Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Depression is a significant contributor to the global burden of disease and affects people in all communities across the world. Today, depression is estimated to affect 350 million people with apercentage of 50% higher for females than males. Several theories have been proposed to explain this phenomenon which includes biological, psychological, and social factors. Some researchers conclude the prevalence of depression is quite high in women, especially when a woman reaches her menopause period.
Objective: This study aims to know the relationship between menopause and depression among female above 50 years old.
Methods: An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was carried out from August to October 2016. The samples were selected using non-probability sampling, consecutive sampling method of 108 subjects. Data were collected using a questionnaire which included the characteristics of the subject (age, education, occupation, menopausal state) and the Beck Depression Inventory to measure the level of depression. Chi-Square test and Fisher test were used to analyse data with the significance test at p< 0.05.
Results: A total of 56 (51.9%) subjects aged 50-60 years and as many as 85 subjects (78.7%) experienced menopause. The prevalence of menopause and depression among women above 50 years old is 20%. The statistical analysis showed there was no significant correlation between two variables (p=1).
Conclusion: There is no correlation between menopause and depression among women above 50 years old.
Keywords
Article Details
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References
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- Li Y, Yu Q, Ma L, Sun Z, Yang X. Prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms and their influence factors in menopausal transition and postmenopause in Beijing city. Maturitas. 2008;61(3):38–242.
- Hill K. The demography of menopause. Maturitas. 1996;23(2):113–27.
- Delavar MA, Hajiahmadi M. Factors affecting the age in normal menopause and frequency of menopausal symptoms in Northern Iran. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2011;13(3):192–8.
- Kartono, Kartini. Psikologi wanita jilid I (mengenal wanita sebagai ibu dan nenek). Bandung: Mandar Maju; 1992.
- Hunter MS. Psychological and somatic experience of the menopause: A prospective study. (corrected). Psychosomatic Medicine. 2010;52(3):357–67.
- Kaufert PA, Gilbert P, Tate R. The Manitoba project: A re-examination of the link between menopause and depression. Maturitas. 2002;14(2):143–55.
- Dalal PK, Agarwal M. Postmenopausal syndrome. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2015;57(Suppl2):S222-32.
- Verropoulou G, Tsimbos C. Socio-demographic and health-related factors affecting depression of the Greek population in later life: An analysis using SHARE data. European Journal of Ageing. 2007;4(3):171–81.
- Talia R. Weiss Wiesel MA, Chen JE, Glover GH. The Relationship between age, anxiety, and depression in older adults with cancer. Psychooncology. 2016;25(3):289–313.
- Newmann JP. Aging and depression. Psychology and Aging. 1989;4(2):150–65.
- Barua A, Ghosh M, Kar N, Basilio M. Prevalence of depressive disorders in the elderly. Annals of Saudi Medicine. 2011;31(6):620–4.
- Akhtar-Danesh N, Landeen J. Relation between depression and sociodemographic factors. International Journal of Mental Health Systems 2007;1(4):1–9.
- Kohn ML, Carmi S. Job conditions and personality: A longitudinal assessment of their reciprocal effects. American Journal of Sociology. 2006;87(6):1257–86.
- Revenson TA. Predictable loneliness of old age: Dispelling the myth. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association?: 90th Washington, DC.1982 Aug 23-27; Washington, DC;1982. In 1982.
- Link BG, Lennon MC, Dohrenwend BP. Socioeconomic status and depression: The role of occupations involving direction, control, and planning. American Journal of Sociology. 1993;98(6):1351–87.
- Soares CN. Perimenopause-related mood disturbance: An update on risk factors and novel treatment strategies available In: Meeting Program and Abstracts Psychopharmacology and Reproductive Transitions Symposium American Psychiatric Association 157th Annual Meeting; May 1-6; New York, NY Arlington, Va. American Psychiatric Publishing; 2004. p. 51–61.
- Nugraheni A. Pengaruh terapi tertawa terhadap depresi pada usia lanjut. Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan. 2006;1(2):59–65.
- Astutik Y, Hadi S. Pengaruh menopause terhadap kecenderungan depresi ibu-ibu PKK Desa Sidomulyo Kecamatan Batu Kota Batu. Jurnal Psikologi. 2011;1(12):24–34.
- Kahn DA, Moline M, Rose R, Altshuller L, Cohen L. Depression during the transtion to menopause. A Post Graduate Medicine Special Report. 2001.
- Nagar S, Dave P. Perception of women towards physiological problems faced at menopause. Anthropologist. 2005;7(3):173–5.
- Sagsöz N, Oguztürk O, Bayram M, Kamaci M. Anxiety and depression before and after the menopause. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2001;264(4):199–202.
- Prakash IJ, Murthy VN. Psychiatric morbidity and the menopause. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 1981;23(3):242–6.
- Joffe H, Massler A, Sharkey KM. Evaluation and management of sleep disturbance during the menopause transition. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 2010;28(5):404–21.
- Bitzer J, Brandenburg U. Psychotherapeutic interventions for female sexual dysfunction. Maturitas. 2009;63(2):160–3.
