Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction
In Indonesia, poverty is influenced by a complex set of economic, social, and structural factors. Issues such as economic crises, increasing populations, income levels, long-term unemployment, health problems, low educational background, limited access to goods and services, geographical location, and gender contribute to poverty.
Objectives
This study aims to analyze the impact of zakat, the Human Development Index (HDI), the open unemployment rate, and income on poverty in Indonesia from 2013 to 2022.
Method
This study used quantitative methods with multiple linear regression analysis using Eviews. Time-series data were sourced from Statistics Indonesia (Badan Pusat Statistik) and the National Amil Zakat Agency (Badan Amil Zakat Nasional). The analysis includes classical assumption tests such as normality, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, and autocorrelation tests.
Results
The findings reveal that zakat, HDI, and income have negative and significant impacts on poverty in Indonesia. This indicates that increases in zakat, HDI, and income lead to reductions in poverty levels. However, the open unemployment rate did not have a significant effect on poverty.
Implications
The results highlight the importance of zakat as a socioeconomic tool to reduce poverty by redistributing wealth. Improving human development through better education, healthcare, and economic opportunities is crucial for alleviating poverty. Policies aimed at increasing income levels can significantly reduce poverty rates.
Originality/Novelty
This study contributes to the literature by examining the simultaneous effects of zakat, HDI, the open unemployment rate, and income on poverty across Indonesia, offering insights into effective poverty reduction strategies.
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2024 Siti Mutmainah, Nurul Widwayati Islami Rahayu, Fauzan Fauzan, Agil Amirus Sholichin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
Aderemi, T. A., Opele, A. M., Olanipekun, W. D., & Al-Faryan, M. A. S. (2023). A panel analysis of FDI inflows and poverty reduction in BRICS countries: An implication for the sustainable development goal one. Transnational Corporations Review, 15(4), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tncr.2023.08.003
Adrian, A., & Lutfi, M. (2023). Pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi, distribusi dana zakat infak sedekah (ZIS), tingkat pengangguran dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia terhadap tingkat kemiskinan di Provinsi Sumatera Barat periode 2015-2020 [The influence of economic growth, distribution of zakat infaq alms funds, unemployment rate and Human Development Index on poverty levels in West Sumatra Province, 2015-2020]. Syar’ie: Jurnal Pemikiran Ekonomi Islam, 6(2), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.51476/syarie.v6i2.540
Adriani, E., & Wahyudi, W. (2017). Pengaruh tingkat pendidikan, kesehatan dan pendapatan terhadap kemiskinan di Provinsi Jambi [The influence of education, health and income levels on poverty in Jambi Province]. Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi, 15(2), 47–51. https://doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v15i2.179
Adzam, M., Usnitayati, H., Prastya, A. A., Bernantus, N. A., & Lamora, A. S. (2024). Analisis kebijakan fiskal dalam mengatasi kemiskinan melalui pemberdayaan dana desa: Kajian literatur [Analysis of fiscal policy in overcoming poverty through empowering village funds: Literature review]. Public Service and Governance Journal, 5(2), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.56444/psgj.v5i2.1471
Ali, I., & Hatta, Z. A. (2014). Zakat as a poverty reduction mechanism among the Muslim community: Case study of Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 8(1), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12025
Amanatillah, F., & Mukhlis, I. (2016). Analisis pengaruh zakat, infaq, indeks pembangunan manusia, dan tingkat pengangguran terhadap kemiskinan di Provinsi Aceh tahun 2007-2019 [Analysis of the influence of zakat, infaq, human development index, and unemployment rate on poverty in Aceh Province in 2007-2019]. Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis Dan Pendidikan, 2(1), 105–116. https://journal3.um.ac.id/index.php/fe/article/view/2668
Amran, E., Faisal, A., & Octaviani, D. (2024). The influence of the human development index and unemployment on poverty: Zakat as moderation. In Z. B. Pambuko, M. Setiyo, C. B. E. Praja, A. Setiawan, F. Yuliastuti, L. Muliawanti, & V. S. Dewi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th Borobudur International Symposium on Humanities and Social Science 2022 (BIS-HSS 2022) (Vol. 778, pp. 299–306). Atlantis Press SARL. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-118-0_34
Andriansyah, Y. (2015). Menggunakan konsep “at-turāṡ wa at-tajdīd” dalam pemikiran Hassan Hanafi untuk mengatasi kemiskinan di Indonesia [Using the concept of “at-turāṡ wa at-tajdīd” in Hassan Hanafi’s thinking to overcome poverty in Indonesia]. Millah: Journal of Religious Studies, 15(1), 161–184. https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol15.iss1.art8
Andrios, B. (2023, February 20). Rakornas Zakat 2023, Menag: Literasi kunci pengelolaan zakat nasional [National Zakat Coordination Meeting 2023, Minister of Religion: Literacy is the key to national zakat management] [HTML]. Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia. https://kemenag.go.id/nasional/rakornas-zakat-2023-menag-literasi-kunci-pengelolaan-zakat-nasional-c4l1ma
Anindya, A. S., & Pimada, L. M. (2023). An Indonesia experience: Does zakat enhance macroeconomic variables? International Journal of Zakat, 8(1), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.37706/ijaz.v8i1.449
