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Abstract
Introduction
Since the Covid-19 outbreak, underage marriages have become increasingly widespread with all its impact to the society. There are very limited studies on its impact from social and economic aspect, especially among Muslim society in Indonesia.
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to analyse the social and economic impacts of increasing underage marriage during the Covid-19 pandemic. By doing so, the study also aims to provide solution to solve the impacts for the affected communities.
Method
This study uses a qualitative method with a sociological approach that focuses on experiences and socio-cultural phenomena that occur in the midst of society.
Results
There are several social impacts that occur as a result of early marriage, conflict in the family, regret and heavy pressure, loss of opportunity to continue education, not being able to socialize, domestic violence, divorce. The economic impacts that occur due to early marriage, among others, are limited opportunities to get work opportunities, unable to bear the family's economic burden, structural poverty.
Implications
Efforts were made to reduce the number of early marriages, among others, holding meetings several times a month, formally coordinating community leaders, village officials, and KUA, through outreach programs to Majlis Taklim, marriage advice, through marriage sermons, coordinating with sub-districts, youth activities related to early marriage.
Originality/Novelty
The findings of this study contribute to efforts to overcome social and economic problems among Muslim society impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhlisah Lubis, Jureid Jureid, Rita Defriza, Siti Kholijah, Nur Saniah
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References
Abubakar, F. (2019). Islamic family law reform: Early marriage and criminalization (A comparative study of legal law in Indonesia and Pakistan). Al-Ahkam Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah Dan Hukum, 4(2), 97–118. https://doi.org/10.22515/al-ahkam.v4i2.1667
Afiati, T., Wafiroh, A., & Sofyan, M. S. (2022). Upaya pasangan suami istri tidak memiliki keturunan dalam mempertahankan keharmonisan rumah tangga (Studi kasus di Desa Siru Kabupaten Manggarai Barat NTT) [The efforts of a married couple without children to maintain household harmony (Case study in Siru Village, West Manggarai Regency, NTT)]. Al-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam Fakultas Syariah UIN Mataram, 14(2), 161–184. https://doi.org/10.20414/alihkam.v14i2.6927
Agustin, Y. D., Hosaini, H., & Agustin, L. (2021). Analysis of the impact of early marriage on adolescent reproductive health based on health perspectives and Islamic religion. UNEJ E-Proceeding, Proceeding of the 4th International Agronursing Conference, 103–107. https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/prosiding/article/view/26692
Andina, E. (2021). Increasing number of child marriages during Covid-19 pandemic. Info Singkat: A Brief Study of Actual and Strategic Issues, 12(4), 13–18. https://berkas.dpr.go.id/puslit/files/info_singkat/Info%20Singkat-XIII-4-II-P3DI-Februari-2021-232-EN.pdf
Andriati, S. L., Sari, M., & Wulandari, W. (2022). Implementasi perubahan batas usia perkawinan menurut UU No. 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan Atas UU No. 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan [Implementation of changes to the marriage age limit according to Law no. 16 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Law no. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage]. Binamulia Hukum, 11(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.37893/jbh.v11i1.306
Aristoni, A. (2016). 4 dekade hukum perkawinan di Indonesia: Menelisik problematika hukum dalam perkawinan di era modernisasi [4 decades of marriage law in Indonesia: Examining legal problems in marriage in the era of modernization]. YUDISIA : Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Dan Hukum Islam, 7(1), 74–97. https://doi.org/10.21043/yudisia.v7i1.2133
