Article Sidebar

Muthawif concessions in Umrah travel bureau management
Submitted
September 5, 2024
Accepted
October 31, 2024
Published
November 10, 2024
Download
PDF Review Reports Originality Report
Statistic
Read Counter : 37 Download : 34

Main Article Content

Abstract

Introduction
In Indonesia, the demand for Umrah services has grown significantly, amplifying the need for skilled muthawif who can support pilgrims both spiritually and logistically. The unique position of muthawif within the Umrah travel ecosystem requires well-structured management to ensure that service quality meets pilgrims' expectations. This study addresses the gaps in understanding how muthawif management practices are implemented within Indonesian travel bureaus and identifies the role of Saudi concessions in shaping these practices.
Objectives
The primary objectives of this study are to assess the responsibilities of muthawif within the framework of concessions provided by Saudi and Indonesian authorities and to analyze the management approaches that optimize muthawif roles in enhancing the pilgrim experience. This research also seeks to identify the operational challenges faced by muthawif in balancing their duties across various management structures.
Method
A qualitative field research approach was adopted, involving interviews and observations with key stakeholders such as muthawif, Umrah bureau directors, and agency leaders. Data was collected in both Indonesia and Saudi Arabia, allowing for an in-depth exploration of how muthawif function within different organizational and regulatory contexts. This approach provides contextual insights into the management practices influencing muthawif performance.
Results
The study found that muthawif in Indonesia operate within three main categories: government-managed, agency-affiliated, and freelance. Each type of muthawif has different levels of flexibility and operational scope, impacting the quality and consistency of guidance services. Saudi government concessions offer operational flexibility, while Indonesian travel bureaus emphasize standardized training and service quality aligned with Islamic principles. These differences impact how muthawif adapt to the needs of diverse pilgrim groups.
Implications
The findings suggest that structured management and regulatory concessions are crucial to enhancing muthawif performance and service quality. Collaborative efforts between Indonesian travel bureaus and muthawif agencies contribute to a more professional and efficient Umrah guidance service. This study provides practical insights for travel bureaus and policymakers seeking to improve muthawif training standards and management practices within the Umrah industry.
Originality/Novelty
This research expands the literature on Umrah service management by focusing on the specific roles and concessions governing muthawif. It introduces new perspectives on optimizing muthawif performance through coordinated management approaches and cross-agency collaboration, addressing a critical area of service quality for Indonesian pilgrims undertaking Umrah.

Keywords

concession muthawif management Umrah Umrah agency spiritual tourism travel bureau

Article Details

License

Copyright (c) 2024 Afanin Atiqa Fallah, Kurnia Muhajarah

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
How to Cite
Fallah, A. A., & muhajarah, kurnia. (2024). Muthawif concessions in Umrah travel bureau management. Journal of Islamic Economics Lariba, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.20885/jielariba.vol10.iss2.art3
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

References

  1. Abror, M. A. M., & Anang, A. W. (2023). Strategi pendamping umroh dalam menghadapi perilaku jama’ah di PT. Brahmana Muda Sentosa [Umrah companion strategy in dealing with the behavior of the congregation at PT. Brahmana Muda Sentosa]. Social Science and Contemporary Issues Journal, 1(3), 508–516. https://doi.org/10.59388/sscij.v1i3.355

  2. Adriansyah, R. T., Pangestu, R., & Firmansyah, A. (2022). Penerapan ISAK 16 pada perjanjian konsesi jasa studi kasus: PT Indonesia Power [Application of ISAK 16 to service concession agreements: Case study of PT Indonesia Power]. Journal of Law, Administration, and Social Science, 2(1), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.54957/jolas.v2i1.161

  3. Ahmad, S. W. (2019). Dampak lokasi dan harga terhadap keputusan pembelian paket haji-umrah di PT Al Ikhlas Wisata Mandiri [The impact of location and price on the decision to purchase hajj-umrah packages at PT Al Ikhlas Wisata Mandiri]. Jurnal Iqtisaduna, 5(2), 287–297. https://doi.org/10.24252/iqtisaduna.v5i2.19841

