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Abstract
Background: The leaves of gempol (N. orientalis L.), a family of Rubiaceae, have antibacterial activity.
Objective: The aim of this research was to determine the antibacterial activity of gempol leaf ethanolic extract and its fractions.
Methods: The antibacterial activity test was carried out using the disk diffusion method. The positive and negative controls used were a disk of 10 μg gentamicin and 10% DMSO solution, respectively. The test solution concentrations for each sample, including for the ethanolic extract, hexane fraction, ethyl acetate, and residue of gempol leaves, were 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 5%.
Results: The antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract, hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and residue of gempol leaves against E. coli and S. aureus was significantly different from each other. The residue had the highest antibacterial activity followed by that of the ethyl acetate fraction, hexane fraction, and ethanolic extract.
Conclusion: The antibacterial activity of gempol leaves against S. aureus was greater than against E. coli.
Keywords: Gempol, Nauclea orientalis, extract, fractions, antibacterial, diffusion
Intisari
Latar Belakang: Daun gempol (N. orientalis L.) merupakan salah satu famili Rubiaceae yang telah diketahui memiliki aktivitas anthelmintik dan antibakteri.
Tujuan: penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri berdasarkan zona hambat ekstrak etanol dan fraksi daun gempol.
Metode: yang digunakan ialah metode difusi cakram yang menghasilkan diameter zona hambat sebagai hasil dari uji aktivitas antibakteri. Kontrol positif yang digunakan yaitu cakram gentamisin 10 μg sedangkan kontrol negatif yang digunakan yaitu DMSO 10%. Larutan uji meliputi ekstrak etanol, fraksi heksana, etil asetat, dan residu daun gempol dengan masing-masing konsentrasi yaitu 0,25%; 0,5%; 1%; 2%; dan 5%.
Hasil: Aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak etanol, fraksi heksan, etil asetat dan residu daun gempol terhadap E. coli dan S. aureus menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan. Residu memiliki aktivitas antibakteri tertinggi diikuti oleh fraksi etil asetat, fraksi heksana dan ekstrak etanol.
Kesimpulan: Aktivitas antibakteri pada S. aureus lebih besar dari pada E. coli.
Kata kunci: Gempol, Nauclea orientalis, ekstrak, fraksi, antibakteri, difusi
Keywords
Article Details
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References
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- Raghavamma, D. S. T. V., & Rao, N. (2010). In Vitro Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activity of Nauclea orientalis Leaves. Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 72, 520-521. doi:10.4103/0250- 474X.73932
- Sharif, M. (2006). Status and Utilization of Medicinal Plants in Rangamati of Bangladesh.
- Sudira, I. W., Merdana, I., & Wibawa, I. (2011). Uji daya hambat ekstrak daun kedondong (Lannea Grandis Engl) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Erwinia carotovora.
- Takayama, H., Kitajima, M., & Kogure, N. (2005). Chemistry of Indole Alkaloids Related to the Corynanthe-Type from Uncaria, Nauclea and Mitragyna Plants. Current Organic Chemistry, 9, 1445-1464. doi:10.2174/138527205774370559
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References
Balouiri, M., Sadiki, M., & Ibnsouda, S. K. (2016). Methods for In Vitro Evaluating Antimicrobial Activity: A Review. J Pharm Anal, 6(2), 71-79. doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005
Biswas, B., Rogers, K., McLaughlin, F., Daniels, D., & Yadav, A. (2013). Antimicrobial Activities of Leaf Extracts of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) on Two Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria. Int J Microbiol, 2013, 746165. doi:10.1155/2013/746165
Clark, J., & Macquarrie, D. J. (2002). Handbook of Green Chemistry and Technology (T. J. Mason & P. Cintas ed.). London: Blackwell Science Ltd.
Cruz, J. P., & Jubilo, R. M. (2014). Evaluation of the Anti – Staphylococcal Activity of Nauclea Orientalis Linn. European Scientific Journal, 10(27). doi:https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2014.v10n27p%p
Dai, J., & Mumper, R. J. (2010). Plant Phenolics: Extraction, Analysis and Their Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties. Molecules, 15(10),
-7352. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/15/10/7313
Erdelmeier, C. A., Wright, A. D., Orjala, J., Baumgartner, B., Rali, T., & Sticher, O. (1991). New Indole Alkaloid Glycosides from Nauclea orientalis. Planta Med, 57(2), 149-152. doi:10.1055/s-2006-960052
Hendra, R., Ahmad, S., Sukari, A., Shukor, M. Y., & Oskoueian, E. (2011). Flavonoid Analyses and Antimicrobial Activity of Various Parts of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl Fruit. Int J Mol Sci, 12(6), 3422-3431. doi:10.3390/ijms12063422
Karou, S. D., Savadogo, A., Canini, A., Yameogo, S., Montesano, C., Simpore, J., Colizzi, V., & Traore, A. (2006). Antibacterial Activity of Alkaloids from Sida acuta. african journal of biotechnology, 5, 195-200. doi:10.4314/ajb.v4i12.71463
Katzung, B. G., Masters, S. B., & Anthony, J. T. (2015). Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (13 ed.). San Fransisco: Mc Graw Hill.
Madduluri, S., & Rao, K. B. (2013). In Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Five Indigenous Plants Extracts Against Five Bacteria Pathogens of Humans.
Poeloengan, M., Andriani, A., M.N, S, Komala, I., & Hasnita, M. (2007). Uji Daya Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Batang Bungur (Largerstoremia speciosa Pers.) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli Secara In Vitro Paper presented at the Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner, Bogor. http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/83469
Raghavamma, D. S. T. V., & Rao, N. (2010). In Vitro Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activity of Nauclea orientalis Leaves. Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 72, 520-521. doi:10.4103/0250- 474X.73932
Sharif, M. (2006). Status and Utilization of Medicinal Plants in Rangamati of Bangladesh.
Sudira, I. W., Merdana, I., & Wibawa, I. (2011). Uji daya hambat ekstrak daun kedondong (Lannea Grandis Engl) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Erwinia carotovora.
Takayama, H., Kitajima, M., & Kogure, N. (2005). Chemistry of Indole Alkaloids Related to the Corynanthe-Type from Uncaria, Nauclea and Mitragyna Plants. Current Organic Chemistry, 9, 1445-1464. doi:10.2174/138527205774370559
WHO. (2014). World Health Statistics 2014. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news/item/15- 05-2014-world-health-statistics-2014
WHO. (2018). World Health Statistics 2018: Monitoring Health For The SDGS, Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/272596
Wiegand, I., Hilpert, K., & Hancock, R. E. (2008). Agar and Broth Dilution Methods to Determine the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Antimicrobial Substances. Nat Protoc, 3(2), 163- 175. doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.521