Asriati, A. (2012). Pembaruan hukum Islam dalam terapan dan perundang-undangan di Indonesia [Renewal of Islamic law in application and legislation in Indonesia]. DIKTUM: Jurnal Syariah Dan Hukum, 10(1), 23–39. https://doi.org/10.35905/diktum.v10i1.251
Bhattarai, P. C., Paudel, D. R., Poudel, T., Gautam, S., Paudel, P. K., Shrestha, M., Ginting, J. I., & Ghimire, D. R. (2022). Prevalence of early marriage and its underlying causes in Nepal: A mixed methods study. Social Sciences, 11(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040177
Buwono, N. (2019). The phenomenon of child marriage during the Covid-19 pandemic from a legal sociological perspective in the Kota Timur Sub-district, Gorontalo City. Estudiante Law Journal, 1(3), 661–672. https://doi.org/10.33756/eslaj.v1i3.13426
Dewi, S. A., & Muluyadi, A. A. (2022). Meningkatnya kasus pernikahan dini di Indonesia pada masa pandemi Covid-19 (Ditinjau dari Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan dan Dampaknya bagi Kesehatan Ibu dan Bayi) [Increasing cases of early marriage in Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic (Judging from Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 16 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and its Impact on Maternal and Baby Health)]. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Hukum, 2(1), Article 1. http://openjournal.unpam.ac.id/index.php/PSNH/article/view/24414
Fitianto, F. Y., & Nurullah, A. (2023). Analisis yuridis terhadap batas usia perkawinan menurut UU No 16 Tahun 2019 Perubahan UU No 1 Tahun 1974 [Juridical analysis of the age limit for marriage according to Law No. 16 of 2019 Amendment to Law No. 1 of 1974]. Madani: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin, 1(10), 178–192. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10082811
Gussevi, S., Indriyani, S. M., & Supiana, P. (2021). Children marriage phenomenon during the Covid-19 pandemic. Proceeding International Conference on Islam and Civilization (ICONIC), 1(1), 143–155. https://e-jurnal.staimuttaqien.ac.id/index.php/iconic/article/view/468
Hasudungan, A. (2022). Increasing child marriage in Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic: What causes it? Salus Cultura: Jurnal Pembangunan Manusia Dan Kebudayaan, 2, 151–161. https://doi.org/10.55480/saluscultura.v2i2.62
Ipetu, A. S., Thalib, M. C., & Abdussamad, Z. (2023). Analisis efektifitas UU Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 terhadap pencegahan pernikahan usia dini [Analysis of the effectiveness of Law Number 16 of 2019 in preventing early marriage]. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora Dan Seni, 1(2), 298–203. https://doi.org/10.47233/jishs.v1i2.736
Ismiati, I., Khairani, F., & Achmalona, T. (2022). Literature review: Factors caused an increase the number of early marriage during the Covid-19 pandemic. Jurnal Ners Dan Kebidanan (Journal of Ners and Midwifery), 9(1), 112–120. https://doi.org/10.26699/jnk.v9i1.ART.p112-120
Jayani, D. H. (2021, January 8). Wabah pernikahan dini di tengah pandemi dan dampak buruknya [The epidemic of early marriage in the midst of a pandemic and its negative impacts] [HTML]. Analisis Data Katadata. https://katadata.co.id/analisisdata/5ff7cb5cdf279/wabah-pernikahan-dini-di-tengah-pandemi-dan-dampak-buruknya
Kasih, A. P. (2020, July 8). Pakar Unpad: Angka pernikahan dini melonjak selama pandemi [Unpad expert: Early marriage rates soared during the pandemic] [HTML]. KOMPAS.com. https://edukasi.kompas.com/read/2020/07/08/131828971/pakar-unpad-angka-pernikahan-dini-melonjak-selama-pandemi
Khaerani, S. N. (2019). Faktor ekonomi dalam pernikahan dini pada Masyarakat Sasak Lombok [Economic factors in early marriage in the Sasak Lombok Community]. QAWWAM, 13(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.20414/qawwam.v13i1.1619
Khoiri, M. (2022). Pengaruh pandemi Covid – 19 terhadap pernikahan dibawah umur di Kantor Urusan Agama Kecamatan Banjarsari Kota Surakarta [The influence of the Covid-19 pandemic on underage marriages at the Banjarsari District Religious Affairs Office, Surakarta City]. Mamba’ul ’Ulum, 18(2), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.54090/mu.62
