eftekhari, A. R., & Ghaderi, E. (2002). The rule of rural tourism in rural development (Theoretical analysis). The Journal of Spatial Planning, 6(2), 23–41.
Eftekhari, R., & Mahdavi, D. (2006). Rural tourism development strategies using SWOT model insmall Lavasanat Village. Human Sciences Modares Seasonal Journal, 10(2), 1–30.
Gannon, A. (1994). Rural tourism as a factor in rural community economic development for economies in transition. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2(1–2), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669589409510683
Gil Arroyo, C., Barbieri, C., & Rozier Rich, S. (2013). Defining agritourism: A comparative study of stakeholders’ perceptions in Missouri and North Carolina. Tourism Management, 37, 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.12.007
Greene, W. H. (2002). Econometric analysis (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: New York University.
Hamilpurka, S. (2012). Agri-tourism in Karnataka – Issues, constraints and possibilities. International Journal of Research in Commerce, Economics & Management, 2(7), 106–111.
Harcombe, D. P. (1999). The economic impacts of tourism. ABAC Journal, 19(2), 10–22.
Kumar, J., Hussain, K., & Kannan, S. (2015). Positive vs negative economic impacts of tourism development: A revenue of economic impact studies. In 21st Asia Pacific Tourism Association Annual Conference: Development of the new tourism paradigm in the Asia Pasific Region. Asia Pacific Tourism Association.
Lane, B. (2009). Rural tourism: An overview. In T. Jamal & M. Robinson (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Tourism Studies (pp. 354–370). London, UK.: SAGE Publications Inc.
Liu, W. (2006). Analysis of agritourism development of Shanghai. Shanghai Journal of Economics, 1(2), 53–60.
Long, J. S. (1997). Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. London, UK.: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Ma, Y., Ma, J., Zhang, L., Yu, J., & Zhang, C. (2011). Research on dynamic mechanism of the development of agricultural tourism in Shanghai. Chinese Agriculture Science Bulletin, 27(33), 318–322.
Mahaliyanaarachchi, R. (2015). Agritourism farm and farm stay. Sabaragamuwa: Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3938.4721
Malkanthi, S., & Routry, J. (2011). Potential for agritourism development: Evedance from Sri Lanka. Journal of Agricultural Sciences – Sri Lanka, 6(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.4038/jas.v6i1.3812
Matei (Titilina), F. D. (2015). Cultural tourism potential, as part of rural tourism development in the North-East of Romania. Procedia Economics and Finance, 23(October 2014), 453–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)00584-5
McFadden, D. (1974). Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behaviour. In P. Zarembka (Ed.), Frontiers in Econometrics (pp. 105–142). New York: Academic Press.
McGehee, N. G. (2007). An agritourism systems model: A weberian perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(2), 111–124. https://doi.org/10.2167/jost634.0
McGehee, N. G., & Kim, K. (2004). Motivation for agri-tourism Eentrepreneurship. Journal of Travel Research, 43(2), 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504268245
Mnguni, K. I. (2010). The socio-economic analysis of agritourism in two rural communities in the Limpopo Province. University of South Africa.
Moss, C. B., Kuethe, T., & Morehart, M. (2012). The agricultural resource management survey: An information system for production agriculture. Agricultural Finance Review, 72(2), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1108/00021461211250429
Myer, S., & de Crom, E. (2013). Agritourism activities in the Mopani District Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa: Perceptions and opportunities. The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa, 9(2), 295–308. https://doi.org/10.4102/td.v9i2.208
Nickerson, N. P., Black, R. J., & McCool, S. F. (2001). Agritourism: Motivations behind farm/ranch business diversification. Journal of Travel Research, 40(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750104000104
OECD. (2009). OECD annual report 2009.
Okech, R., Haghiri, M., & George, B. P. (2012). Rural tourism as a sustainable development alternative: An analysis with special reference to Luanda, Kenya. CULTUR, 6(3), 36–54.
Patterson, A. (2014). Brand Ireland: Tourism and national identity. In E. Frew & L. White (Eds.), Tourism and national identities: An international perspective. London, UK.: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203855966
People. (2010). Shanghai built more than 100 agritourist attractions.
Schilling, B. J., Attavanich, W., & Jin, Y. (2014). Does agritourism enhance farm profitability? Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.168260
Sonnino, R. (2004). For a piece of bread? Interpreting sustainable development through agritourism in Southern Tuscany. Sociologia Ruralis, 44(3), 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2004.00276.x
Statistical Center of Iran. (2011). Preliminary summary results of the national tourists survey - 2011.
Steiner, C. (2006). Social distance, security threats and tourism volatility (University of Mainz Publications). Germany.
Tanrivermis, H., & Sanli, H. (2007). A research on the impacts of tourism on rural household income and farm enterprises: The case of the Nevsehir Province of Turkey. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics, 108(2), 169–189.
Tew, C., & Barbieri, C. (2012). The perceived benefits of agritourism: The provider’s perspective. Tourism Management, 33(1), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.02.005
UNESCO. (2009). Sustainable tourism development in UNESCO designated sites in South-Eastern Europe. Montenegro: UNESCO.
UNWTO. (2016). Annual report 2016 - World Tourism Organization. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284418725
USDA. (2009). 2007 census of agriculture. Washing-ton, D.C.
USDA. (2014). 2012 census of agriculture. Washing-ton, D.C.