Arsyad, L. (1999). Ekonomi pembangunan {Development economics]. Bagian Penerbitan STIE YKPN.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Pendapatan nasional Indonesia 2018-2022 [Indonesia’s national income 2018-2022]. Badan Pusat Statistik. https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2023/06/12/c8c6ec7f9b9688e1207e1b56/pendapatan-nasional-indonesia-2018-2022.html
Bahr, G., Hammer, B., & Luse, A. (2024). ICT4D and the capability approach: Understanding how freedom of expression on ICTs affect human development at the country-level. Information Technology for Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2024.2337048
Baihaqi, A. B., & Puspitasari, P. (2020). Analisis dampak pengangguran, indeks pembangunan manusia, zakat dan PDRB terhadap kemiskinan di Provinsi Aceh [Analysis of the impact of unemployment, human development index, zakat and GRDP on poverty in Aceh Province]. Journal Publicuho, 3(2), 177–192. https://doi.org/10.35817/jpu.v3i2.12272
Begum, A. (2022). Employment generation challenges and strategies for Pakistan: A diagnostic analysis. Unisia, 40(1), 67–102. https://doi.org/10.20885/unisia.vol40.iss1.art4
Bengtsson, E., & Molinder, J. (2024). Incomes and income inequality in Stockholm, 1870–1970: Evidence from micro data. Explorations in Economic History, 92, 101568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2023.101568
Bilo, C., & Machado, A. C. (2020). The role of Zakat in the provision of social protection: A comparison between Jordan and Sudan. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 40(3/4), 236–248. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-11-2018-0218
Bouanani, M., & Belhadj, B. (2019). Zakat and Poverty Alleviation in Tunisia Using the Fuzzy Approach. Journal of Quantitative Economics, 17(2), 421–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40953-019-00154-2
Choiriyah, E. A. N., Kafi, A., Hikmah, I. F., & Indrawan, I. W. (2020). Zakat and poverty alleviation in Indonesia: A panel analysis at provincial level. Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 6(4), 811–832. https://doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v6i4.1122
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th edition). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Dahliah, D., & Nur, A. N. (2021). The influence of unemployment, human development index and gross domestic product on poverty level. Golden Ratio of Social Science and Education, 1(2), 95–108. https://doi.org/10.52970/grsse.v1i2.84
Deb, S. (2015). The Human Development Index and its methodological refinements. Social Change, 45(1), 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049085714561937
Desai, M. (1991). Human development. European Economic Review, 35(2–3), 350–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(91)90136-7
Dewi, S. (2020). Pengangguran terbuka: Kasus di indonesia [Open unemployment: The case in Indonesia]. Jurnal Mitra Manajemen, 9(1), 43–46. https://doi.org/10.35968/jmm.v9i1.494
Direktorat Jenderal Bina Keuangan Daerah. (2013, December 20). Menekan kemiskinan, optimalkan perekonomi daerah [Reducing poverty, optimizing the regional economy] [HTML]. Direktorat Jenderal Bina Keuangan Daerah. https://keuda.kemendagri.go.id/artikel/detail/36-menekan-kemiskinan--optimalkan-perekonomi-daerah
Hakim, L., & Syaputra, A. D. (2020). Al-Qur’an dan pengentasan kemiskinan [Al-Qur’an and poverty alleviation]. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 6(3), 629–644. https://doi.org/10.29040/jiei.v6i3.1310
Hanifah, I. D., Ardianto, B., Meiningtiyas, E., & Sujianto, A. E. (2023). Analisis pengaruh dana zakat dalam mengatasi kemiskinan di Indonesia pada tahun 2017-2021 [Analysis of the influence of zakat funds in overcoming poverty in Indonesia, 2017-2021]. Jurnal Kewirausahaan Dan Manajemen Bisnis: Cuan, 1(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.59603/cuan.v1i1.7
Haq, M. ul. (1999). Reflections on human development. Oxford University Press.
Harahap, A. Z., Batubara, C., & Syahriza, R. (2023). Penghimpunan dan distribusi zakat penghasilan serta dampaknya terhadap kesejahteraan ekonomi keluarga muslim di Kota Binjai pada masa pandemi Covid-19 [Collection and distribution of income zakat and its impact on the economic welfare of Muslim families in Binjai City during the Covid-19 pandemic]. Inisiatif: Jurnal Ekonomi, Akuntansi Dan Manajemen, 2(4), 203–224. https://doi.org/10.30640/inisiatif.v2i4.1422
Haya, A., Lestari, R. D., & Crisanty, T. M. (2023). Analysis of factors affecting the open unemployment rate (UOR) 2022: A case of Banten in Indonesia. Proceedings of The International Conference on Data Science and Official Statistics, 2023(1), 639–649. https://doi.org/10.34123/icdsos.v2023i1.386
Hikmah, Mardia, & Mustamin B. (2023). Peranan Badan Amil Zakat Nasional (Baznas) Kabupaten Pinrang dalam menghimpun zakat pertanian di Desa Kaballangang [The role of the Pinrang Regency National Zakat Amil Agency (Baznas) in collecting agricultural zakat in Kaballangang Village]. Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis Dan Manajemen, 1(1), 184–191. https://doi.org/10.59024/jise.v1i1.137
Ibrahim, S. H., Moonti, U., & Sudirman, S. (2023). Pengaruh tingkat pendapatan keluarga terhadap kemiskinan rumah tangga [The influence of family income level on household poverty]. Journal of Economic and Business Education, 1(2), 153–163. https://doi.org/10.37479/jebe.v1i2.19397
Idris, I., & Yahya, T. (2018). Peranan lembaga zakat dalam pungutan harta zakat di badan amil zakat daerah Kabupaten Muaro Jambi [The role of zakat institutions in collecting zakat assets in the regional zakat amil agency of Muaro Jambi Regency]. Jurnal Selat, 6(1), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.31629/selat.v6i1.646
IHS Global Inc. (2022). EViews 12 University Edition for Windows [Computer software]. IHS Global Inc.