Lubis, A. H. (2021, September 4). Terlalu lama belajar online, puluhan pelajar SMA dan SMK di Madina pilih menikah [Studying online for too long, dozens of high school and vocational high school students in Mandailing Natal chose to get married] [HTML]. SINDOnews Daerah. https://daerah.sindonews.com/read/531652/717/terlalu-lama-belajar-online-puluhan-pelajar-sma-dan-smk-di-madina-pilih-menikah-1630746558
Luxiana, K. (2020, June 11). Kementerian PPPA sebut angka perkawinan anak meningkat di masa pandemi corona [The Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection said the number of child marriages has increased during the Covid-19 pandemic] [HTML]. detikNews. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5049836/kementerian-pppa-sebut-angka-perkawinan-anak-meningkat-di-masa-pandemi-corona
Munib, A., & Huda, M. (2023). Pernikahan di bawah umur dan relasinya terhadap keluarga di Kecamatan Slahung Kabupaten Ponorogo [Pernikahan di bawah umur dan hubungannya dengan keluarga di Kecamatan Slahung Kabupaten Ponorogo]. Journal of Economics, Law, and Humanities, 2(1), 95–112. https://doi.org/10.21154/jelhum.v2i1.1119
Musthofa, K., & Subiono, S. (2020). Spirit mitsaqan ghalidza dalam pernikahan sebagai penguat keluarga di Kalimantan Tengah [The spirit of mitsaqan ghalidza in marriage as a family strengthener in Central Kalimantan]. Usratuna: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam, 4(1), 74–91. https://doi.org/10.29062/usratuna.v4i01.171
Nikmah, J. (2021). Pernikahan dini akibat hamil di luar nikah pada masa pandemi: Studi kasus di Desa Ngunut [Early marriage due to pregnancy out of wedlock during the pandemic: Case study in Ngunut Village]. Sakina: Journal of Family Studies, 5(3), Article 3. http://urj.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/jfs/article/view/754
Pranita, E., & Putri, G. S. (2021, October 1). Pernikahan dini meningkat selama pandemi, BKKBN gencarkan edukasi reproduksi [Early marriages increased during the pandemic, the National Population and Family Planning Agency intensified reproductive education] [HTML]. KOMPAS.com. https://www.kompas.com/sains/read/2021/10/01/100000523/pernikahan-dini-meningkat-selama-pandemi-bkkbn-gencarkan-edukasi
Salmah, S. (2016). Pernikahan dini ditinjau dari sudut pandang sosial dan pendidikan [Early marriage is viewed from a social and educational perspective]. Al-Hiwar Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknik Dakwah, 4(1), 35–39. https://doi.org/10.18592/al-hiwar.v4i6.1215
Santoso, S. (2016). Hakekat perkawinan menurut Undang-Undang Perkawinan, hukum Islam dan hukum adat [The essence of marriage according to the Marriage Law, Islamic law and customary law]. YUDISIA : Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Dan Hukum Islam, 7(2), 412–434. https://doi.org/10.21043/yudisia.v7i2.2162
Saputra, B. N. A., Wicaksana, Y., Lestari, E. D., & Triningtyas, D. A. T. (2021). Fenomena pernikahan dini di masa pandemi Covid-19 [The phenomenon of early marriage during the Covid-19 pandemic]. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Dies Natalis UTP Surakarta, 1(01), Article 01. https://doi.org/10.36728/semnasutp.v1i01.18
Syalis, E. R., & Nurwati, N. N. (2020). Analisis dampak pernikahan dini terhadap psikologis remaja [Analysis of the impact of early marriage on adolescent psychology]. Focus : Jurnal Pekerjaan Sosial, 3(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.24198/focus.v3i1.28192
Talukder, A., Hasan, M., Razu, S., & Hossain, Z. (2020). Early marriage in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study exploring the associated factors. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 21(1), 68–78. https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol21/iss1/6
Wahhaj, Z. (2020). The economics of early marriage: Causes, consequences, and policy solutions. In K. F. Zimmermann (Ed.), Handbook of labor, human resources and population economics (pp. 1–26). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_67-1
