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Abstract
Background: Lime leaves (Citrus aurantifolia) contain essential oils that are proven to inhibit the growth of bacteria.
Objective: This study aims to formulate the essential oil from lime leaves in an emulgel dosage form that meets the quality requirements, using CMC-Na as a gelling agent and glycerin as a humectant using factorial design.
Methods: Antibacterial activity tests are carried out using the diffusion method. The positive control used is ceftazidime, while the negative control is DMSO. The quality parameters used are physical properties (organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and spreadability), and physical stability of the preparation (pH shift, viscosity shift, and spreadability shift) using the freeze and thaw method.
Results: Antibacterial test results show that lime leaf essential oil at concentrations of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 50% can inhibit the growth of bacteria that show strong antibacterial activity. Overall, the average test of physical properties and physical stability of the essential oil preparation of lime leaves meets the range of reception, pH 4.5–6.5, viscosity 112.77-180.66 dPa.s., and spreading power 5.55-7.97 cm.
Conclusion: The optimum area specified indicates that all four formulas fulfill the criteria of pH, viscosity, spreadability, and pH shift.
Keywords: CMC-Na, emulgel, essential oil of lime leaves, factorial design, glycerin
Intisari
Latar belakang: Daun jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) memiliki kandungan minyak atsiri yang terbukti dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri.
Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan minyak atsiri daun jeruk nipis dalam sediaan emulgel yang memenuhi persyaratan kualitas, dengan CMC-Na sebagai gelling agent dan gliserin sebagai humektan dengan metode desain faktorial.
Metode: Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan menggunakan metode difusi sumuran, dengan kontrol positif ceftazidime, sedangkan untuk kontrol negatif digunakan yakni DMSO. Parameter yang digunakan untuk kontrol kualitas sediaan emulgel meliputi uji sifat fisik (organoleptis, homogenitas, pH, viskositas dan daya sebar) dan uji stabilitas fisik (pergeseran terhadap respon pH, respon viskositas, respon daya sebar) dengan metode freeze and thaw.
Hasil: Berdasarkan pengujian aktivitas antibakteri minyak atsiri daun jeruk nipis pada konsentrasi 10, 15, 20, 25 dan 50%, semuanya dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli dan termasuk dalam kategori kuat. Sediaan emulgel yang dihasilkan memenuhi syarat secara organoleptis maupun sifat fisik sediaan, dengan hasil pH 5-7, viskositas 112,77–180,66 dPa.s., dan daya sebar 5,55–7,97 cm. Untuk stabilitas fisik, sediaan emulgel memenuhi persyaratan pergeseran pH.
Kesimpulan: Berdasarkan hasil analisis, diperoleh area optimum dari keempat formula memenuhi kriteria pH, viskositas dan daya sebar dan pergeseran pH.
Kata kunci: Minyak atsiri daun jeruk nipis, CMC-Na, gliserin, emulgel, desain faktorial
Keywords
Article Details
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References
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- Al-Aamri, M.S., Al-Abousi, N.M., Al-Jabri, S.S., Alam, T., & Khan, S.A. (2018). Chemical Composition and In-Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of The Essential Oil of Citrus aurantifolia L. Leaves Grown In Eastern Oman. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 13(2), 108–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2017.12.002
- Ali Khan, B., Ullah, S., Khan, M.K., Alshahrani, S.M., & Braga, V.A. (2020). Formulation and Evaluation of Ocimum basilicum-Based Emulgel For Wound Healing Using Animal Model. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 28(2020), 1842–1850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.11.011
- Asngad, A., R, Bagas, R. A. & Nopitasari, N. (2018). Kualitas Gel Pembersih Tangan (Handsanitizer) dari Ekstrak Batang Pisang dengan Penambahan Alkohol, Triklosan dan Gliserin yang Berbeda Dosisnya. Bioeksperimen: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi, 4(2), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.23917/bioeksperimen.v4i2.6888
- Brito, R.C. de, Silva, G.N. da, Farias, T.C., Ferreira, P.B., & Ferreira, S.B. (2017). Standardization of the Safety Level of the Use of DMSO in Viability Assays in Bacterial Cells. MOL2NET, 3, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3390/mol2net-03-xxxx
- Farthing, M., Salam, M.A., Lindberg, G., Dite, P., Khalif, I., Salazar-Lindo, E., Ramakrishna, B.S., Goh, K.L., Thomson, A., Khan, A.G., Krabshuis, J., & Lemair, A, (2013). Acute Diarrhea in Adults and Children: A Global Perspective. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 47(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e31826df662
- Kailaku, S.I., Hidayat, T., & Setiabudy, D.A. (2012). Pengaruh Kondisi Homogenisasi Terhadap Karakteristik Fisik dan Mutu Santan Selama Penyimpanan. Jurnal Littri ,18(1), 31–39. Nakhil, U., Kaltsum, U., Purwojati, N., & Latifah, E. (2018). Uji Stabilitas dan Penentuan Formula Optimum pada Gel Madam ”Gel Ekstrak Daun Adam Hawa (Rheo Discolor) sebagai Gel Antiinflamasi” untuk Penelitian Lanjutan, dalam: Prosiding APC (Annual Pharmacy Conference). hal. 14–24.