Iksan, M., & Arka, S. (2022). Pengaruh upah, pendidikan, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap kesempatan kerja serta kemiskinan Provinsi Jabar bagian selatan [The influence of wages, education and economic growth on employment opportunities and poverty in southern West Java Province]. E-Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan Universitas Udayana, 11(1), 147–175. https://doi.org/10.24843/EEP.2022.v11.i01.p07
Khasandy, E. A., & Badrudin, R. (2019). The influence of zakat on economic growth and welfare society in Indonesia. Integrated Journal of Business and Economics, 3(1), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.33019/ijbe.v3i1.89
Kristinawati, A., Sarfiah, S., & Destiningsih, R. (2018). Analisis pengaruh pendidikan, tingkat pengangguran terbuka dan pengeluaran subsidi terhadap tingkat kemiskinan di Indonesia tahun 1998-2018 [Analysis of the influence of education, open unemployment rates and subsidy spending on poverty levels in Indonesia, 1998-2018]. Dinamic, 2(4), 985–1004. https://www.neliti.com/publications/373976/analisis-pengaruh-pendidikan-tingkat-pengangguran-terbuka-dan-pengeluaran-subsid
Kurniasih, A., & Sriyana, J. (2012). Faktor-faktor penentu tingkat kemiskinan di Kabupaten Bantul [Determining factors of poverty levels in Bantul Regency]. Unisia, 76, 61–73. https://doi.org/10.20885/unisia.vol34.iss76.art5
Lestari, N. P., & Auwalin, I. (2022). Zakat and income inequality in Indonesia: Panel data analysis in 34 provinces. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 9(6), 898–912. https://doi.org/10.20473/vol9iss20226pp898-912
Lismana, A. I., & Sumarsono, H. (2022). Analysis of the effect of population growth, Human Development Index and unemployment rate on poverty in West Java Province 2017-2020. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 20(01), 88–97. https://doi.org/10.22219/jep.v20i01.20286
Morse, S. (2023). Quality of life, well-being and the Human Development Index: A media narrative for the developed world? Social Indicators Research, 170(3), 1035–1058. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-023-03230-6
Mulyadi, S. (2017). Analisis sistem pengupahan dalam prespektif ekonomi Islam (Studi kasus di home industri sandal Desa Toyomarto-Singosari) [Analysis of the wage system from an Islamic economic perspective (Case study in the sandal home industry of Toyomarto-Singosari Village)]. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FEB, 5(2), Article 2. https://jimfeb.ub.ac.id/index.php/jimfeb/article/view/3648
Mutmainah, S. (2023). Optimization of productive zakat as an effort to empower the economy of the people. Empowering Humanity, 1(1), 38–53. https://doi.org/10.58765/emhum.v1i1.107
Najib Putri, R. H., & Yuliana, I. (2023). Pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap tingkat kemiskinan dengan pengangguran sebagai mediasi di Probolinggo [The influence of economic growth on poverty levels with unemployment as mediation in Probolinggo]. Fair Value: Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 5(6), 2691–2700. https://doi.org/10.32670/fairvalue.v5i6.2531
Nurfaizah, N., & Oktarina, A. (2024). Pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi, pengangguran, pengeluaran pemerintah, dan dana otonomi khusus terhadap tingkat kemiskinan di Provinsi Papua Barat [The influence of economic growth, unemployment, government spending, and special autonomy funds on poverty levels in West Papua Province]. Jurnal BAABU AL-ILMI: Ekonomi Dan Perbankan Syariah, 9(1), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.29300/ba.v9i1.3424
Perkins, D. D., Ozgurer, M. R., Lupton, A., & Omidvar-Tehrani, S. (2021). Well-being as human development, equality, happiness and the role of freedom, activism, decentralization, volunteerism and voter participation: A global country-level study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 745818. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.745818
Powell, R. (2009). Zakat: Drawing insights for legal theory and economic policy from Islamic jurisprudence. University of Pittsburgh Tax Review, 7(43), 43–101. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1351024
Prasetyoningrum, A. K., & Sukmawati, U. S. (2018). Analisis pengaruh Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM), pertumbuhan ekonomi, dan pengangguran terhadap kemiskinan di Indonesia. Equilibrium: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah, 6(2), 217–240. https://doi.org/10.21043/equilibrium.v6i2.3663
Pratiwi, Y. R. (2022, February 24). Pemulihan perekonomian Indonesia setelah kontraksi akibat pandemi Covid-19 [Recovery of the Indonesian economy after contraction due to the Covid-19 pandemic] [HTML]. Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. https://www.djkn.kemenkeu.go.id/kpknl-banjarmasin/baca-artikel/14769/Pemulihan-Perekonomian-Indonesia-Setelah-Kontraksi-Akibat-Pandemi-Covid-19.html
Putri, E. M., & Putri, D. Z. (2021). Pengaruh upah minimum, tingkat pengangguran terbuka, pendidikan dan pengeluaran pemerintah terhadap kemiskinan di Indonesia [The influence of minimum wages, open unemployment rates, education and government spending on poverty in Indonesia]. Ecosains: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 10(2), 106–114. https://doi.org/10.24036/ecosains.11564057.00
Rahman, A., & Alamsyah, Muh. F. (2019). Pengaruh pendidikan, pendapatan dan konsumsi terhadap kemiskinan masyarakat migran di Kota Makassar [The influence of education, income and consumption on the poverty of migrant communities in Makassar City]. EcceS (Economics, Social, and Development Studies), 6(1), 111–129. https://doi.org/10.24252/ecc.v6i1.9546
Rezaee, A., Bozorg-Haddad, O., & Singh, V. P. (2021). 11—Water and society. In O. Bozorg-Haddad (Ed.), Economical, Political, and Social Issues in Water Resources (pp. 257–271). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90567-1.00004-8
Rusmini, Cahyono, D. N., Putri, K., Afkarina, I., Aprilia, P., Taufiq, A., Lestari, D. P., Silvia, K. J., Misrul, & Firmanda, B. A. (2023). Bangkitnya perekonomian Indonesia pasca Covid-19 [The revival of the Indonesian economy after Covid-19]. Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis Dan Kewirausahaan, 12(1), 59–75. https://jurnal.usahidsolo.ac.id/index.php/IAB/article/view/1327
Saputra, D., & Panorama, M. (2022). Faktor-faktor determinan yang mempengaruhi tingkat kemiskinan di Indonesia dengan indeks pembangunan manusia sebagai variabel intervening [Determinant factors that influence the level of poverty in Indonesia with the human development index as an intervening variable]. Ekonomi, Keuangan, Investasi Dan Syariah (EKUITAS), 4(2), 453–463. https://doi.org/10.47065/ekuitas.v4i2.2252
Sari, N. D., Rahayu, N. D., Salimah, B. S., Firmansah, N. M. H., & Khoiriawati, N. (2024). Strategi kebijakan publik melalui program pengentasan kemiskinan di era pemerintahan Jokowi [Public policy strategy through poverty alleviation programs in the Jokowi government era]. Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis Dan Manajemen, 3(2), 14–25. https://doi.org/10.58192/ebismen.v3i2.2112
Sen, A. (1988). The standard of living. Cambridge University Press.