Walker, J.-A. (2012). Early marriage in Africa - trends, harmful effects and interventions: Review article. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 16(2), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.10520/EJC121533
Yuliani, S., Humsona, R., Wahyunengseh, R. D., Haryani, T. N., & Lutfia, A. R. (2022). Analisis stakeholder dalam strategi pencegahan perkawinan anak di Indonesia [Analisis pemangku kepentingan dalam strategi pencegahan perkawinan anak di Indonesia]. Spirit Publik: Jurnal Administrasi Publik, 17(2), 130–149. https://doi.org/10.20961/sp.v17i2.65340
Zulfa, V., Hasanah, U., & Kusaini, F. (2024). The phenomenon of early marriage and its impact on family resilience. Journal of Family Sciences, Special Edition from National Seminar on Family, Child, and Consumer Issue: Building a Quality Family to Create a Golden Indonesia, 48–58. https://doi.org/10.29244/jfs.vi.49929
References
Abubakar, F. (2019). Islamic family law reform: Early marriage and criminalization (A comparative study of legal law in Indonesia and Pakistan). Al-Ahkam Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah Dan Hukum, 4(2), 97–118. https://doi.org/10.22515/al-ahkam.v4i2.1667
Afiati, T., Wafiroh, A., & Sofyan, M. S. (2022). Upaya pasangan suami istri tidak memiliki keturunan dalam mempertahankan keharmonisan rumah tangga (Studi kasus di Desa Siru Kabupaten Manggarai Barat NTT) [The efforts of a married couple without children to maintain household harmony (Case study in Siru Village, West Manggarai Regency, NTT)]. Al-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam Fakultas Syariah UIN Mataram, 14(2), 161–184. https://doi.org/10.20414/alihkam.v14i2.6927
Agustin, Y. D., Hosaini, H., & Agustin, L. (2021). Analysis of the impact of early marriage on adolescent reproductive health based on health perspectives and Islamic religion. UNEJ E-Proceeding, Proceeding of the 4th International Agronursing Conference, 103–107. https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/prosiding/article/view/26692
Andina, E. (2021). Increasing number of child marriages during Covid-19 pandemic. Info Singkat: A Brief Study of Actual and Strategic Issues, 12(4), 13–18. https://berkas.dpr.go.id/puslit/files/info_singkat/Info%20Singkat-XIII-4-II-P3DI-Februari-2021-232-EN.pdf
Andriati, S. L., Sari, M., & Wulandari, W. (2022). Implementasi perubahan batas usia perkawinan menurut UU No. 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan Atas UU No. 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan [Implementation of changes to the marriage age limit according to Law no. 16 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Law no. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage]. Binamulia Hukum, 11(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.37893/jbh.v11i1.306
Aristoni, A. (2016). 4 dekade hukum perkawinan di Indonesia: Menelisik problematika hukum dalam perkawinan di era modernisasi [4 decades of marriage law in Indonesia: Examining legal problems in marriage in the era of modernization]. YUDISIA : Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Dan Hukum Islam, 7(1), 74–97. https://doi.org/10.21043/yudisia.v7i1.2133
Asriati, A. (2012). Pembaruan hukum Islam dalam terapan dan perundang-undangan di Indonesia [Renewal of Islamic law in application and legislation in Indonesia]. DIKTUM: Jurnal Syariah Dan Hukum, 10(1), 23–39. https://doi.org/10.35905/diktum.v10i1.251
Bhattarai, P. C., Paudel, D. R., Poudel, T., Gautam, S., Paudel, P. K., Shrestha, M., Ginting, J. I., & Ghimire, D. R. (2022). Prevalence of early marriage and its underlying causes in Nepal: A mixed methods study. Social Sciences, 11(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11040177
Buwono, N. (2019). The phenomenon of child marriage during the Covid-19 pandemic from a legal sociological perspective in the Kota Timur Sub-district, Gorontalo City. Estudiante Law Journal, 1(3), 661–672. https://doi.org/10.33756/eslaj.v1i3.13426
