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Abstract
Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of COVID-19, a respiratory disease. One of the treatments administered to COVID-19 patients is antibiotics to prevent the occurrence of secondary infections. However, the budget allocation for antibiotic use issued by health facilities constitutes a considerable amount due to the significantly high demand, particularly among COVID-19 patients. This situation calls for pharmacoeconomic studies, such as cost-minimization analysis, for a better understanding and management of the financial implications.
Objective: This study aimed to assess the economic value of antibiotics in a hospital within Tangerang District in 2021.
Method: The method used in this study was non-experimental observation through the retrospective analysis of secondary data, consisting of patient costs and demographic information. The sample was selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Furthermore, the collected data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test to determine a significant difference between the total cost in each therapy group.
Results: In this study, 30 patients’ data met the inclusion and exclusion criteria consisting of 4 groups: ceftriaxone (n = 10), cefixime (n = 10), ceftazidime (n = 7), and cefadroxil (n = 3). Based on the calculation of cost-minimization analysis, the total average cost per patient for the ceftriaxone, cefixime, ceftazidime, and cefadroxil groups was 19,853,503 IDR, 13,330,545 IDR, 38,666,056 IDR, and 21,333,330 IDR, respectively.
Conclusion: The results showed that the cefixime group has the most economical value.
Keywords: Antibiotics, cost-minimization analysis, COVID-19, hospital
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References
Adams R. B. (2020). Gender Equality in Work and COVID-19 Deaths. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3601651
Ahmad F. B., Cisewski J. A., Xu, J., & Anderson, R. N. (2023). Provisional Mortality Data — United States, 2022. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 72(18), 488–492. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7218a3
Amin L. D. (2014). Pemilihan Antibiotik yang Rasional. Medicinus, 27(3), 40–45.
Arnold R. J. G. (2021). Pharmacoeconomics: From Theory to Practice (Second). CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Burhan E., Susanto A. D., Nasution S. A., Ginanjar E., Pitoyo C. W., Susilo A., Firdaus I., Santoso A., Juzar D. A., Arif S. K., Wulung N. G. H. L., Damayanti T., Wiyono W. H., Prasenohadi Afiatin, Wahyudi E. R., Tarigan T. J. E., Hidayat R., Muchtar F., & IDAI, T. C.-19. (2020). Protokol Tatalaksana Pasien Terkonfirmasi Covid-19. Protokol Tatalaksana Covid-19, 4.
Cao Y., Li L., Feng Z., Wan S., Huang P., Sun X., Wen F., Huang X., Ning G., & Wang, W. (2020). Comparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) receptor ACE2 in different populations. Cell Discovery, 6(1), 4–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-020-0147-1
CDC. (2023). Underlying Medical Conditions Associated with Higher Risk for Severe COVID-19. May 2021, 1–22. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-care/underlyingconditions.html
Chen N., Zhou M., Dong X., Qu J., Gong F., Han Y., Qiu Y., Wang J., Liu Y., Wei Y., Xia J., Yu T., Zhang X., & Zhang L. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet, 15, 395(10223), 507-513.
Guo L., Wei D., Zhang X., Wu Y., Li Q., Zhou M., & Qu, J. (2019). Clinical Features Predicting Mortality Risk in Patients With Viral Pneumonia: The MuLBSTA Score. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02752
Huang C., Wang Y., Li X., Ren L., Zhao J., Hu Y., Zhang L., Fan G., Xu J., Gu X., Cheng Z., Yu T., Xia J., Wei Y., Wu W., Xie X., Yin W., Li H., Liu M., Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao, B. (2020). Clinical Features of Patients Infected With 2019 Novel Coronavirus In Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Huttner B. D., Catho G., Pulcini C., & Schouten, J. (2020). COVID-19: Don’t Neglect Antimicrobial Stewardship Principles!. Clinical Microbiology and Infection Journal, 26(2020), 808–810.
Isaac E. (2023). Convenience and Purposive Sampling Techniques: Are they the Same? International Journal of Innovative Social & Science Education Research , 11(1), 1–7. www.seahipaj.org
Julaiha S., Khoirunnisa A., & Indriyani D. M. (2023). The Profile of Treatment Management For Patients C Onfirmed Positive For Covid-19 In The City Of Bandar Lampung.Jurnal Analis Farmasi, 8(1), 1–13.