Sheikomar, O. B., Dean, W., Ghattas, H., & Sahyoun, N. R. (2021). Validity of the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) for use in League of Arab States (LAS) and characteristics of food insecure individuals by the Human Development Index (HDI). Current Developments in Nutrition, 5(4), nzab017. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab017
Streeten, P. (1994). Human development: Means and ends. The American Economic Review, 84(2), 232–237. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117835
Sugiyono. (2018). Metode penelitian kuantitatif [Quantitative research methods]. Alfabeta.
Suhartoyo, S. (2020). Perlindungan hukum mengenai pengupahan terhadap pekerja/buruh dengan perjanjian kerja waktu tertentu [Legal protection regarding wages for workers/laborers with certain time work agreements]. Administrative Law and Governance Journal, 3(3), 494–503. https://doi.org/10.14710/alj.v3i3.494
Sukirno, S. (2004). Makro ekonomi [Macroeconomics]. PT. Raja Grafindo Persada.
Suripto, S., & Subayil, L. (2020). Pengaruh tingkat pendidkan, pengangguran pertumbuhan ekonomi dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia terhadap kemiskinan di D.I. Yogyakarta priode 2010-2017 [The influence of education level, unemployment, economic growth and the Human Development Index on poverty in D.I. Yogyakarta, 2010-2017]. GROWTH Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Pembangunan, 2(1), 127–143. https://stiemmamuju.e-journal.id/GJIEP/article/view/35
Sušnik, J., Masia, S., Jewitt, G., & Simpson, G. (2022). Chapter 5—Tools and indices for WEF nexus analysis. In T. Mabhaudhi, A. Senzanje, A. Modi, G. Jewitt, & F. Massawe (Eds.), Water—Energy—Food Nexus Narratives and Resource Securities (pp. 67–89). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91223-5.00013-7
Sutrisno, E. (2021). Strategi pemulihan ekonomi pasca pandemi melalui sektor UMKM dan pariwisata [Post-pandemic economic recovery strategy through the MSME and tourism sectors]. Jurnal Lemhannas RI, 9(1), 167–185. https://doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v9i1.385
United Nations. (2024). Human Development Report 2023-24. In Human Development Reports. United Nations. https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2023-24
Viollani, K. A., Siswanto, S., & Suprayitno, E. (2022). Pengaruh Islamic Human Development Index dan pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap kemiskinan dengan pengangguran sebagai variabel intervening [The influence of the Islamic Human Development Index and economic growth on poverty with unemployment as an intervening variable]. Fair Value: Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 4(11), 5233–5244. https://doi.org/10.32670/fairvalue.v4i11.1855
Wahdati, A., Fahrina, A., Khasanah, K., & Susminingsih, S. (2022). The effect of zakah, infaq and alms, Human Development Index, unemployment and inflation on economic growth and poverty rate in Indonesia in the year 2011-2021. International Conference on Islamic Studies (ICIS), 191–206. https://proceeding.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/icis/article/view/1082
Widiastuti, A. S. & Kosasih. (2021). Pengaruh ZIS, pertumbuhan ekonomi, pengangguran dan inflasi terhadap tingkat kemiskinan di Indonesia [The influence of zakat, infaq and alms, economic growth, unemployment and inflation on poverty levels in Indonesia]. Maro: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Dan Bisnis, 4(1), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.31949/maro.v4i1.973
Widiastuti, T., Auwalin, I., Rani, L. N., & Ubaidillah Al Mustofa, M. (2021). A mediating effect of business growth on zakat empowerment program and mustahiq’s welfare. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1), 1882039. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1882039
Widiastuti, T., Mawardi, I., Zulaikha, S., Herianingrum, S., Robani, A., Al Mustofa, M. U., & Atiya, N. (2022). The nexus between Islamic social finance, quality of human resource, governance, and poverty. Heliyon, 8(12), e11885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11885
Yanthi, C., & Marhaeni, A. (2015). Pengaruh pendidikan, tingkat upah dan pengangguran terhadap persentase penduduk miskin di kabupaten/kota Provinsi Bali [The influence of education, wage levels and unemployment on the percentage of poor people in the districts/cities of Bali Province]. Jurnal Piramida, 11(2), 68–75. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/piramida/article/download/23280/15301
Yulianto, T. (2023, November 30). Memahami kembali strategi pengentasan kemiskinan di Indonesia sebagai sumber penerimaan negara [Re-understanding poverty alleviation strategies in Indonesia as a source of state revenue] [HTML]. Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. https://djpb.kemenkeu.go.id/kanwil/sulteng/id/data-publikasi/berita-terbaru/2830-memahami-kembali-strategi-pengentasan-kemiskinan-di-indonesia-sebagai-sumber-penerimaan-negara.html