- Schmidt PJ, Rubinow DR. Menopause-related affective disorders: A justification for further study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991;148(7):844–52.
- Rasgon N, Shelton S, Halbreich U. Perimenopausal mental disorders: Epidemiology and phenomenology. CNS Spectrums. 2005;10(6):471–8.
- Maki PM, Freeman EW, Greendale GA. Summary of the National Institute on Aging-sponsored conference on depressive symptoms and cognitive complaints in the menopausal transition. Menopause. 2010;17(4):815–22.
References
Stewart DE, Boydell K. Psychologic distress during menopause: Associations across the reproductive life cycle. International Journal Psychiatry Medicine. 2013;23(2):157–62.
Li Y, Yu Q, Ma L, Sun Z, Yang X. Prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms and their influence factors in menopausal transition and postmenopause in Beijing city. Maturitas. 2008;61(3):38–242.
Hill K. The demography of menopause. Maturitas. 1996;23(2):113–27.
Delavar MA, Hajiahmadi M. Factors affecting the age in normal menopause and frequency of menopausal symptoms in Northern Iran. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2011;13(3):192–8.
Kartono, Kartini. Psikologi wanita jilid I (mengenal wanita sebagai ibu dan nenek). Bandung: Mandar Maju; 1992.
Hunter MS. Psychological and somatic experience of the menopause: A prospective study. (corrected). Psychosomatic Medicine. 2010;52(3):357–67.
Kaufert PA, Gilbert P, Tate R. The Manitoba project: A re-examination of the link between menopause and depression. Maturitas. 2002;14(2):143–55.
Dalal PK, Agarwal M. Postmenopausal syndrome. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2015;57(Suppl2):S222-32.
Verropoulou G, Tsimbos C. Socio-demographic and health-related factors affecting depression of the Greek population in later life: An analysis using SHARE data. European Journal of Ageing. 2007;4(3):171–81.
Talia R. Weiss Wiesel MA, Chen JE, Glover GH. The Relationship between age, anxiety, and depression in older adults with cancer. Psychooncology. 2016;25(3):289–313.
Newmann JP. Aging and depression. Psychology and Aging. 1989;4(2):150–65.
Barua A, Ghosh M, Kar N, Basilio M. Prevalence of depressive disorders in the elderly. Annals of Saudi Medicine. 2011;31(6):620–4.
Akhtar-Danesh N, Landeen J. Relation between depression and sociodemographic factors. International Journal of Mental Health Systems 2007;1(4):1–9.
Kohn ML, Carmi S. Job conditions and personality: A longitudinal assessment of their reciprocal effects. American Journal of Sociology. 2006;87(6):1257–86.
Revenson TA. Predictable loneliness of old age: Dispelling the myth. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association?: 90th Washington, DC.1982 Aug 23-27; Washington, DC;1982. In 1982.
Link BG, Lennon MC, Dohrenwend BP. Socioeconomic status and depression: The role of occupations involving direction, control, and planning. American Journal of Sociology. 1993;98(6):1351–87.
Soares CN. Perimenopause-related mood disturbance: An update on risk factors and novel treatment strategies available In: Meeting Program and Abstracts Psychopharmacology and Reproductive Transitions Symposium American Psychiatric Association 157th Annual Meeting; May 1-6; New York, NY Arlington, Va. American Psychiatric Publishing; 2004. p. 51–61.
Nugraheni A. Pengaruh terapi tertawa terhadap depresi pada usia lanjut. Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan. 2006;1(2):59–65.
Astutik Y, Hadi S. Pengaruh menopause terhadap kecenderungan depresi ibu-ibu PKK Desa Sidomulyo Kecamatan Batu Kota Batu. Jurnal Psikologi. 2011;1(12):24–34.
Kahn DA, Moline M, Rose R, Altshuller L, Cohen L. Depression during the transtion to menopause. A Post Graduate Medicine Special Report. 2001.
Nagar S, Dave P. Perception of women towards physiological problems faced at menopause. Anthropologist. 2005;7(3):173–5.
Sagsöz N, Oguztürk O, Bayram M, Kamaci M. Anxiety and depression before and after the menopause. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2001;264(4):199–202.
Prakash IJ, Murthy VN. Psychiatric morbidity and the menopause. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 1981;23(3):242–6.
Joffe H, Massler A, Sharkey KM. Evaluation and management of sleep disturbance during the menopause transition. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 2010;28(5):404–21.
Bitzer J, Brandenburg U. Psychotherapeutic interventions for female sexual dysfunction. Maturitas. 2009;63(2):160–3.
Schmidt PJ, Rubinow DR. Menopause-related affective disorders: A justification for further study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991;148(7):844–52.
Rasgon N, Shelton S, Halbreich U. Perimenopausal mental disorders: Epidemiology and phenomenology. CNS Spectrums. 2005;10(6):471–8.
Maki PM, Freeman EW, Greendale GA. Summary of the National Institute on Aging-sponsored conference on depressive symptoms and cognitive complaints in the menopausal transition. Menopause. 2010;17(4):815–22.