Kelada M., Anto A., Dave K., & Saleh S. N. (2020). The Role of Sex in the Risk of Mortality From COVID-19 Amongst Adult Patients: A Systematic Review. Cureus, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10114
Kemenkes RI. (2017). Buku Panduan Penilaian Teknologi Kesehatan Efektivitas Klinis. p 1-44.
Lochlainn M. N., Lee K. A., Sudre C. H., Varsavsky T., Cardoso M. J., Menni C., Bowyer R. C. E., Nguyen L. H., Drew D. A., Ganesh S., du Cadet, J. L., Visconti, A., Freidin, M. B., Modat, M., Graham, M. S., Pujol, J. C., Murray, B., Moustafa, J. S. E., Zhang, X., Davies, R., Falchi, M., Wolf, J., Spector, T. D., Chan, A. T., Ourselin, S., Steves, C. J., & on behalf of the COPE Consortium. (2020). Key Predictors of Attending Hospital With COVID19: An Association Study From The COVID Symptom Tracker App. Science Advance, 7, 1-7.
Meister T., Pisarev H., Kolde R., Kalda R., Suija K., Milani L., Karo-Astover L., Piirsoo M., & Uuskula A. (2022). Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors For COVID-19 Infection and Disease Severity: A Nationwide Observational Study in Estonia. PLoS ONE, 17, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270192
Patino C. M., & Ferreira J. C. (2018). Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria In Research Studies: Definitions and Why They Matter. Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia, 44(2), 84. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-37562018000000088
Priyanto D. (2014). SPSS 22 Pengolah data terpraktis (1st ed.). Yogyakarta: BPFE.
Sastroasmoro S. (2018). Dasar-dasar Metodologi Penelitian Klinis. Jakarta: Sagung Seto.
Stall N. M., Wu W., Lapointe-Shaw L., Fisman D. N., Giannakeas V., Hillmer M. P., & Rochon, P. A. (2020). Sex- and Age-Specific Differences in COVID-19 Testing, Cases, and Outcomes: A Population-Wide Study in Ontario, Canada. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 68(10), 2188–2191. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16761
Talari K., & Goyal M. (2020). Retrospective Studies - Utility and Caveats. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 50(4), 398–402. https://doi.org/10.4997/JRCPE.2020.409
Unachukwu L. C., Kalu A. O. U., & Ibiam O. (2018). Accessing Secondary Data : A Literature Review. Singaporean Journal of Business Economics and Management Studies, 6(6), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.12816/0048423
Villa S., Lombardi A., Mangioni D., Bozzi G., Bandera A., Gori A., & Raviglione M. C. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic Preparedness ... Or Lack Thereof: From China to Italy. Global Health & Medicine, 2(2), 73–77. https://doi.org/10.35772/ghm.2020.01016
Wang D., Hu B., Hu C., Zhu F., Liu X., Zhang J., Wang B., Xiang H., Cheng Z., Xiong Y., Zhao Y., Li Y., Wang X., & Peng Z. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 323(11), 1061–1069. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585
Wenham C., Smith J., & Morgan R. (2020). COVID-19: The Gendered Impacts of The Outbreak. The Lancet, 395(10227), 846–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30526-2
WHO. (2021). Coronavirus Disease (COVID- 19) Overview, Prevention, Symptoms. https://www.who.int/health- topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1
Wu J., Liu J., Zhao X., Liu C., Wang W., Wang D., Xu W., Zhang C., Yu J., Jiang B., Cao H., & Li L. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of Imported Cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) In Jiangsu Province: A Multicenter Descriptive Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(15), 706–712. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa199
Yusransyah Y., Udin B., Abdillah M., Murdianto Y., Soraya Uli E., & Suryana N. (2022). Analisis Efektivitas Biaya Pasien Covid-19 Menggunakan Terapi Oksigen Dan Remdesivir Di Rsud Kabupaten Tangerang. JFIOnline, 14(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.35617/jfionline.v14i1.75
Zhao Y., Zhao Z., Wang Y., Zhou Y., Ma Y., & Zuo W. (2020). Single-Cell RNA Expression Profiling of ACE2, the Receptor of SARS-CoV-2. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 202(5), 756–759. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202001-0179LE