References
Aderemi, T. A., Opele, A. M., Olanipekun, W. D., & Al-Faryan, M. A. S. (2023). A panel analysis of FDI inflows and poverty reduction in BRICS countries: An implication for the sustainable development goal one. Transnational Corporations Review, 15(4), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tncr.2023.08.003
Adrian, A., & Lutfi, M. (2023). Pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi, distribusi dana zakat infak sedekah (ZIS), tingkat pengangguran dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia terhadap tingkat kemiskinan di Provinsi Sumatera Barat periode 2015-2020 [The influence of economic growth, distribution of zakat infaq alms funds, unemployment rate and Human Development Index on poverty levels in West Sumatra Province, 2015-2020]. Syar’ie: Jurnal Pemikiran Ekonomi Islam, 6(2), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.51476/syarie.v6i2.540
Adriani, E., & Wahyudi, W. (2017). Pengaruh tingkat pendidikan, kesehatan dan pendapatan terhadap kemiskinan di Provinsi Jambi [The influence of education, health and income levels on poverty in Jambi Province]. Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi, 15(2), 47–51. https://doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v15i2.179
Adzam, M., Usnitayati, H., Prastya, A. A., Bernantus, N. A., & Lamora, A. S. (2024). Analisis kebijakan fiskal dalam mengatasi kemiskinan melalui pemberdayaan dana desa: Kajian literatur [Analysis of fiscal policy in overcoming poverty through empowering village funds: Literature review]. Public Service and Governance Journal, 5(2), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.56444/psgj.v5i2.1471
Ali, I., & Hatta, Z. A. (2014). Zakat as a poverty reduction mechanism among the Muslim community: Case study of Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 8(1), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12025
Amanatillah, F., & Mukhlis, I. (2016). Analisis pengaruh zakat, infaq, indeks pembangunan manusia, dan tingkat pengangguran terhadap kemiskinan di Provinsi Aceh tahun 2007-2019 [Analysis of the influence of zakat, infaq, human development index, and unemployment rate on poverty in Aceh Province in 2007-2019]. Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis Dan Pendidikan, 2(1), 105–116. https://journal3.um.ac.id/index.php/fe/article/view/2668
Amran, E., Faisal, A., & Octaviani, D. (2024). The influence of the human development index and unemployment on poverty: Zakat as moderation. In Z. B. Pambuko, M. Setiyo, C. B. E. Praja, A. Setiawan, F. Yuliastuti, L. Muliawanti, & V. S. Dewi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th Borobudur International Symposium on Humanities and Social Science 2022 (BIS-HSS 2022) (Vol. 778, pp. 299–306). Atlantis Press SARL. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-118-0_34
Andriansyah, Y. (2015). Menggunakan konsep “at-turāṡ wa at-tajdīd” dalam pemikiran Hassan Hanafi untuk mengatasi kemiskinan di Indonesia [Using the concept of “at-turāṡ wa at-tajdīd” in Hassan Hanafi’s thinking to overcome poverty in Indonesia]. Millah: Journal of Religious Studies, 15(1), 161–184. https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol15.iss1.art8
Andrios, B. (2023, February 20). Rakornas Zakat 2023, Menag: Literasi kunci pengelolaan zakat nasional [National Zakat Coordination Meeting 2023, Minister of Religion: Literacy is the key to national zakat management] [HTML]. Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia. https://kemenag.go.id/nasional/rakornas-zakat-2023-menag-literasi-kunci-pengelolaan-zakat-nasional-c4l1ma
Anindya, A. S., & Pimada, L. M. (2023). An Indonesia experience: Does zakat enhance macroeconomic variables? International Journal of Zakat, 8(1), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.37706/ijaz.v8i1.449
Arsyad, L. (1999). Ekonomi pembangunan {Development economics]. Bagian Penerbitan STIE YKPN.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Pendapatan nasional Indonesia 2018-2022 [Indonesia’s national income 2018-2022]. Badan Pusat Statistik. https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2023/06/12/c8c6ec7f9b9688e1207e1b56/pendapatan-nasional-indonesia-2018-2022.html
Bahr, G., Hammer, B., & Luse, A. (2024). ICT4D and the capability approach: Understanding how freedom of expression on ICTs affect human development at the country-level. Information Technology for Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2024.2337048
Baihaqi, A. B., & Puspitasari, P. (2020). Analisis dampak pengangguran, indeks pembangunan manusia, zakat dan PDRB terhadap kemiskinan di Provinsi Aceh [Analysis of the impact of unemployment, human development index, zakat and GRDP on poverty in Aceh Province]. Journal Publicuho, 3(2), 177–192. https://doi.org/10.35817/jpu.v3i2.12272
