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Abstract
This research is focused on constitutionality issue of Law No. 22 Year 2001 on Petroleum and Natural Gas and its relation to Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution and constitutionality of production sharing contract in relation to Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution. This research uses normative juridical method. This research founds: first, the current Law on Petroleum and Natural Gas and its relation to Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution is conceptually still problematic. This is evidenced by the several law articles which had been quashed by the Constitutional Court because they contradict the 1945 Constitution. Second, the petroleum and gas business contracts still contradict the spirit of Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution, this can be seen by the granting of requests for judicial review of the Law on Petroleum and Gas in the Constitutional Court.
Keywords: constitution; Production Sharing Contract (PSC); petroleum and natural gas
Konstitusionalitas Dalam Kontrak Bagi Hasil: Politik Hukum Minyak Dan Gas Bumi
Abstrak
Penelitian ini difokuskan pada masalah konstitusionalitas UU No. 22 Tahun 2001 tentang Minyak dan Gas Bumi dan kaitannya dengan Pasal 33 UUD NRI 1945 serta konstitusionalitas kontrak bagi hasil dalam kaitannya dengan Pasal 33 UUD NRI 1945. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif. Penelitian ini menemukan: pertama, UU Minyak dan Gas Bumi saat ini dan kaitannya dengan Pasal 33 UUD NRI 1945 secara konseptual masih bermasalah. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan beberapa pasal undang-undang yang telah dibatalkan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi karena bertentangan dengan UUD NRI 1945. Kedua, kontrak bisnis minyak dan gas bumi masih bertentangan dengan semangat Pasal 33 ayat (3) UUD NRI 1945. Hal ini terlihat dengan dikabulkannya permohonan uji materiil UU Minyak dan Gas Bumi di Mahkamah Konstitusi.
Kata kunci: Konstitusi, Kontrak Bagi Hasil, Minyak dan Gas Bumi
Keywords
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References
- Indonesian court decisions
- Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 002/PUU-1/2003 on Case of Application for Testing Law Number 22 of 2001 on Petroleum and Natural Gas.
- Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 020/PUU-V/2007 on Case of Application for Testing Law Number 22 of 2001 on Petroleum and Natural Gas.
- Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 036/PUU-XI/2012 on Case of Application for Testing Law Number 22 of 2001 on Petroleum and Natural Gas.
- Books
- Ahmad, Yusoff Sakina Shaik dan Azimon Abdul Aziz, Mengenali Undang-Undang Kontrak Malaysia (Laser Press 2006).
- Arizona, Yance, Konstitusionalisme Agraria (STPN Press 2014).
- AsshiddiqieJimly, Green Constitution: Nuansa Hijau Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Year 1945 (Rajawali Press 2009).
- Bindemann, Kirsten, Production-Sharing Agreements: An Economic Analysis (Institute for Energy Studies 1999).
- Caporaso, James A. and David PLevine, (translated by Suraji), Teori-Teori Ekonomi Politik (Pustaka Pelajar 2008).
- Compilation of Mining Law, Produk Perundangan Terlengkap dan Terbaru (Pustaka Yustitia 2009).
- Didu, Said, Peran dan Fungsi Ideal BUMN Dalam Pengelolaan Aset Negara (1st ed., Gramedia Pustaka Publisher 2010).
- Hadi, Syamsul, et al., Kudeta Putih: Reformasi dan Pelembagaan Kepentingan Asing dalam Ekonomi Indonesia (Indonesia Berdikari 2012).
- Hasan, Madjedi, Kontrak Minyak dan Gas Bumi Berazas Keadilan dan Kepastian Hukum (Fikahati Aneska 2009).
- Hikam, Muhammad AS (ed.), Menyongsong 2014-2019 Memperkuat Indonesia Dalam Dunia Yang Berubah (Rumah Buku 2014).
- HR, Ridwan, Hukum Administrasi Negara (Rajawali Press 2010).
- HS, Salim and Budi Sutrisno, Hukum Investasi di Indonesia (Rajawali 2008).
- HS, Salim B, Hukum Pertambangan di Indonesia (PT. Raja Grafindo Persada 2012).
