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Abstract
The enactment of a Government Regulations in Lieu of Laws during states of emergency raises problems. This is evident so in the enactment of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1 of 2020 which was formed based on an emergency but used the framework of normal legal regime. Such has led to legal uncertainty and is hence vulnerable to abuse. This research was conducted to answer the problems regarding: the application of emergency laws in Indonesia and the government regulations in Lieu of Laws during states of emergency. This paper used normative legal research conducted by means of statutory, case study, and conceptual approaches. The study concludes that there have been some developments in the application of emergency law in Indonesia, since the status of the current public health emergency s is categorized as an emergency that must be responded to by legal regime in a state of emergency. From the aspect of legal regulation, it is apparent that there are various forms of emergency laws in Indonesia, and each of these legal forms has a different impact on the regulation and its legal binding power. However, the diverse arrangements of emergency laws are not supported by the standard concepts of the state of emergency and these arrangements tend to overlap which has caused ambiguity in the arrangement of emergency law in Indonesia. government regulations in lieu of laws that are stipulated the states of emergency bear the status of emergency regulations. Therefore, the issuance of a government regulations in lieu of Las in the state of emergency must comply with the legal principles of the state of emergency. On this basis, the issuance of government regulations in lieu of laws in the state of emergency must firmly determine the period of its validity as a way to ensure that the existence of the government regulations in lieu of laws does not create legal uncertainty.
Keywords: government regulations in lieu of laws, state of emergency, emergency law.
Peraturan Sebagai Pengganti Statuta Dalam Keadaan Darurat Di Indonesia
Abstrak
Pemberlakuan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang pada saat keadaan darurat menimbulkan permasalahan. Hal ini terlihat dari lahirnya Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2020 yang dibentuk berdasarkan keadaan darurat tetapi menggunakan kerangka rezim hukum yang normal. Hal tersebut telah menyebabkan ketidakpastian hukum dan karenanya rentan terhadap penyalahgunaan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menjawab permasalahan mengenai: penerapan undang-undang darurat di Indonesia dan peraturan pemerintah pengganti undang-undang pada saat keadaan darurat. Tulisan ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif yang dilakukan melalui pendekatan perundang-undangan, studi kasus, dan konseptual. Kajian menyimpulkan bahwa telah terjadi beberapa perkembangan dalam penerapan hukum kedaruratan di Indonesia, karena status kedaruratan kesehatan masyarakat saat ini dikategorikan sebagai kedaruratan yang harus ditanggapi oleh rezim hukum dalam keadaan darurat. Dari aspek pengaturan hukum, terlihat bahwa ada berbagai bentuk hukum darurat di Indonesia, dan masing-masing bentuk hukum tersebut memiliki dampak yang berbeda terhadap pengaturan dan kekuatan mengikat hukumnya. Namun, pengaturan undang-undang darurat yang beragam tidak didukung oleh konsep standar keadaan darurat dan pengaturan ini cenderung tumpang tindih yang menyebabkan ambiguitas dalam pengaturan undang-undang darurat di Indonesia. peraturan pemerintah pengganti undang-undang yang mengatur keadaan darurat berstatus peraturan darurat. Oleh karena itu, penerbitan peraturan pemerintah pengganti Las dalam keadaan darurat harus sesuai dengan asas-asas hukum keadaan darurat. Atas dasar itu, penerbitan peraturan pemerintah pengganti undang-undang dalam keadaan darurat harus secara tegas menentukan masa berlakunya sebagai upaya untuk memastikan bahwa keberadaan peraturan pemerintah pengganti undang-undang tidak menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum.
Kata kunci: peraturan pemerintah pengganti undang-undang, keadaan darurat, hukum darurat.
Keywords
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References
- Constitution.
- Constitution of the Indonesian Federation.
- Provisional Constitution 1950.
- Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
- Law No. 23 of 1959 on the Determination of the State of Emergency.
- Law No. 24 of 2007 on Disaster Management.
- Law No. 6 of 2018 on Health Quarantine.
- Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1 of 1949 concerning Military Administration in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, including the Kasunanan and Mangkunegara Enclaves.
- Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 1 of 2020 concerning State Financial Policy and Financial System Stability for Handling the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Pandemic and/or In Facing Threats That Endanger the National Economy and/or Financial System Stability.
- Presidential Decree No. 107 of 1999 concerning the State of Military Emergency in the Province of East Timor.
- Presidential Decree No. 88 of 2000 concerning the State of Civil Emergency in Maluku Province and North Maluku Province.
- Presidential Decree No. 28 of 2003 concerning the Declaration of a State of Emergency with Military Emergency Levels in the Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam.
- Presidential Decree Number 11 of 2020 concerning the Determination of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Public Health Emergency.
- Brazilian Constitution.
- Constitution of the Republic of South Africa.
- Constitutional Court Decision No. 003/PUU-III/2005.
- Constitutional Court Decision No. 138/PUU-VII/2009.
- Constitutional Court Decision No. 37/PUU-XVIII/2020.