  4. Al-Aidaroos, A. S. A., & Abdul Mutalib, A. (2015). Personal digital mutawwif: A multi-modal mobile hajj assistance using the location based services. Jurnal Teknologi, 77(29), 15–20. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v77.6805

  5. Anas, A., & Adinugraha, H. H. (2017). Dakwah Nabi Muhammad terhadap masyarakat Madinah perspektif komunikasi antarbudaya [Prophet Muhammad’s preaching to the people of Medina from an intercultural communication perspective]. Ilmu Dakwah: Academic Journal for Homiletic Studies, 11(1), 53–72. https://doi.org/10.15575/idajhs.v11i1.1356

  6. Asyhar, A. A. (2022). Peran tour leader dalam memimpin rombongan jamaah ibadah umrah PT Niat Suci Kebaitullah (NSK) [The role of the tour leader in leading the group of Umrah pilgrims of PT Niat Suci Kebaitullah] [Bachelor’s thesis, Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau]. https://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/65204/

  7. Bashir, H. (2024). Elucidating the role of contributors enriching spiritual and religious inspirations for the Muslims to perform holy umrah pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia. A prospective study: Umrah a spritual journey. International Journal of Innovation and Business Strategy (IJIBS), 19(1), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.11113/ijibs.v19.150

  8. Choliq, A. (2018). Esensi program bimbel manasik haji upaya pemberdayaan masyarakat [The essence of the Hajj manasik tutoring program: Community empowerment efforts]. At-Taqaddum, 10(1), 23–49. https://doi.org/10.21580/at.v10i1.2540

  9. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th edition). SAGE Publications, Inc.

  10. Djamil, A., Sulthon, M., Murtadho, A., & Sattar, A. (2020). Pengembangan kurikulum program studi haji & umarah [Development of the curriculum for the Hajj and Umrah study program]. Fatawa Publishing.

  11. Dusra, E., Akbar, M., & Sonni, A. F. (2024). Tour leader PT. Al-Bayan Permata Ujas communication competency relationship with satisfaction of umrah pilgrims for the 1445 Hijriah period. International Journal of Religion, 5(10), 5746–5756. https://doi.org/10.61707/b8p47n19

  12. Edruce, S. A. A. H., Nizar, T. J., & Mohd Yusof, F. (2014). Tahap kefahaman jemaah haji Malaysia terhadap pelaksanaan ibadat haji: Satu penilaian kuantitatif [The level of understanding of Malaysian Hajj pilgrims regarding the implementation of the Hajj pilgrimage: A quantitative assessment]. Jurnal Teknologi, 68(1), 132–139. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v68.2895

  13. Fadhly, M., Aziz, M. A. A., Masdar, A. K. C., Nadira, L., & Wismanto, W. (2024). Pendidikan tata cara pelaksanaan haji dan umrah bagi mahasiswa PGMI pada Mata Kuliah Fiqih Ibadah [Education on procedures for carrying out the Hajj and Umrah for PGMI students in the Fiqh of Worship Course]. Alfihris: Jurnal Inspirasi Pendidikan, 2(2), 152–162. https://doi.org/10.59246/alfihris.v2i2.778

  14. Fadiyah, L. (2018). Peran muthawif dalam meningkatkan pelayanan jamaah di Biro Haji dan Umrah Asbihu-NU Purwokerto [The role of muthawif in improving services for pilgrims at the Asbihu-NU Purwokerto Hajj and Umrah Bureau] [Bachelor’s thesis, IAIN Purwokerto]. https://repository.uinsaizu.ac.id/4078/

  15. Fared, M. A., Darmawan, D., & Khairi, M. (2021). Contribution of e-service quality to repurchase intention with mediation of customer satisfaction: Study of online shopping through marketplace. Journal of Marketing and Business Research (MARK), 1(2), 93–106. https://doi.org/10.56348/mark.v1i2.37