- Oktaviasari, L. & Zulkarnain, A.K. (2017). Formulasi dan Uji Stabilitas Fisik Sediaan Lotion O/W Pati Kentang (Solanum Tuberosum L.) Serta Aktivitasnya Sebagai Tabir Surya. Majalah Farmaseutik, 13(1), 9–27.
- Pohan, D.J. & Djojosaputro, M. (2021). Antibacterial Effectiveness of Extracts of Lime (Citrus Aurantifolia Swingle) and Kaffir Lime (Citrus Hystrix Dc) Leaves Against Escherichia coli. International Journal of Modern Pharmaceutical Research, 5(6), 29–36.
- Ratnapuri, P.H., Haitami, F., & Fitriana, M. (2019). Stabilitas Fisik Sediaan Emulgel Ekstrak Etanol Daging Buah Limpasu (Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Müll. Arg.). Jurnal Pharmascience, 6(2), 8–18. https://doi.org/10.20527/jps.v6i2.7345
- Rohmani, S. & Kuncoro, M.A.A. (2019). Uji Stabilitas dan Aktivitas Gel Handsanitizer Ekstrak Daun Kemangi. JPSCR : Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Research, 4(1), 16–28. https://doi.org/10.20961/jpscr.v4i1.27212
- Sayuti, N.A. (2015). Formulasi dan Uji Stabilitas Fisik Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Daun Ketepeng Cina (Cassia alata L.). Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia, 5(2), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.22435/jki.v5i2.4401.74-82
- Sheskey, P.J., Cook, W.G., & Cable, C.G. (2017). Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 8th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press. Shu, M. (2013). Formulasi Sediaan Gel Hand Sanitizer Dengan Bahan Aktif Triklosan 0,5% dan 1%. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Universitas Surabaya, 2(1), 1–14.
- Singla, V., Saini, S., Joshi, B., & Rana, A.C. (2012). Emulgel: A New Platform For Topical Drug Delivery. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 3(1), 485–498.
- Slamet, S., Anggun, B.D., & Pambudi, D.B. (2020). Uji Stabilitas Fisik Formula Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera Lamk.). Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan, 13(2), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.48144/jiks.v13i2.260
- Sugihartini, N. & Wiradhika, R.Y. (2017). Gel Formulation of Ethanol Extract of Mangosteen Peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) as A Medication for Burns in Wistar Rats. Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia, 8(2), 110–117. https://doi.org/10.20885/jkki.vol8.iss2.art6
- Sumardi, D. P., 2015. Pengaruh Span 80 dan Tween 80 sebagai surfaktan terhadap Sifat Fisik dan Stabilitas Fisik Emulsi Ekstrak Etanol Biji Kluwak dengan Aplikasi Desain Faktorial. Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta
- Wikantyasning, E.R. & Indianie, N. (2021). Optimisasi Tween 80 dan Span 80 Sebagai Emulgator dalam Formula Krim Tabir Surya Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Alpukat (Persea americana M.) dan Nanopartikel Seng Oksida Dengan Metode Simplex Lattice Design. CERATA Jurnal Ilmu Farmasi, 12(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.61902/cerata.v12i1.198
References
Abdel-Monem, M.O., Mohamed, E.A., Awad, E.T., Ramadan, A.-H.M., & Mahmoud, H.A. (2014). Multiplex PCR As Emerging Technique For Diagnosis of Enterotoxigenic E. coli Isolates From Pediatric Watery Diarrhea. Journal of American Science, 10(10), 157–164.