- Agamben, Giorgio, State of Exception, Translated by Kevin Attell, The University of Chicago Press, 2005.
- Appadorai, A., The Substance of Politics, Oxford University Press, 2005.
- Asshiddiqie, Jimly, Hukum Tata Negara Darurat, PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 2007.
- Astawa, Pantja, dan Na’a, Suprin, Dinamika Hukum dan Ilmu Perundang-undangan di Indonesia, Edisi Pertama, Alumni, 2008.
- Dullemen, A.A.L.F. van, Staatsnoodrecht en Democratie, dikutip dari Herman Sihombing, Hukum Tata Negara Darurat di Indonesia, Djambatan, 1996.
- Edelson, Chris, Emergency Presidential Power: From the Drafting of Constitution to the War on Terror, University of Wisconsin Press, 2013.
- FoEkh, Daniel Yusmic P., Perppu dalam Teori dan Praktik, Rajawali Pers, 2021.
- Gultom, Binsar, Pelanggaran HAM dalam Hukum Keadaan Darurat di Indonesia Mengapa Pengadilan HAM Ad Hoc Indonesia Kurang Efektif? PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama 2010.
- Huda, Ni’matul, Dinamika Ketatanegaraan Indonesia dalam Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi (FH UII Press 2011).
- Manan, Bagir, DPR, DPD dan MPR dalam UUD 1945 Baru. FH UII Press 2003. 42-43.
- Schmitt, Carl, Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty, Translated by George Schwab, Foreword by Tracy Strong, University of Chicago Press, 2005.
- Adhari, Agus, ‘Ambiguitas Pengaturan Keadaan Bahaya dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia’ (2019) 11 (1) Dialogia Iuridica: Jurnal Hukum Bisnis dan Investasi.
- Arsil, Fitra, and Ayuni, Qurrata, ‘Model Pengaturan Kedaruratan dan Pilihan Kedaruratan Indonesia dalam Menghadapi Pandemi Covid-19’ (2020) 50 (2) Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan.
- Feldman, William, ‘Theories of Emergency Powers: A Comparative Analysis of American Martial Law and the French State of Siege’ (2005) 38 (3) Cornell International Law Journal.
- Ferejohn, John, & Pasquino, Pasquale, ‘The Law of Exception: A Typology of Emergency Powers’ (2004) 2 (2) International Journal of Constitutional Law.
- Huda N, Heriyanto DSN and Wardhana AFG, “The Urgency of the Constitutional Preview of Law on the Ratification of International Treaty by the Constitutional Court in Indonesia” (2021) 7 Heliyon.
- Khakee, Anna, ‘Securing Democracy? A Comparative Analysis of Emergency Powers in Europe’ (2009) Policy Paper (30) Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF).
- Kuswandi, ‘Pengaruh Perang Kemerdekaan II Terhadap Pengakuan Kedaulatan RI Tanggal 27 Desember 1949’ (2015) 3 (2) Jurnal Artefak.
- Manan, Bagir, and Harijanti, Susi Dwi, ‘Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang dalam Perspektif Ajaran Konstitusi dan Prinsip Negara Hukum’ (2017) 4 (2) Padjajaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum.
- McGiverin, Brian, ‘In the Face of Danger: A Comparative Analysis of the Use of Emergency Powers in The United States and The United Kingdom in the 20th Century’ (2008) 18 (1) Indiana International and Comparative Law Review.
- Prasetio, Rizki Bagus, ‘Pandemi Covid-19: Perspektif Hukum Tata Negara Darurat’, (2021) 15 (2) Jurnal Ilmiah Kebijakan Hukum.
- Scheppele, Kim Lane, ‘Law in A Time of Emergency: States of Exception and the Temptations of 9/11’ (2004) 6 (5) Journal of Constitutional Law.
- Asshiddiqie, Jimly, ‘Diktator Konstitusional dan Hukum Pengecualian’ (2020) Makalah Kuliah Umum Perkembangan Hukum Tata Negara Darurat di Indonesia Universitas Indonesia.
- Margana, Sri, et.al., ‘Naskah Akademik Serangan Umum 1 Maret 1949 sebagai Hari Nasional Penegakan Kedaulatan Negara’ (2022) Dinas Kebudayaan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.
- Asshiddiqie, Jimly, ‘Dua Tipe Perpu, Pembentukan dan Pencabutannya’ <https://www.academia.edu/42854447/Tipe_PERPU_Bentuk_and_Cabut> retrieved on April, 10, 2022.
References
Constitution.
Constitution of the Indonesian Federation.
Provisional Constitution 1950.
Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
Law No. 23 of 1959 on the Determination of the State of Emergency.
Law No. 24 of 2007 on Disaster Management.
Law No. 6 of 2018 on Health Quarantine.
Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1 of 1949 concerning Military Administration in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, including the Kasunanan and Mangkunegara Enclaves.
Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 1 of 2020 concerning State Financial Policy and Financial System Stability for Handling the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Pandemic and/or In Facing Threats That Endanger the National Economy and/or Financial System Stability.