Begum, A. (2022). Employment generation challenges and strategies for Pakistan: A diagnostic analysis. Unisia, 40(1), 67–102. https://doi.org/10.20885/unisia.vol40.iss1.art4
Bengtsson, E., & Molinder, J. (2024). Incomes and income inequality in Stockholm, 1870–1970: Evidence from micro data. Explorations in Economic History, 92, 101568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2023.101568
Bilo, C., & Machado, A. C. (2020). The role of Zakat in the provision of social protection: A comparison between Jordan and Sudan. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 40(3/4), 236–248. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-11-2018-0218
Bouanani, M., & Belhadj, B. (2019). Zakat and Poverty Alleviation in Tunisia Using the Fuzzy Approach. Journal of Quantitative Economics, 17(2), 421–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40953-019-00154-2
Choiriyah, E. A. N., Kafi, A., Hikmah, I. F., & Indrawan, I. W. (2020). Zakat and poverty alleviation in Indonesia: A panel analysis at provincial level. Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 6(4), 811–832. https://doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v6i4.1122
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th edition). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Dahliah, D., & Nur, A. N. (2021). The influence of unemployment, human development index and gross domestic product on poverty level. Golden Ratio of Social Science and Education, 1(2), 95–108. https://doi.org/10.52970/grsse.v1i2.84
Deb, S. (2015). The Human Development Index and its methodological refinements. Social Change, 45(1), 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049085714561937
Desai, M. (1991). Human development. European Economic Review, 35(2–3), 350–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(91)90136-7
Dewi, S. (2020). Pengangguran terbuka: Kasus di indonesia [Open unemployment: The case in Indonesia]. Jurnal Mitra Manajemen, 9(1), 43–46. https://doi.org/10.35968/jmm.v9i1.494
Direktorat Jenderal Bina Keuangan Daerah. (2013, December 20). Menekan kemiskinan, optimalkan perekonomi daerah [Reducing poverty, optimizing the regional economy] [HTML]. Direktorat Jenderal Bina Keuangan Daerah. https://keuda.kemendagri.go.id/artikel/detail/36-menekan-kemiskinan--optimalkan-perekonomi-daerah
Hakim, L., & Syaputra, A. D. (2020). Al-Qur’an dan pengentasan kemiskinan [Al-Qur’an and poverty alleviation]. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 6(3), 629–644. https://doi.org/10.29040/jiei.v6i3.1310
Hanifah, I. D., Ardianto, B., Meiningtiyas, E., & Sujianto, A. E. (2023). Analisis pengaruh dana zakat dalam mengatasi kemiskinan di Indonesia pada tahun 2017-2021 [Analysis of the influence of zakat funds in overcoming poverty in Indonesia, 2017-2021]. Jurnal Kewirausahaan Dan Manajemen Bisnis: Cuan, 1(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.59603/cuan.v1i1.7
Haq, M. ul. (1999). Reflections on human development. Oxford University Press.
Harahap, A. Z., Batubara, C., & Syahriza, R. (2023). Penghimpunan dan distribusi zakat penghasilan serta dampaknya terhadap kesejahteraan ekonomi keluarga muslim di Kota Binjai pada masa pandemi Covid-19 [Collection and distribution of income zakat and its impact on the economic welfare of Muslim families in Binjai City during the Covid-19 pandemic]. Inisiatif: Jurnal Ekonomi, Akuntansi Dan Manajemen, 2(4), 203–224. https://doi.org/10.30640/inisiatif.v2i4.1422
Haya, A., Lestari, R. D., & Crisanty, T. M. (2023). Analysis of factors affecting the open unemployment rate (UOR) 2022: A case of Banten in Indonesia. Proceedings of The International Conference on Data Science and Official Statistics, 2023(1), 639–649. https://doi.org/10.34123/icdsos.v2023i1.386
Hikmah, Mardia, & Mustamin B. (2023). Peranan Badan Amil Zakat Nasional (Baznas) Kabupaten Pinrang dalam menghimpun zakat pertanian di Desa Kaballangang [The role of the Pinrang Regency National Zakat Amil Agency (Baznas) in collecting agricultural zakat in Kaballangang Village]. Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis Dan Manajemen, 1(1), 184–191. https://doi.org/10.59024/jise.v1i1.137
Ibrahim, S. H., Moonti, U., & Sudirman, S. (2023). Pengaruh tingkat pendapatan keluarga terhadap kemiskinan rumah tangga [The influence of family income level on household poverty]. Journal of Economic and Business Education, 1(2), 153–163. https://doi.org/10.37479/jebe.v1i2.19397
Idris, I., & Yahya, T. (2018). Peranan lembaga zakat dalam pungutan harta zakat di badan amil zakat daerah Kabupaten Muaro Jambi [The role of zakat institutions in collecting zakat assets in the regional zakat amil agency of Muaro Jambi Regency]. Jurnal Selat, 6(1), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.31629/selat.v6i1.646
IHS Global Inc. (2022). EViews 12 University Edition for Windows [Computer software]. IHS Global Inc.