  16. Fedirets, O., Bokhin, N., & Rudenok, O. (2023). Management control as an integral element of the management process in the organization. Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics and Technology, 8(4), 205–209. https://doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2023-4-33

  17. Firmansyah, F. (2020). Pengaruh efektifitas bimbingan manasik haji dan umrah dalam meningkatkan kualitas jamaah pada PT Ghinasepti Tour & Travel di Bandung [The influence of the effectiveness of Hajj and Umrah ritual guidance in improving the quality of pilgrims at PT Ghinasepti Tour & Travel in Bandung] [Bachelor’s thesis, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta]. https://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/handle/123456789/52266

  18. Hadi, N. (2024). Education management in Islamic perspective. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 30(4), 6751–6758. https://doi.org/10.53555/kuey.v30i4.2471

  19. Hakim, L., & Muhajarah, K. (2024). Analysis of the spiritual experience of performing Umrah for converts to Islam (Phenomenological study in Muallaf Kita Bersama Semarang City). JUSPI (Jurnal Sejarah Peradaban Islam), 7(2), 165–172. https://doi.org/10.30829/juspi.v7i2.19139

  20. Harun, A., Muslim, A. K., Dzail, D., & Othman, B. A. (2020). Star rating factors for umrah services: The perspectives of umrah operators and consumers. International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage, 8(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.21427/RQ15-P355

  21. Hasanah, H. (2017). Teknik-teknik observasi (Sebuah alternatif metode pengumpulan data kualitatif ilmu-ilmu sosial) [Observation techniques (An alternative method of qualitative data collection in the social sciences)]. At-Taqaddum, 8(1), 21–46. https://doi.org/10.21580/at.v8i1.1163

  22. Hilmi, M. (2019). Humor dalam pesan dakwah [Humor in the message of preaching]. Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah, 38(1), 87–110. https://doi.org/10.21580/jid.v38.1.3972

  23. Holid, A., Salafiyah, Y., Farisi, A. N., Mu’in, A., & Fauzi, A. (2024). Principles of sincerity and honest management in vocational secondary schools from a hadith perspective management. Formosa Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 3(7), 2417–2426. https://doi.org/10.55927/fjmr.v3i7.9746

  24. Huda, K., Abdoe, T. A., Sari, L. A., & Wantika, A. (2024). Studi literatur penerapan konsep dan peran manajemen pada organisasi [Literature study on the application of concepts and roles of management in organizations]. Metta : Jurnal Ilmu Multidisiplin, 4(2), 80–91. https://doi.org/10.37329/metta.v4i2.3375

  25. Ibrahim, A., & Darmawan, C. (2023). Peran leader travel umrah Zafir Tour dalam pengembangan kualitas pelayanan terhadap pelanggan [The role of the Zafir Tour Umrah travel leader in developing the quality of service to customers]. Social Science and Contemporary Issues Journal, 1(4), 801–809. https://doi.org/10.59388/sscij.v1i4.356

  26. Islamiyah, F., Pimay, A., & Rozaq, A. (2024). Pencegahan culture shock jamaah haji tahun 2023 oleh Kementerian Agama Kabupaten Demak. Al Qalam: Jurnal Ilmiah Keagamaan Dan Kemasyarakatan, 18(5), 3317–3334. https://doi.org/10.35931/aq.v18i5.3923

  27. Jafari, J., & Scott, N. (2014). Muslim world and its tourisms. Annals of Tourism Research, 44, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.08.011

  28. Jamaludin, M. A., Rosli, N. L. I., & Saffine, S. S. (2023). Fundamentals of tour guide in Muslim friendly tourism. Journal of Halal Industry & Services, 6(1), a0000366. https://doi.org/10.36877/jhis.a0000366