Dewi, S. A., & Muluyadi, A. A. (2022). Meningkatnya kasus pernikahan dini di Indonesia pada masa pandemi Covid-19 (Ditinjau dari Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan dan Dampaknya bagi Kesehatan Ibu dan Bayi) [Increasing cases of early marriage in Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic (Judging from Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 16 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and its Impact on Maternal and Baby Health)]. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Hukum, 2(1), Article 1. http://openjournal.unpam.ac.id/index.php/PSNH/article/view/24414
Fitianto, F. Y., & Nurullah, A. (2023). Analisis yuridis terhadap batas usia perkawinan menurut UU No 16 Tahun 2019 Perubahan UU No 1 Tahun 1974 [Juridical analysis of the age limit for marriage according to Law No. 16 of 2019 Amendment to Law No. 1 of 1974]. Madani: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin, 1(10), 178–192. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10082811
Gussevi, S., Indriyani, S. M., & Supiana, P. (2021). Children marriage phenomenon during the Covid-19 pandemic. Proceeding International Conference on Islam and Civilization (ICONIC), 1(1), 143–155. https://e-jurnal.staimuttaqien.ac.id/index.php/iconic/article/view/468
Hasudungan, A. (2022). Increasing child marriage in Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic: What causes it? Salus Cultura: Jurnal Pembangunan Manusia Dan Kebudayaan, 2, 151–161. https://doi.org/10.55480/saluscultura.v2i2.62
Ipetu, A. S., Thalib, M. C., & Abdussamad, Z. (2023). Analisis efektifitas UU Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 terhadap pencegahan pernikahan usia dini [Analysis of the effectiveness of Law Number 16 of 2019 in preventing early marriage]. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora Dan Seni, 1(2), 298–203. https://doi.org/10.47233/jishs.v1i2.736
Ismiati, I., Khairani, F., & Achmalona, T. (2022). Literature review: Factors caused an increase the number of early marriage during the Covid-19 pandemic. Jurnal Ners Dan Kebidanan (Journal of Ners and Midwifery), 9(1), 112–120. https://doi.org/10.26699/jnk.v9i1.ART.p112-120
Jayani, D. H. (2021, January 8). Wabah pernikahan dini di tengah pandemi dan dampak buruknya [The epidemic of early marriage in the midst of a pandemic and its negative impacts] [HTML]. Analisis Data Katadata. https://katadata.co.id/analisisdata/5ff7cb5cdf279/wabah-pernikahan-dini-di-tengah-pandemi-dan-dampak-buruknya
Kasih, A. P. (2020, July 8). Pakar Unpad: Angka pernikahan dini melonjak selama pandemi [Unpad expert: Early marriage rates soared during the pandemic] [HTML]. KOMPAS.com. https://edukasi.kompas.com/read/2020/07/08/131828971/pakar-unpad-angka-pernikahan-dini-melonjak-selama-pandemi
Khaerani, S. N. (2019). Faktor ekonomi dalam pernikahan dini pada Masyarakat Sasak Lombok [Economic factors in early marriage in the Sasak Lombok Community]. QAWWAM, 13(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.20414/qawwam.v13i1.1619
Khoiri, M. (2022). Pengaruh pandemi Covid – 19 terhadap pernikahan dibawah umur di Kantor Urusan Agama Kecamatan Banjarsari Kota Surakarta [The influence of the Covid-19 pandemic on underage marriages at the Banjarsari District Religious Affairs Office, Surakarta City]. Mamba’ul ’Ulum, 18(2), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.54090/mu.62
Lubis, A. H. (2021, September 4). Terlalu lama belajar online, puluhan pelajar SMA dan SMK di Madina pilih menikah [Studying online for too long, dozens of high school and vocational high school students in Mandailing Natal chose to get married] [HTML]. SINDOnews Daerah. https://daerah.sindonews.com/read/531652/717/terlalu-lama-belajar-online-puluhan-pelajar-sma-dan-smk-di-madina-pilih-menikah-1630746558
Luxiana, K. (2020, June 11). Kementerian PPPA sebut angka perkawinan anak meningkat di masa pandemi corona [The Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection said the number of child marriages has increased during the Covid-19 pandemic] [HTML]. detikNews. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5049836/kementerian-pppa-sebut-angka-perkawinan-anak-meningkat-di-masa-pandemi-corona
