Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 virus has spread throughout the world and has been declared as a global pandemic by WHO. Some population groups are more susceptible to COVID-19, and one of them is pregnant women. Pregnancy increases risks of the COVID-19, especially thrombotic complications. The SARS-CoV-2 infection may vary widely from asymptomatic to severe infection. Some studies have shown that ABO blood group can be a marker of susceptibility to some disease progression.
Objective:This study aims to investigate relationships between the ABO blood group, the COVID-19 infection and its complications in pregnant women at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta.
Methods: This study was an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional study design involving 40 pregnant women infected with COVID-19 at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta. COVID-19 PCR swabs on the women were administered on their oropharynx and nasopharynx, and laboratory examination of the ABO blood group in all samples was performed. Comparative data distribution of blood groups in the population and the global population distribution were calculated by Chi Square Goodness of Fit. Comparative data between ABO blood group distributions, blood parameters and complications (respiratory, thrombotic, other infections, and death) were calculated by Chi square test and then by One-Way ANOVA. Next, correlation tests for the complications of the blood group and the ages applied a multinomial regression.
Results: There were significant differences of thrombotic complications on the blood group of pregnant women infected with COVID-19 (p=0.027). Blood type B significantly tended to experience thrombotic complications when compared to other blood groups (p=0.022).
Conclusion: The ABO blood group could affect the complication levels in the pregnant women infected with the COVID 19.
Keywords
Article Details
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References
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References
Salzberger B, Glück T, Ehrenstein B. Successful containment of COVID-19: the WHO-Report on the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Infection. 2020;48(2):151–3.
Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun [Internet]. 2020;109(March):102433. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433
Price LC, McCabe C, Garfield B, Wort SJ. Thrombosis and COVID-19 pneumonia: The clot thickens! Eur Respir J [Internet]. 2020;56(1). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01608-2020
Docherty AB, Harrison EM, Green CA, Hardwick HE, Pius R, Norman L, et al. Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: Prospective observational cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369(March):1–12.
Townsend MJ, Kyle TK, Stanford FC. Outcomes of COVID-19: disparities in obesity and by ethnicity/race. Int J Obes [Internet]. 2020;44(9):1807–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41366-020-0635-2
Wastnedge EAN, Reynolds RM, van Boeckel SR, Stock SJ, Denison FC, Maybin JA, et al. Pregnancy and COVID-19. Physiol Rev. 2021 Jan;101(1):303–18.
Ahmed I, Azhar A, Eltaweel N, Tan BK. First COVID-19 maternal mortality in the UK associated with thrombotic complications. Br J Haematol. 2020;190(1):e37–8.
Groot HE, Sierra LEV, Said MA, Lipsic E, Karper JC, Van Der Harst P. Genetically determined ABO blood group and its associations with health and disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;(March):830–8.
Mor G, Cardenas I, Abrahams V, Guller S. Inflammation and pregnancy: The role of the immune system at the implantation site. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011;1221(1):80–7.
Cheng Y, G C, CH C. ABO Blood Group and Susceptibility to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(1):87–8.
Sano R, Nakajima T, Takahashi Y, Kubo R, Kobayashi M, Takahashi K, et al. Epithelial expression of human ABO blood group genes is dependent upon a downstream regulatory element functioning through an epithelial cell-specific transcription Factor, Elf5. J Biol Chem. 2016;291(43):22594–606.
Akashi T, Watanabe A, Komiya A, Fuse H. Evaluation of the Sperm Motility Analyzer System (SMAS) for the assessment of sperm quality in infertile men. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2010;56(6):473–7.
Agarwal A, Said TM. Role of sperm chromatin abnormalities and DNA damage in male infertility. Hum Reprod Update. 2003;9(4):331–45.
Ahmed B, Vaidyanathan G, Arumughan Pillai S, AlSabti J, Khaduri M Al, Pathare A. Factors Influencing the Success Rate of Intrauterine Insemination: ARetrospective Study in Sultan Qaboos University Hospital. J Women’s Heal Care. 2017;06(05).
Bishop P. Fertility treatment. New Civ Eng. 1993;1064(March):16–7.
Ramanathan K, Antognini D, Combes A, Paden M, Zakhary B, Ogino M, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;2020(January):19–21.
Zhao J, Yang Y, Huang H, Li D, Gu D, Lu X, et al. Relationship between the ABO Blood Group and the COVID-19 Susceptibility. medRxiv. 2020;
Zietz M, Zucker J, Tatonetti NP. Testing the association between blood type and COVID-19 infection, intubation, and death. medRxiv. 2020;1–27.
Cooling L. Blood groups in infection and host susceptibility. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28(3):801–70.
Johnson KD, Harris C, Cain JK, Hummer C, Goyal H, Perisetti A. Pulmonary and Extra-Pulmonary Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19. Front Med. 2020;7(December 2019):1–12.
Helms J, Tacquard C, Severac F, Leonard-Lorant I, Ohana M, Delabranche X, et al. High risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2020;46(6):1089–98. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06062-x
Ventura-Díaz S, Quintana-Pérez J V., Gil-Boronat A, Herrero-Huertas M, Gorospe-Sarasúa L, Montilla J, et al. A higher D-dimer threshold for predicting pulmonary embolism in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study. Emerg Radiol. 2020 Dec;27(6):679–89.
Cai J, Zhang H, Tang M. Infection and thrombosis associated with COVID-19: Possible role of the ABO blood group – Letter to the Editor. Med Clin (Barc). 2021;155(8):340–3.
Bommanavar S, Smitha T. ABO blood grouping and COVID 19: Is there any correlation in suspectibility? J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2020;
Guillon P, Clément M, Sébille V, Rivain JG, Chou CF, Ruvoën-Clouet N, et al. Inhibition of the interaction between the SARS-CoV Spike protein and its cellular receptor by anti-histo-blood group antibodies. Glycobiology. 2008;18(12):1085–93.
Zalba Marcos S, Antelo ML, Galbete A, Etayo M, Ongay E, García-Erce JA. Infection and thrombosis associated with COVID-19: Possible role of the ABO blood group. Med Clínica (English Ed. 2020 Oct;155(8):340–3.