  29. Jamaludin, M. S. B., & Abu Bakar, N. R. (2021, April 6). Mengkaji amalan mutawwif dalam tugasan membimbing jemaah umrah di Malaysia [Examining the practice of mutawwif in the task of guiding Umrah pilgrims in Malaysia]. International Conference on Syariah & Law 2021 (ICONSYAL 2021). International Conference on Syariah & Law 2021 (ICONSYAL 2021). https://www.scribd.com/document/586822979/1012

  30. Jamaludin, M. S. B., & Abu Bakar, N. R. (2022, December 13). Kompetensi dan prestasi mutawwif dalam tugasan membimbing jemaah umrah  [Competence and achievements of mutawwif in the task of guiding Umrah pilgrims]. 6th Muzakarah Fiqh & International Conference 2022 (6th MFIFC 2022). 6th Muzakarah Fiqh & International Conference 2022 (6th MFIFC 2022). https://conference.uis.edu.my/mfifc/images/e-proceeding2022/1040-DR_RAUDHIAH.pdf

  31. Jamaludin, M. S., Suyurno, S. S. Hj., & Meerangani, K. A. (2022). Assessing the level of efficiency of umrah and ziarah company managers in managing umrah packages in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(7), 889–907. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i7/14320

  32. Jocić, L., Vujko, A., & Panić, A. (2024). Services quality as a factor for bridging the gap between expected and perceived services in agency business. Turisticko Poslovanje, 33, 71–78. https://doi.org/10.5937/turpos0-49765

  33. Jumali, E., Harto, P. P., Suprapto, E., & Wibowo, H. (2023). Ekosistem haji [Hajj ecosystem]. PT. RajaGrafindo Persada.

  34. KBBI Online. (2016a). Direksi [HTML]. KBBI Online. https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/direksi

  35. KBBI Online. (2016b). Konsesi [HTML]. KBBI Online. https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/konsesi

  36. KBBI Online. (2016c). Mutawif [HTML]. KBBI Online. https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/mutawif

  37. Khalid, K. A., & Ghani, N. A. R. N. A. (2021). The development of guidelines on qualification of umrah mutawwif in Malaysia. International Journal of Advanced Research, 9(6), 709–719. https://doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/13066

  38. Kouchi, A. N., Nezhad, M. Z., & Kiani, P. (2018). A study of the relationship between the growth in the number of Hajj pilgrims and economic growth in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 36, 103–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.01.008

  39. Lee, Y. S. (2024). Qualitative and mixed methods. In Translational orthopedics (pp. 229–232). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85663-8.00010-6

  40. Li, J. (2015). Ethical challenges in participant observation: A reflection on ethnographic fieldwork. The Qualitative Report, 13(1), 100–115. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2008.1608

  41. Lihawa, J. F. S. M., Kasim, N. M., & Kamba, S. N. M. (2023). Upaya hukum yang diberikan kepada konsumen yang dirugikan akibat travel umrah ilegal [Legal remedies provided to consumers who are harmed by illegal Umrah travel]. Journal of Comprehensive Science (JCS), 2(6), 1486–1495. https://doi.org/10.59188/jcs.v2i6.367

  42. Linaci, A. N. S., & Patimah, S. (2023). Management in the Qur’an perspective. Jurnal Multidisiplin Indonesia, 2(11), 3528–3641. https://doi.org/10.58344/jmi.v2i11.940

  43. Matondang, A. N., Lubis, A. S., Handayani, R., & Putri, E. (2024). Implementasi manajemen pada pelayanan calon jamaah umrah di PT. Multazam Wisata Agung Cabang Padangsidimpuan [Implementation of management in the service of prospective Umrah pilgrims at PT. Multazam Wisata Agung Padangsidimpuan Branch]. Multazam : Jurnal Manajemen Haji Dan Umrah, 4(1), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.32332/multazam.v4i1.9024

  44. Muhamad, I., & Muhamad, D. (2024). Manajemen strategik dalam meningkatkan minat calon jemaah haji dan umroh PT. Krisma Tour Kabupaten Cianjur [Strategic management in increasing the interest of prospective hajj and umrah pilgrims PT. Krisma Tour Cianjur Regency]. HUMANITIS: Jurnal Homaniora, Sosial Dan Bisnis, 2(3), 333–340. http://humanisa.my.id/index.php/hms/article/view/113