Al-Aamri, M.S., Al-Abousi, N.M., Al-Jabri, S.S., Alam, T., & Khan, S.A. (2018). Chemical Composition and In-Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of The Essential Oil of Citrus aurantifolia L. Leaves Grown In Eastern Oman. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 13(2), 108–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2017.12.002
Ali Khan, B., Ullah, S., Khan, M.K., Alshahrani, S.M., & Braga, V.A. (2020). Formulation and Evaluation of Ocimum basilicum-Based Emulgel For Wound Healing Using Animal Model. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 28(2020), 1842–1850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.11.011
Asngad, A., R, Bagas, R. A. & Nopitasari, N. (2018). Kualitas Gel Pembersih Tangan (Handsanitizer) dari Ekstrak Batang Pisang dengan Penambahan Alkohol, Triklosan dan Gliserin yang Berbeda Dosisnya. Bioeksperimen: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi, 4(2), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.23917/bioeksperimen.v4i2.6888
Brito, R.C. de, Silva, G.N. da, Farias, T.C., Ferreira, P.B., & Ferreira, S.B. (2017). Standardization of the Safety Level of the Use of DMSO in Viability Assays in Bacterial Cells. MOL2NET, 3, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3390/mol2net-03-xxxx
Farthing, M., Salam, M.A., Lindberg, G., Dite, P., Khalif, I., Salazar-Lindo, E., Ramakrishna, B.S., Goh, K.L., Thomson, A., Khan, A.G., Krabshuis, J., & Lemair, A, (2013). Acute Diarrhea in Adults and Children: A Global Perspective. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 47(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e31826df662
Kailaku, S.I., Hidayat, T., & Setiabudy, D.A. (2012). Pengaruh Kondisi Homogenisasi Terhadap Karakteristik Fisik dan Mutu Santan Selama Penyimpanan. Jurnal Littri ,18(1), 31–39. Nakhil, U., Kaltsum, U., Purwojati, N., & Latifah, E. (2018). Uji Stabilitas dan Penentuan Formula Optimum pada Gel Madam ”Gel Ekstrak Daun Adam Hawa (Rheo Discolor) sebagai Gel Antiinflamasi” untuk Penelitian Lanjutan, dalam: Prosiding APC (Annual Pharmacy Conference). hal. 14–24.
Oktaviasari, L. & Zulkarnain, A.K. (2017). Formulasi dan Uji Stabilitas Fisik Sediaan Lotion O/W Pati Kentang (Solanum Tuberosum L.) Serta Aktivitasnya Sebagai Tabir Surya. Majalah Farmaseutik, 13(1), 9–27.
Pohan, D.J. & Djojosaputro, M. (2021). Antibacterial Effectiveness of Extracts of Lime (Citrus Aurantifolia Swingle) and Kaffir Lime (Citrus Hystrix Dc) Leaves Against Escherichia coli. International Journal of Modern Pharmaceutical Research, 5(6), 29–36.
Ratnapuri, P.H., Haitami, F., & Fitriana, M. (2019). Stabilitas Fisik Sediaan Emulgel Ekstrak Etanol Daging Buah Limpasu (Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Müll. Arg.). Jurnal Pharmascience, 6(2), 8–18. https://doi.org/10.20527/jps.v6i2.7345
Rohmani, S. & Kuncoro, M.A.A. (2019). Uji Stabilitas dan Aktivitas Gel Handsanitizer Ekstrak Daun Kemangi. JPSCR : Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Research, 4(1), 16–28. https://doi.org/10.20961/jpscr.v4i1.27212
Sayuti, N.A. (2015). Formulasi dan Uji Stabilitas Fisik Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Daun Ketepeng Cina (Cassia alata L.). Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia, 5(2), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.22435/jki.v5i2.4401.74-82
Sheskey, P.J., Cook, W.G., & Cable, C.G. (2017). Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 8th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press. Shu, M. (2013). Formulasi Sediaan Gel Hand Sanitizer Dengan Bahan Aktif Triklosan 0,5% dan 1%. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Universitas Surabaya, 2(1), 1–14.
Singla, V., Saini, S., Joshi, B., & Rana, A.C. (2012). Emulgel: A New Platform For Topical Drug Delivery. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 3(1), 485–498.
Slamet, S., Anggun, B.D., & Pambudi, D.B. (2020). Uji Stabilitas Fisik Formula Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera Lamk.). Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan, 13(2), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.48144/jiks.v13i2.260
Sugihartini, N. & Wiradhika, R.Y. (2017). Gel Formulation of Ethanol Extract of Mangosteen Peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) as A Medication for Burns in Wistar Rats. Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia, 8(2), 110–117. https://doi.org/10.20885/jkki.vol8.iss2.art6
Sumardi, D. P., 2015. Pengaruh Span 80 dan Tween 80 sebagai surfaktan terhadap Sifat Fisik dan Stabilitas Fisik Emulsi Ekstrak Etanol Biji Kluwak dengan Aplikasi Desain Faktorial. Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta
Wikantyasning, E.R. & Indianie, N. (2021). Optimisasi Tween 80 dan Span 80 Sebagai Emulgator dalam Formula Krim Tabir Surya Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Alpukat (Persea americana M.) dan Nanopartikel Seng Oksida Dengan Metode Simplex Lattice Design. CERATA Jurnal Ilmu Farmasi, 12(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.61902/cerata.v12i1.198