- Kelsen, Hans, Teori Umum tentang Hukum dan Negara (translated by Raisul Muttaqien in General Theory of Law and State, 1971) (Nusa Media 2013).
- Marbun, S.F. and Moh. Mahfud MD, Pokok-Pokok Hukum Administrasi Negara, (Liberty 2009).
- Cherednychenko, Olha O., ‘Subordinating Contract law to Fundamental Rights: Towards a Major Breakthrough or towards Walking in Circles’, in Alphen aan den Rijn, Constitutional Values and European Contract Law (Kluwer Law Internasional 2008).
- Panglima, Saragih Juli, Sejarah Perminyakandi Indonesia (1st Ed., Aghrindo Abadi 2010).
- Partowidagdo, Widjajono B, Pengantar Produksi Investasi dan Kemampuan Nasional Hukum Migas (CIDES 2008).
- Pradnyana, Gde, Nasionalisme Migas (Nayottama Press Holdings 2014).
- Puri, Hardeep and Delfino Bondad, “TRIM’s Development and the general Agreement”, in UNCTAD, Uruguay Round: Further Papers on Selected Issues (United Nations 1990).
- Pututm Prabantoro AM., Migas The Untold Story (Gramedia 2014).
- PWC, Oil and Gas in Indonesia: Investment and Taxation Guide (8th Ed., 2017).
- Sanusi,Bachrawi, Potensi Ekonomi Migas Indonesia (Rineka Cipta 2004).
- Swasono, Sri-Edi, Tentang Kerakyatan dan Demokrasi Ekonomi (National Development Planning Agency 2008).
- Syeirazi, M. Kholid, Di Bawah Bendera Asing; Liberalisasi Industri Migas di Indonesia (LP3S Indonesia 2009).
- Wilson, Tim, Innovating Indonesian Investment Regulation: The Need for Further Reform (Institute of Public Affairs 2001).
- Winarno, Yudho, et al.,Privatisasi Ketenagalistrikan, Minyak dan Gas Bumi: Dalam Perspektif Peraturan Perundang-undangan, Kebijakan Politik Pemerintah dan Penerapannya di Indonesia (Pusat Penelitian dan Pengkajian Sekretariat Jenderal 2005).
- Journal articles
- Fabrikant, Robert, ‘Production Sharing Contracts in the Indonesian Petroleum Industry’ [1975] Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 16.
- Heriyanto, D.S.N., ‘Contracting Out Public Services to NGO Practices in Asian Countries’, [2016] Public Goods and Governance Vol. 1 Issue 1.
- Johnson, D., ‘How to Evaluate the Fiscal Terms Oil Contract’ [2006] IPD Working Paper Series.
- Romadhon, Topan Meiza, ‘Pengaturan Production Sharing Contract dalam Undang-Undang Minyak Dan Gas’ [2009] Jurnal Hukum Vol 16. No. 1.
- Roziqin, ‘Pengelolaan Sektor Minyak Bumi Di Indonesia Pasca Reformasi: Analisis Konsep Negara Kesejahteraan’ [2015] Jurnal Tata Kelola & Akuntabilitas Keuangan Negara Vol. 1 No. 2.
- Salim, Agus, ‘Pengusahaan Migas di Indonesia dalam Perspektif Kedaulatan Negara atas Sumber Daya Alam (SDA)’ [2012] Jurnal Energi 8th Ed.
- Walde, Thomas W and George K Ndi, ‘International Oil and Gas Investment: Moving Eastward?’ [1994] International Energy and Resources Law & Policy Series.
- Papers and Reports
- Arizona, Yance B, ‘Konstitusi Dalam Intaian Neoliberalisme: Konstitusionalitas Penguasaan Negara Atas Sumberdaya Alam Dalam Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi’ paper presented at Conference on Warisan Otoritarianisme: Demokrasi Indonesia di Bawah Tirani Modal. Panel of Tirani Modal dan Ketatanegaraan, Tuesday, Agustus 5th, 2008 at Faculty of Social Science and Political Science University of Indonesia.
- Commission Secretariat VII DPR RI, Academic Text of Petroleum and Natural Gas Mining Bill.