  45. Mukhlis, S. (2018). Perlindungan hukum jemaah umrah dalam penyelenggaraan perjalanan ibadah umrah [Legal protection for Umrah pilgrims in organizing the Umrah pilgrimage]. Asy-Syari’ah, 20(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.15575/as.v20i1.3011

  46. Mustofa, M. B., Wuryan, S., & Harsono, W. (2022). Analisis manajemen pelayanan pada calon jama’ah haji dan umroh (PT. Daanish Mika Salsa Tours and Travel) [Analysis of service management for prospective Hajj and Umrah pilgrims (PT. Daanish Mika Salsa Tours and Travel)]. Multazam : Jurnal Manajemen Haji Dan Umrah, 1(2), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.32332/multazam.v1i2.5377

  47. Nasution, Z., & Hadirman, H. (2020). Bentuk politik negara dalam kebijakan daftar tunggu haji pada masyarakat muslim di Bali [The form of state politics in the Hajj waiting list policy for Muslim communities in Bali]. Al-Tadabbur, 6(1), 121–151. https://doi.org/10.46339/altadabbur.v6i1.356

  48. Noviyanti, D. (2015). Pentingnya implementasi strategi pemasaran bagi travel haji dan umroh di Banjarmasin [The importance of implementing marketing strategies for Hajj and Umrah travel in Banjarmasin]. Alhadharah: Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah, 14(28), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.18592/alhadharah.v14i28.1231

  49. Nursiti, A., & Dewi, P. M. (2024). Perlindungan hukum bagi jamaah umroh Hilal Al Khair Tour and Travel Sukoharjo berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2019 tentang Penyelenggaraan Ibadah Haji dan Umrah [Legal protection for Umrah pilgrims Hilal Al Khair Tour and Travel Sukoharjo based on Law Number 8 of 2019 concerning the Implementation of the Hajj and Umrah Pilgrimages]. Jurnal Cakrawala Ilmiah, 3(10), 2807–2814. https://www.bajangjournal.com/index.php/JCI/article/view/7982

  50. Nyirangondo, M., Du Bruyn, M., & Dilotsotlhe, N. (2024). Are hotels meeting customer expectations regarding service quality: A study of hotels in Pretoria, South Africa. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 13(4), 124–133. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v13i4.3362

  51. Othman, B., Harun, A., Rashid, W., Nazeer, S., Kassim, A., & Kadhim, K. (2019). The influences of service marketing mix on customer loyalty towards Umrah travel agents: Evidence from Malaysia. Management Science Letters, 9(6), 865–876. https://growingscience.com/beta/msl/3121-the-influences-of-service-marketing-mix-on-customer-loyalty-towards-umrah-travel-agents-evidence-from-malaysia.html

  52. Othman, B., Harun, A., Taha, M., Aref, K., & Sadq, Z. (2020). The relationship between Umrah service quality dimensions and Umrah customer loyalty: A study on the Umrah travelling industry in Malaysia. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(13), 2131–2142. https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.13.335

  53. Putri, D. A. (2022). Legal policy of implementation of organizing umrah worship in Indonesia. Global Legal Review, 2(1), 18–30. https://doi.org/10.19166/glr.v2i1.4072

  54. Ramadhan, I., Hadist, N., & Kurniati, K. (2024). Etika pengelolaan pemerintahan perspektif hukum Islam [Ethics of governance from an Islamic legal perspective]. Ethics and Law Journal: Business and Notary, 2(3), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.61292/eljbn.209

  55. Ritonga, H. J. (2020). Manajemen waktu dalam Islam [Time management in Islam]. Al-Idarah: Jurnal Pengkajian Dakwah Dan Manajemen, 8(1), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.37064/ai.v7i1.7548