Iksan, M., & Arka, S. (2022). Pengaruh upah, pendidikan, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap kesempatan kerja serta kemiskinan Provinsi Jabar bagian selatan [The influence of wages, education and economic growth on employment opportunities and poverty in southern West Java Province]. E-Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan Universitas Udayana, 11(1), 147–175. https://doi.org/10.24843/EEP.2022.v11.i01.p07
Khasandy, E. A., & Badrudin, R. (2019). The influence of zakat on economic growth and welfare society in Indonesia. Integrated Journal of Business and Economics, 3(1), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.33019/ijbe.v3i1.89
Kristinawati, A., Sarfiah, S., & Destiningsih, R. (2018). Analisis pengaruh pendidikan, tingkat pengangguran terbuka dan pengeluaran subsidi terhadap tingkat kemiskinan di Indonesia tahun 1998-2018 [Analysis of the influence of education, open unemployment rates and subsidy spending on poverty levels in Indonesia, 1998-2018]. Dinamic, 2(4), 985–1004. https://www.neliti.com/publications/373976/analisis-pengaruh-pendidikan-tingkat-pengangguran-terbuka-dan-pengeluaran-subsid
Kurniasih, A., & Sriyana, J. (2012). Faktor-faktor penentu tingkat kemiskinan di Kabupaten Bantul [Determining factors of poverty levels in Bantul Regency]. Unisia, 76, 61–73. https://doi.org/10.20885/unisia.vol34.iss76.art5
Lestari, N. P., & Auwalin, I. (2022). Zakat and income inequality in Indonesia: Panel data analysis in 34 provinces. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 9(6), 898–912. https://doi.org/10.20473/vol9iss20226pp898-912
Lismana, A. I., & Sumarsono, H. (2022). Analysis of the effect of population growth, Human Development Index and unemployment rate on poverty in West Java Province 2017-2020. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 20(01), 88–97. https://doi.org/10.22219/jep.v20i01.20286
Morse, S. (2023). Quality of life, well-being and the Human Development Index: A media narrative for the developed world? Social Indicators Research, 170(3), 1035–1058. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-023-03230-6
Mulyadi, S. (2017). Analisis sistem pengupahan dalam prespektif ekonomi Islam (Studi kasus di home industri sandal Desa Toyomarto-Singosari) [Analysis of the wage system from an Islamic economic perspective (Case study in the sandal home industry of Toyomarto-Singosari Village)]. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FEB, 5(2), Article 2. https://jimfeb.ub.ac.id/index.php/jimfeb/article/view/3648
Mutmainah, S. (2023). Optimization of productive zakat as an effort to empower the economy of the people. Empowering Humanity, 1(1), 38–53. https://doi.org/10.58765/emhum.v1i1.107
Najib Putri, R. H., & Yuliana, I. (2023). Pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap tingkat kemiskinan dengan pengangguran sebagai mediasi di Probolinggo [The influence of economic growth on poverty levels with unemployment as mediation in Probolinggo]. Fair Value: Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 5(6), 2691–2700. https://doi.org/10.32670/fairvalue.v5i6.2531
Nurfaizah, N., & Oktarina, A. (2024). Pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi, pengangguran, pengeluaran pemerintah, dan dana otonomi khusus terhadap tingkat kemiskinan di Provinsi Papua Barat [The influence of economic growth, unemployment, government spending, and special autonomy funds on poverty levels in West Papua Province]. Jurnal BAABU AL-ILMI: Ekonomi Dan Perbankan Syariah, 9(1), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.29300/ba.v9i1.3424
Perkins, D. D., Ozgurer, M. R., Lupton, A., & Omidvar-Tehrani, S. (2021). Well-being as human development, equality, happiness and the role of freedom, activism, decentralization, volunteerism and voter participation: A global country-level study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 745818. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.745818
Powell, R. (2009). Zakat: Drawing insights for legal theory and economic policy from Islamic jurisprudence. University of Pittsburgh Tax Review, 7(43), 43–101. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1351024
Prasetyoningrum, A. K., & Sukmawati, U. S. (2018). Analisis pengaruh Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM), pertumbuhan ekonomi, dan pengangguran terhadap kemiskinan di Indonesia. Equilibrium: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah, 6(2), 217–240. https://doi.org/10.21043/equilibrium.v6i2.3663
Pratiwi, Y. R. (2022, February 24). Pemulihan perekonomian Indonesia setelah kontraksi akibat pandemi Covid-19 [Recovery of the Indonesian economy after contraction due to the Covid-19 pandemic] [HTML]. Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. https://www.djkn.kemenkeu.go.id/kpknl-banjarmasin/baca-artikel/14769/Pemulihan-Perekonomian-Indonesia-Setelah-Kontraksi-Akibat-Pandemi-Covid-19.html
Putri, E. M., & Putri, D. Z. (2021). Pengaruh upah minimum, tingkat pengangguran terbuka, pendidikan dan pengeluaran pemerintah terhadap kemiskinan di Indonesia [The influence of minimum wages, open unemployment rates, education and government spending on poverty in Indonesia]. Ecosains: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 10(2), 106–114. https://doi.org/10.24036/ecosains.11564057.00
Rahman, A., & Alamsyah, Muh. F. (2019). Pengaruh pendidikan, pendapatan dan konsumsi terhadap kemiskinan masyarakat migran di Kota Makassar [The influence of education, income and consumption on the poverty of migrant communities in Makassar City]. EcceS (Economics, Social, and Development Studies), 6(1), 111–129. https://doi.org/10.24252/ecc.v6i1.9546
Rezaee, A., Bozorg-Haddad, O., & Singh, V. P. (2021). 11—Water and society. In O. Bozorg-Haddad (Ed.), Economical, Political, and Social Issues in Water Resources (pp. 257–271). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90567-1.00004-8
Rusmini, Cahyono, D. N., Putri, K., Afkarina, I., Aprilia, P., Taufiq, A., Lestari, D. P., Silvia, K. J., Misrul, & Firmanda, B. A. (2023). Bangkitnya perekonomian Indonesia pasca Covid-19 [The revival of the Indonesian economy after Covid-19]. Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis Dan Kewirausahaan, 12(1), 59–75. https://jurnal.usahidsolo.ac.id/index.php/IAB/article/view/1327
Saputra, D., & Panorama, M. (2022). Faktor-faktor determinan yang mempengaruhi tingkat kemiskinan di Indonesia dengan indeks pembangunan manusia sebagai variabel intervening [Determinant factors that influence the level of poverty in Indonesia with the human development index as an intervening variable]. Ekonomi, Keuangan, Investasi Dan Syariah (EKUITAS), 4(2), 453–463. https://doi.org/10.47065/ekuitas.v4i2.2252
Sari, N. D., Rahayu, N. D., Salimah, B. S., Firmansah, N. M. H., & Khoiriawati, N. (2024). Strategi kebijakan publik melalui program pengentasan kemiskinan di era pemerintahan Jokowi [Public policy strategy through poverty alleviation programs in the Jokowi government era]. Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis Dan Manajemen, 3(2), 14–25. https://doi.org/10.58192/ebismen.v3i2.2112
Sen, A. (1988). The standard of living. Cambridge University Press.