- General View of PDI Perjuangan faction in Draft Law Discussion on Petroleum and Natural Gas, General Secretariat of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia (DPR RI), Book I.
- Partowidagdo, Widjajono, ‘PSC di Indonesia versus Pengusahaan Migas Dunia Cost Recovery versus Peningkatan Produksi Migas di Indonesia’ paper presented at Seminar on Indonesian Engineers Association (PII), Jakarta, 31 July 2008.
- The International Monetary Fund, “Indonesia-Supplementary Momorandum of Economic and Financial Policies”, The International Monetary Fund, Washington D.C., September 11th, 1998., November 13th, 1998, January 20th, 2000, May1st, 2000, July 31st, 2000 and December 13th, 2001.
- Website
- Hasan, Madjedi, ‘Kontrak Migas Perlu Memuat Stabilization Clause’ (Hukum Online 2009)
- Other
- Work Agreements between PN. Pertambangan Minyak Indonesia and California Asiatic Oil Company and Texaco Overseas Pertroleum Company dated September 25th, 1963.
References
Indonesian court decisions
Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 002/PUU-1/2003 on Case of Application for Testing Law Number 22 of 2001 on Petroleum and Natural Gas.
Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 020/PUU-V/2007 on Case of Application for Testing Law Number 22 of 2001 on Petroleum and Natural Gas.
Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 036/PUU-XI/2012 on Case of Application for Testing Law Number 22 of 2001 on Petroleum and Natural Gas.
Books
Ahmad, Yusoff Sakina Shaik dan Azimon Abdul Aziz, Mengenali Undang-Undang Kontrak Malaysia (Laser Press 2006).
Arizona, Yance, Konstitusionalisme Agraria (STPN Press 2014).
AsshiddiqieJimly, Green Constitution: Nuansa Hijau Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Year 1945 (Rajawali Press 2009).
Bindemann, Kirsten, Production-Sharing Agreements: An Economic Analysis (Institute for Energy Studies 1999).
Caporaso, James A. and David PLevine, (translated by Suraji), Teori-Teori Ekonomi Politik (Pustaka Pelajar 2008).
Compilation of Mining Law, Produk Perundangan Terlengkap dan Terbaru (Pustaka Yustitia 2009).
Didu, Said, Peran dan Fungsi Ideal BUMN Dalam Pengelolaan Aset Negara (1st ed., Gramedia Pustaka Publisher 2010).
Hadi, Syamsul, et al., Kudeta Putih: Reformasi dan Pelembagaan Kepentingan Asing dalam Ekonomi Indonesia (Indonesia Berdikari 2012).
Hasan, Madjedi, Kontrak Minyak dan Gas Bumi Berazas Keadilan dan Kepastian Hukum (Fikahati Aneska 2009).
Hikam, Muhammad AS (ed.), Menyongsong 2014-2019 Memperkuat Indonesia Dalam Dunia Yang Berubah (Rumah Buku 2014).
HR, Ridwan, Hukum Administrasi Negara (Rajawali Press 2010).
HS, Salim and Budi Sutrisno, Hukum Investasi di Indonesia (Rajawali 2008).
HS, Salim B, Hukum Pertambangan di Indonesia (PT. Raja Grafindo Persada 2012).
Kelsen, Hans, Teori Umum tentang Hukum dan Negara (translated by Raisul Muttaqien in General Theory of Law and State, 1971) (Nusa Media 2013).
Marbun, S.F. and Moh. Mahfud MD, Pokok-Pokok Hukum Administrasi Negara, (Liberty 2009).
Cherednychenko, Olha O., ‘Subordinating Contract law to Fundamental Rights: Towards a Major Breakthrough or towards Walking in Circles’, in Alphen aan den Rijn, Constitutional Values and European Contract Law (Kluwer Law Internasional 2008).
Panglima, Saragih Juli, Sejarah Perminyakandi Indonesia (1st Ed., Aghrindo Abadi 2010).
Partowidagdo, Widjajono B, Pengantar Produksi Investasi dan Kemampuan Nasional Hukum Migas (CIDES 2008).
Pradnyana, Gde, Nasionalisme Migas (Nayottama Press Holdings 2014).