Presidential Decree No. 107 of 1999 concerning the State of Military Emergency in the Province of East Timor.
Presidential Decree No. 88 of 2000 concerning the State of Civil Emergency in Maluku Province and North Maluku Province.
Presidential Decree No. 28 of 2003 concerning the Declaration of a State of Emergency with Military Emergency Levels in the Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam.
Presidential Decree Number 11 of 2020 concerning the Determination of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Public Health Emergency.
Brazilian Constitution.
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa.
Constitutional Court Decision No. 003/PUU-III/2005.
Constitutional Court Decision No. 138/PUU-VII/2009.
Constitutional Court Decision No. 37/PUU-XVIII/2020.
Agamben, Giorgio, State of Exception, Translated by Kevin Attell, The University of Chicago Press, 2005.
Appadorai, A., The Substance of Politics, Oxford University Press, 2005.
Asshiddiqie, Jimly, Hukum Tata Negara Darurat, PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 2007.
Astawa, Pantja, dan Na’a, Suprin, Dinamika Hukum dan Ilmu Perundang-undangan di Indonesia, Edisi Pertama, Alumni, 2008.
Dullemen, A.A.L.F. van, Staatsnoodrecht en Democratie, dikutip dari Herman Sihombing, Hukum Tata Negara Darurat di Indonesia, Djambatan, 1996.
Edelson, Chris, Emergency Presidential Power: From the Drafting of Constitution to the War on Terror, University of Wisconsin Press, 2013.
FoEkh, Daniel Yusmic P., Perppu dalam Teori dan Praktik, Rajawali Pers, 2021.
Gultom, Binsar, Pelanggaran HAM dalam Hukum Keadaan Darurat di Indonesia Mengapa Pengadilan HAM Ad Hoc Indonesia Kurang Efektif? PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama 2010.
Huda, Ni’matul, Dinamika Ketatanegaraan Indonesia dalam Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi (FH UII Press 2011).
Manan, Bagir, DPR, DPD dan MPR dalam UUD 1945 Baru. FH UII Press 2003. 42-43.
Schmitt, Carl, Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty, Translated by George Schwab, Foreword by Tracy Strong, University of Chicago Press, 2005.
Adhari, Agus, ‘Ambiguitas Pengaturan Keadaan Bahaya dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia’ (2019) 11 (1) Dialogia Iuridica: Jurnal Hukum Bisnis dan Investasi.
Arsil, Fitra, and Ayuni, Qurrata, ‘Model Pengaturan Kedaruratan dan Pilihan Kedaruratan Indonesia dalam Menghadapi Pandemi Covid-19’ (2020) 50 (2) Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan.
Feldman, William, ‘Theories of Emergency Powers: A Comparative Analysis of American Martial Law and the French State of Siege’ (2005) 38 (3) Cornell International Law Journal.
Ferejohn, John, & Pasquino, Pasquale, ‘The Law of Exception: A Typology of Emergency Powers’ (2004) 2 (2) International Journal of Constitutional Law.
Huda N, Heriyanto DSN and Wardhana AFG, “The Urgency of the Constitutional Preview of Law on the Ratification of International Treaty by the Constitutional Court in Indonesia” (2021) 7 Heliyon.
Khakee, Anna, ‘Securing Democracy? A Comparative Analysis of Emergency Powers in Europe’ (2009) Policy Paper (30) Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF).
Kuswandi, ‘Pengaruh Perang Kemerdekaan II Terhadap Pengakuan Kedaulatan RI Tanggal 27 Desember 1949’ (2015) 3 (2) Jurnal Artefak.
Manan, Bagir, and Harijanti, Susi Dwi, ‘Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang dalam Perspektif Ajaran Konstitusi dan Prinsip Negara Hukum’ (2017) 4 (2) Padjajaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum.
McGiverin, Brian, ‘In the Face of Danger: A Comparative Analysis of the Use of Emergency Powers in The United States and The United Kingdom in the 20th Century’ (2008) 18 (1) Indiana International and Comparative Law Review.
Prasetio, Rizki Bagus, ‘Pandemi Covid-19: Perspektif Hukum Tata Negara Darurat’, (2021) 15 (2) Jurnal Ilmiah Kebijakan Hukum.
Scheppele, Kim Lane, ‘Law in A Time of Emergency: States of Exception and the Temptations of 9/11’ (2004) 6 (5) Journal of Constitutional Law.
Asshiddiqie, Jimly, ‘Diktator Konstitusional dan Hukum Pengecualian’ (2020) Makalah Kuliah Umum Perkembangan Hukum Tata Negara Darurat di Indonesia Universitas Indonesia.
Margana, Sri, et.al., ‘Naskah Akademik Serangan Umum 1 Maret 1949 sebagai Hari Nasional Penegakan Kedaulatan Negara’ (2022) Dinas Kebudayaan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.
Asshiddiqie, Jimly, ‘Dua Tipe Perpu, Pembentukan dan Pencabutannya’ <https://www.academia.edu/42854447/Tipe_PERPU_Bentuk_and_Cabut> retrieved on April, 10, 2022.