Sheikomar, O. B., Dean, W., Ghattas, H., & Sahyoun, N. R. (2021). Validity of the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) for use in League of Arab States (LAS) and characteristics of food insecure individuals by the Human Development Index (HDI). Current Developments in Nutrition, 5(4), nzab017. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab017
Streeten, P. (1994). Human development: Means and ends. The American Economic Review, 84(2), 232–237. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117835
Sugiyono. (2018). Metode penelitian kuantitatif [Quantitative research methods]. Alfabeta.
Suhartoyo, S. (2020). Perlindungan hukum mengenai pengupahan terhadap pekerja/buruh dengan perjanjian kerja waktu tertentu [Legal protection regarding wages for workers/laborers with certain time work agreements]. Administrative Law and Governance Journal, 3(3), 494–503. https://doi.org/10.14710/alj.v3i3.494
Sukirno, S. (2004). Makro ekonomi [Macroeconomics]. PT. Raja Grafindo Persada.
Suripto, S., & Subayil, L. (2020). Pengaruh tingkat pendidkan, pengangguran pertumbuhan ekonomi dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia terhadap kemiskinan di D.I. Yogyakarta priode 2010-2017 [The influence of education level, unemployment, economic growth and the Human Development Index on poverty in D.I. Yogyakarta, 2010-2017]. GROWTH Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Pembangunan, 2(1), 127–143. https://stiemmamuju.e-journal.id/GJIEP/article/view/35
Sušnik, J., Masia, S., Jewitt, G., & Simpson, G. (2022). Chapter 5—Tools and indices for WEF nexus analysis. In T. Mabhaudhi, A. Senzanje, A. Modi, G. Jewitt, & F. Massawe (Eds.), Water—Energy—Food Nexus Narratives and Resource Securities (pp. 67–89). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91223-5.00013-7
Sutrisno, E. (2021). Strategi pemulihan ekonomi pasca pandemi melalui sektor UMKM dan pariwisata [Post-pandemic economic recovery strategy through the MSME and tourism sectors]. Jurnal Lemhannas RI, 9(1), 167–185. https://doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v9i1.385
United Nations. (2024). Human Development Report 2023-24. In Human Development Reports. United Nations. https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2023-24
Viollani, K. A., Siswanto, S., & Suprayitno, E. (2022). Pengaruh Islamic Human Development Index dan pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap kemiskinan dengan pengangguran sebagai variabel intervening [The influence of the Islamic Human Development Index and economic growth on poverty with unemployment as an intervening variable]. Fair Value: Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 4(11), 5233–5244. https://doi.org/10.32670/fairvalue.v4i11.1855
Wahdati, A., Fahrina, A., Khasanah, K., & Susminingsih, S. (2022). The effect of zakah, infaq and alms, Human Development Index, unemployment and inflation on economic growth and poverty rate in Indonesia in the year 2011-2021. International Conference on Islamic Studies (ICIS), 191–206. https://proceeding.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/icis/article/view/1082
Widiastuti, A. S. & Kosasih. (2021). Pengaruh ZIS, pertumbuhan ekonomi, pengangguran dan inflasi terhadap tingkat kemiskinan di Indonesia [The influence of zakat, infaq and alms, economic growth, unemployment and inflation on poverty levels in Indonesia]. Maro: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Dan Bisnis, 4(1), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.31949/maro.v4i1.973
Widiastuti, T., Auwalin, I., Rani, L. N., & Ubaidillah Al Mustofa, M. (2021). A mediating effect of business growth on zakat empowerment program and mustahiq’s welfare. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1), 1882039. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1882039
Widiastuti, T., Mawardi, I., Zulaikha, S., Herianingrum, S., Robani, A., Al Mustofa, M. U., & Atiya, N. (2022). The nexus between Islamic social finance, quality of human resource, governance, and poverty. Heliyon, 8(12), e11885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11885
Yanthi, C., & Marhaeni, A. (2015). Pengaruh pendidikan, tingkat upah dan pengangguran terhadap persentase penduduk miskin di kabupaten/kota Provinsi Bali [The influence of education, wage levels and unemployment on the percentage of poor people in the districts/cities of Bali Province]. Jurnal Piramida, 11(2), 68–75. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/piramida/article/download/23280/15301
Yulianto, T. (2023, November 30). Memahami kembali strategi pengentasan kemiskinan di Indonesia sebagai sumber penerimaan negara [Re-understanding poverty alleviation strategies in Indonesia as a source of state revenue] [HTML]. Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. https://djpb.kemenkeu.go.id/kanwil/sulteng/id/data-publikasi/berita-terbaru/2830-memahami-kembali-strategi-pengentasan-kemiskinan-di-indonesia-sebagai-sumber-penerimaan-negara.html