Puri, Hardeep and Delfino Bondad, “TRIM’s Development and the general Agreement”, in UNCTAD, Uruguay Round: Further Papers on Selected Issues (United Nations 1990).
Pututm Prabantoro AM., Migas The Untold Story (Gramedia 2014).
PWC, Oil and Gas in Indonesia: Investment and Taxation Guide (8th Ed., 2017).
Sanusi,Bachrawi, Potensi Ekonomi Migas Indonesia (Rineka Cipta 2004).
Swasono, Sri-Edi, Tentang Kerakyatan dan Demokrasi Ekonomi (National Development Planning Agency 2008).
Syeirazi, M. Kholid, Di Bawah Bendera Asing; Liberalisasi Industri Migas di Indonesia (LP3S Indonesia 2009).
Wilson, Tim, Innovating Indonesian Investment Regulation: The Need for Further Reform (Institute of Public Affairs 2001).
Winarno, Yudho, et al.,Privatisasi Ketenagalistrikan, Minyak dan Gas Bumi: Dalam Perspektif Peraturan Perundang-undangan, Kebijakan Politik Pemerintah dan Penerapannya di Indonesia (Pusat Penelitian dan Pengkajian Sekretariat Jenderal 2005).
Journal articles
Fabrikant, Robert, ‘Production Sharing Contracts in the Indonesian Petroleum Industry’ [1975] Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 16.
Heriyanto, D.S.N., ‘Contracting Out Public Services to NGO Practices in Asian Countries’, [2016] Public Goods and Governance Vol. 1 Issue 1.
Johnson, D., ‘How to Evaluate the Fiscal Terms Oil Contract’ [2006] IPD Working Paper Series.
Romadhon, Topan Meiza, ‘Pengaturan Production Sharing Contract dalam Undang-Undang Minyak Dan Gas’ [2009] Jurnal Hukum Vol 16. No. 1.
Roziqin, ‘Pengelolaan Sektor Minyak Bumi Di Indonesia Pasca Reformasi: Analisis Konsep Negara Kesejahteraan’ [2015] Jurnal Tata Kelola & Akuntabilitas Keuangan Negara Vol. 1 No. 2.
Salim, Agus, ‘Pengusahaan Migas di Indonesia dalam Perspektif Kedaulatan Negara atas Sumber Daya Alam (SDA)’ [2012] Jurnal Energi 8th Ed.
Walde, Thomas W and George K Ndi, ‘International Oil and Gas Investment: Moving Eastward?’ [1994] International Energy and Resources Law & Policy Series.
Papers and Reports
Arizona, Yance B, ‘Konstitusi Dalam Intaian Neoliberalisme: Konstitusionalitas Penguasaan Negara Atas Sumberdaya Alam Dalam Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi’ paper presented at Conference on Warisan Otoritarianisme: Demokrasi Indonesia di Bawah Tirani Modal. Panel of Tirani Modal dan Ketatanegaraan, Tuesday, Agustus 5th, 2008 at Faculty of Social Science and Political Science University of Indonesia.
Commission Secretariat VII DPR RI, Academic Text of Petroleum and Natural Gas Mining Bill.
General View of PDI Perjuangan faction in Draft Law Discussion on Petroleum and Natural Gas, General Secretariat of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia (DPR RI), Book I.
Partowidagdo, Widjajono, ‘PSC di Indonesia versus Pengusahaan Migas Dunia Cost Recovery versus Peningkatan Produksi Migas di Indonesia’ paper presented at Seminar on Indonesian Engineers Association (PII), Jakarta, 31 July 2008.
The International Monetary Fund, “Indonesia-Supplementary Momorandum of Economic and Financial Policies”, The International Monetary Fund, Washington D.C., September 11th, 1998., November 13th, 1998, January 20th, 2000, May1st, 2000, July 31st, 2000 and December 13th, 2001.
Website
Hasan, Madjedi, ‘Kontrak Migas Perlu Memuat Stabilization Clause’ (Hukum Online 2009)
Other
Work Agreements between PN. Pertambangan Minyak Indonesia and California Asiatic Oil Company and Texaco Overseas Pertroleum Company dated September 25th, 1963.