Munib, A., & Huda, M. (2023). Pernikahan di bawah umur dan relasinya terhadap keluarga di Kecamatan Slahung Kabupaten Ponorogo [Pernikahan di bawah umur dan hubungannya dengan keluarga di Kecamatan Slahung Kabupaten Ponorogo]. Journal of Economics, Law, and Humanities, 2(1), 95–112. https://doi.org/10.21154/jelhum.v2i1.1119
Musthofa, K., & Subiono, S. (2020). Spirit mitsaqan ghalidza dalam pernikahan sebagai penguat keluarga di Kalimantan Tengah [The spirit of mitsaqan ghalidza in marriage as a family strengthener in Central Kalimantan]. Usratuna: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam, 4(1), 74–91. https://doi.org/10.29062/usratuna.v4i01.171
Nikmah, J. (2021). Pernikahan dini akibat hamil di luar nikah pada masa pandemi: Studi kasus di Desa Ngunut [Early marriage due to pregnancy out of wedlock during the pandemic: Case study in Ngunut Village]. Sakina: Journal of Family Studies, 5(3), Article 3. http://urj.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/jfs/article/view/754
Pranita, E., & Putri, G. S. (2021, October 1). Pernikahan dini meningkat selama pandemi, BKKBN gencarkan edukasi reproduksi [Early marriages increased during the pandemic, the National Population and Family Planning Agency intensified reproductive education] [HTML]. KOMPAS.com. https://www.kompas.com/sains/read/2021/10/01/100000523/pernikahan-dini-meningkat-selama-pandemi-bkkbn-gencarkan-edukasi
Salmah, S. (2016). Pernikahan dini ditinjau dari sudut pandang sosial dan pendidikan [Early marriage is viewed from a social and educational perspective]. Al-Hiwar Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknik Dakwah, 4(1), 35–39. https://doi.org/10.18592/al-hiwar.v4i6.1215
Santoso, S. (2016). Hakekat perkawinan menurut Undang-Undang Perkawinan, hukum Islam dan hukum adat [The essence of marriage according to the Marriage Law, Islamic law and customary law]. YUDISIA : Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Dan Hukum Islam, 7(2), 412–434. https://doi.org/10.21043/yudisia.v7i2.2162
Saputra, B. N. A., Wicaksana, Y., Lestari, E. D., & Triningtyas, D. A. T. (2021). Fenomena pernikahan dini di masa pandemi Covid-19 [The phenomenon of early marriage during the Covid-19 pandemic]. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Dies Natalis UTP Surakarta, 1(01), Article 01. https://doi.org/10.36728/semnasutp.v1i01.18
Syalis, E. R., & Nurwati, N. N. (2020). Analisis dampak pernikahan dini terhadap psikologis remaja [Analysis of the impact of early marriage on adolescent psychology]. Focus : Jurnal Pekerjaan Sosial, 3(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.24198/focus.v3i1.28192
Talukder, A., Hasan, M., Razu, S., & Hossain, Z. (2020). Early marriage in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study exploring the associated factors. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 21(1), 68–78. https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol21/iss1/6
Wahhaj, Z. (2020). The economics of early marriage: Causes, consequences, and policy solutions. In K. F. Zimmermann (Ed.), Handbook of labor, human resources and population economics (pp. 1–26). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_67-1
Walker, J.-A. (2012). Early marriage in Africa - trends, harmful effects and interventions: Review article. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 16(2), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.10520/EJC121533
Yuliani, S., Humsona, R., Wahyunengseh, R. D., Haryani, T. N., & Lutfia, A. R. (2022). Analisis stakeholder dalam strategi pencegahan perkawinan anak di Indonesia [Analisis pemangku kepentingan dalam strategi pencegahan perkawinan anak di Indonesia]. Spirit Publik: Jurnal Administrasi Publik, 17(2), 130–149. https://doi.org/10.20961/sp.v17i2.65340
Zulfa, V., Hasanah, U., & Kusaini, F. (2024). The phenomenon of early marriage and its impact on family resilience. Journal of Family Sciences, Special Edition from National Seminar on Family, Child, and Consumer Issue: Building a Quality Family to Create a Golden Indonesia, 48–58. https://doi.org/10.29244/jfs.vi.49929