Main Article Content
Abstract
Background : Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy is one of the efforts to combat HIV/AIDS in Indonesia, especially West Papua. One of the side effects using ARV is impaired liver function in People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). ARV therapy evaluation to liver disorders can be seen from the Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT)/ Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) level.
Objective : To find out the effect of ARV Fixed Dosed Combination (FDC) to liver function of PLWHA patients in West Papua.
Methods : A cross-sectional study, involving 110 respondents who were PLWHA patients receiving ARV at Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) service of hospital in Manokwari, Sorong, and Fak-fak. Laboratory tests was used to examine the liver function. Other variable data were obtained from medical records. The Fisher Exact Test with a significance level of <0.05 was used to determine the effect of ARV to liver function.
Results : Respondents had no liver problems with normal SGOT and SGPT values, i.e. 72,7% and 76.4%, respectively. While, the rest had mild and moderate toxicity. Respondent experiencing moderate toxicity was 2 patients who regularly took FDC in Sorong.
Conclussion : The FDC using in ARV therapy did not significantly influence the increase of SGOT and SGPT on PLWHA patients in West Papua.
Keywords
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References
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- World Health Organization (WHO). HIV AIDS. 2020.
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- Ogedegbe AO, Sulkowski MS. Antiretroviral-associated liver injury. Clinics in liver disease. 2003;7(2):475–99.
- Birkus G, Hitchcock MJM, Cihlar T. Assessment of Mitochondrial Toxicity in Human Cells Treated with Tenofovir?: Comparison with Other Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002;46(3):716–23.
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References
UR medical center. Top 10 Most Common Health Issues.
World Health Organization (WHO). HIV AIDS. 2020.
Kementrian Kesehatan RI. General situation of HIV/AIDS and HIV test. Pusat Data dan Informasi Kementrian Kesehatan RI. Jakarta; 2019. p. 1.
Dinkes Prov Papua Barat. Jumlah Kasus HIV AIDS Papua Barat. Manowari; 2016.
Akpan EJ, Akpan UE, Etim OE, Bassey UE. Effect of first and second line fixed-dose combination ( FDC ) antiretroviral drugs on hepatic enzymes , serum protein and liver histology of albino Wistar rats . IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 2019;5(6):54–61.
Group TISS. Early Treatment in Asymptomatic Hiv Infection. Physiology & behavior. 2017;176(1):139–48.
World Health Organization. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents: Recommendations for a public health approach. 2010 Revision. Health (San Francisco). 2010;
Ezhilarasan D, Karthikeyan S. Silibinin alleviates N-nitrosodimethylamine-induced glutathione dysregulation and hepatotoxicity in rats. Chinese journal of natural medicines. 2016;14(1):40–7.
Goni BW, Yusuph H, Mustapha SK, Sahabi MA, Gwalabe SA, Tahir A, et al. Hepatic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase enzyme levels in HIV/HBV co-infected and HIV mono-infected patients in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Nigerian journal of clinical practice. 2013;16(4):530–4.
Puri P, Kumar S. Liver involvement in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Indian journal of gastroenterology?: official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology. 2016;35(4):260–73.
Pathania S, Kaur N, Kumar S, Sashindran VK, Puri P. A cross-sectional study of liver function tests in HIV-infected persons in Western India. Medical Journal Armed Forces India. 2017;73(1):23–8.
Dirjen P2P Kemenkes. Program Pengendalian HIV AIDS dan PIMS. Jakarta; 2017.
Kementrian Kesehatan RI. Peraturan Menkes Nomor 87 Tahun 2014. 2014.
Patil R, Ona MA, Papafragkakis H, Carey J, Moshenyat Y, Alhaddad A, et al. Acute Liver Toxicity due to Efavirenz/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir. Case Reports in Hepatology. 2015;2015:1–2.
Oh RC, Hustead TR, Ali SM, Pantsari MW. Mildly Elevated Liver Transaminase Levels: Causes and Evaluation. American family physician. 2017;96(11):709–15.
Kementerian Kesehatan. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 87 Tahun 2014. 2014.
Dirjen P2P Kemenkes. Pedoman Nasional Tatalaksana Klinis dan Infeksi HIV dan Terapi Antirtroviral pada Orang dewasa. 2011.
Ezhilarasan D, Srilekha M, Raghu R. HAART and hepatotoxicity. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2017;7(4):220–6.
Ogedegbe AO, Sulkowski MS. Antiretroviral-associated liver injury. Clinics in liver disease. 2003;7(2):475–99.
Birkus G, Hitchcock MJM, Cihlar T. Assessment of Mitochondrial Toxicity in Human Cells Treated with Tenofovir?: Comparison with Other Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002;46(3):716–23.
Ajulo MO, Omole MK, Moody JO, Dixon-Umo OT, Salami OL. Liver aminotransferases in under-five HIV-positive children on HAART. African journal of medicine and medical sciences. 2015;44(3):197–204.
Bera E, Naidoo D, Williams M. Maternal deaths following nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine. 2012;13(4):196–7.
Apostolova N, Gomez-Sucerquia LJ, Alegre F, Funes HA, Victor VM, Barrachina MD, et al. ER stress in human hepatic cells treated with Efavirenz: mitochondria again. Journal of hepatology. 2013 Oct;59(4):780–9.
Polo M, Alegre F, Funes HA, Blas-Garcia A, Victor VM, Esplugues J V., et al. Mitochondrial (dys)function - A factor underlying the variability of efavirenz-induced hepatotoxicity? British Journal of Pharmacology. 2015;172(7):1713–27.
Sonderup MW, Maughan D, Gogela N, Setshedi M, Wainwright H, Meintjes G, et al. Identification of a novel and severe pattern of efavirenz drug-induced liver injury in South Africa. AIDS (London, England). 2016;30(9):1483–5.
Raghu R, Jesudas B, Bhavani G, Ezhilarasan D, Karthikeyan S. Silibinin mitigates zidovudine-induced hepatocellular degenerative changes, oxidative stress and hyperlipidaemia in rats. Human and Experimental Toxicology. 2015;34(11):1031–42.
Banerjee A, Abdelmegeed MA, Jang S, Song BJ. Zidovudine (AZT) and Hepatic Lipid Accumulation: Implication of Inflammation, Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Mediators. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(10).
Boczonadi V, Horvath R. Mitochondria: impaired mitochondrial translation in human disease. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology. 2014; 48(100):77–84.
Sherman KE, Peters MG, Thomas D. Human immunodeficiency virus and liver disease: A comprehensive update. Hepatology Communications. 2017;1(10):987–1001.