  56. Rohimat, A., & Sudrajat, B. (2023). Strategi pelayanan tour leader biro haji dan umroh untuk meningkatkan reapeat order calon jamaah pada PT. Impressa Media Wisata [Hajj and Umrah travel agency tour leader service strategy to increase repeat orders of prospective pilgrims at PT. Impressa Media Wisata]. An-Nawa: Jurnal Studi Islam, 5(2), 149–160. https://doi.org/10.37758/annawa.v5i2.774

  57. Ronan, R. (2018). Dana talangan umrah dalam perspektif hukum Islam [Umrah advance funds from an Islamic legal perspective]. Jurnal Ilmiah Mizani: Wacana Hukum, Ekonomi Dan Keagamaan, 5(1), 29–46. https://doi.org/10.29300/mzn.v5i1.1435

  58. Rosenbaum, P. (2023). Observational (non-randomized) studies. In P. Rosenbaum, Psychology. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0312

  59. Rozaq, A., Hasanah, H., & Sattar, A. (2022). Peer guiding: Implementasi model kemandirian dan ketangguhan jamaah haji [Peer guiding: Implementation of the model of independence and resilience of Hajj pilgrims]. Fatwa Publishing.

  60. Sahrir, M. S. B., Yahaya, M. F., Ismail, T., Zubir, M. A., & Ahmad, W. R. W. (2018). Development and evaluation of i-Mutawwif: A mobile language traveller guide in Arabic for mutawwif (Umrah tour guide). International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 12(2), 54–68. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v12i2.7708

  61. Saida, I., & Said, M. (2024). Redefining administrative efficiency: Incorporating Imam Ali’s ethical values into Moroccan public institutions. Journal of Economics, Finance And Management Studies, 7(8), 5047–5056. https://doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v7-i8-25

  62. Salma, N., & Muhajarah, K. (2023). Risk management analysis of PT Fairus Permata Mulia Pekalongan. International Journal of Economics Development Research (IJEDR), 4(3), 1427–1437. https://doi.org/10.37385/ijedr.v5i1.4299

  63. Simbolon, N. N., & Imsar, I. (2021). Manajemen pelayanan haji dan umroh di Kantor Kementerian Agama Sumatera Utara [Hajj and Umrah service management at the North Sumatra Ministry of Religion Office]. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 5(3), 8929–8936. https://doi.org/10.31004/jptam.v5i3.2401

  64. Sitompul, M. W. (2020). Pencatatan perubahan direksi di kementerian terkait sebagai dasar penyelesaian sengketa kewenangan direksi [Recording changes in directors in the relevant ministry as a basis for resolving disputes over directors’ authority]. Jurnal Darma Agung, 28(3), 369–377. https://doi.org/10.46930/ojsuda.v28i3.801

  65. Terry, G. R. (2012). Principles of management (Irwin Series in Industrial Engineering and Management). Literary Licensing, LLC.

  66. Utami, K., & Wulandari, W. (2022). Evaluasi pelayanan tour leader PT Al Hijaz terhadap jamaah umrah pada PT Al Hijaz tahun 2019 [Evaluation of PT Al Hijaz tour leader services for Umrah pilgrims, 2019]. Multazam : Jurnal Manajemen Haji Dan Umrah, 2(1), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.32332/multazam.v2i1.5354

  67. Waruwu, M. (2023). Pendekatan penelitian pendidikan: Metode penelitian kualitatif, metode penelitian kuantitatif dan metode penelitian kombinasi (mixed method) [Educational research approaches: Qualitative research methods, quantitative research methods and mixed method research methods]. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 7(1), 2896–2910. https://doi.org/10.31004/jptam.v7i1.6187

  68. Zainal, S. R. M., & Hassan, S. H. (2018). Understanding the individual motivations and barriers of Malaysian mutawwif. International Academic Journal of Social Sciences, 5(2), 68–75. https://doi.org/10.9756/IAJSS/V5I2/18100027