In Favor Of An Immigration Data Protection Law In Indonesia And Its Utilization For Contact Tracing

Jihyun Park; Dodik Setiawan Nur Heriyanto

doi:10.20885/PLR.vol4.iss1.art1

Submitted

April 11, 2022

Accepted

August 9, 2022

Published

October 14, 2022

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Abstract

Immigration data form a substantial part of the border protection between countries. However, the quality and integrity of each country’s immigration data varies greatly in terms of technology and regulation. A country that has a weak a legal framework on data protection has proven to be easily abused by irresponsible parties. Including when Indonesia tries to carry out tracing by synchronizing the data in the Peduli Lindungi application with immigration data, there will be a potential violation of the privacy rights of individuals. Hence, this study applies a normative and empirical (mix) legal research methodology to analyze two keys issues: what are the advantages of synchronizing the domestic tracing application called Peduli Lindungi to the immigration data? and what kind of legal framework to prevent the misuse of personal data in Indonesia? With regulatory and comparative approaches, this study concludes without powerful legal framework, there will be no legal assurance to the promotion of privacy rights in the synchronization and the use of immigration data for health tracing purposes. From the empirical side, Indonesian’s current policy does not enable monitoring or evaluating authority to scrutinize ministerial activities in collecting and utilizing personal data. Moreover, by considering several problems of data breach in Indonesia, a single and unified data protection law is needed to integrate and provide uniformity of implementation for data protection.
Keywords: data protection law, immigration, privacy rights.

Mendukung Undang-Undang Perlindungan Data Keimigrasian Di Indonesia Dan Pemanfaatannya Untuk Pelacakan Kontak

Abstrak

Data imigrasi merupakan bagian penting dari perlindungan perbatasan antar negara. Namun, kualitas dan integritas data keimigrasian masing-masing negara sangat bervariasi dari segi teknologi dan regulasi. Negara yang memiliki kerangka hukum perlindungan data yang lemah terbukti mudah disalahgunakan oleh pihak-pihak yang tidak bertanggung jawab. Termasuk ketika Indonesia mencoba melakukan tracing dengan menyinkronkan data pada aplikasi Peduli Lindungi dengan data keimigrasian, maka akan berpotensi terjadi pelanggaran terhadap hak privasi individu. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi penelitian hukum normatif dan empiris (campuran) untuk menganalisis dua masalah utama: apa keuntungan dari sinkronisasi aplikasi penelusuran dalam negeri bernama Peduli Lindungi terhadap data keimigrasian? dan apa kerangka hukum untuk mencegah penyalahgunaan data pribadi di Indonesia? Dengan pendekatan regulasi dan komparatif, studi ini menyimpulkan tanpa kerangka hukum yang kuat, tidak akan ada jaminan hukum untuk promosi hak privasi dalam sinkronisasi dan penggunaan data imigrasi untuk tujuan penelusuran kesehatan. Dari sisi empiris, kebijakan Indonesia saat ini tidak memungkinkan kewenangan pemantauan atau evaluasi untuk meneliti kegiatan kementerian dalam mengumpulkan dan memanfaatkan data pribadi. Selain itu, dengan mempertimbangkan beberapa masalah pelanggaran data di Indonesia, diperlukan undang-undang perlindungan data yang tunggal dan terpadu untuk mengintegrasikan dan memberikan keseragaman implementasi perlindungan data.
Kata kunci: undang-undang perlindungan data, keimigrasian, hak privasi.

Keywords

Data Protection Law Immigration Privacy Rights

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How to Cite

Jihyun Park, & Dodik Setiawan Nur Heriyanto. (2022). In Favor Of An Immigration Data Protection Law In Indonesia And Its Utilization For Contact Tracing. Prophetic Law Review, 4(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.20885/PLR.vol4.iss1.art1

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References

Constitution.
Indonesian Civil Code.
Law No. 26 of 2007 on Regional Space Management.
Law No. 11 of 2008 on Information and Electronic Transactions.
Law No. 6 of 2011 on Immigration.
President Regulation No. 82 of 2020 on Committee for Handling Covid-19 and National Economic Recovery.
Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 29 of 2015 on Organization and Structure of Indonesian Minister of Law and Human Rights.
Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 3 of 2020 on the Temporary Termination of Free Visit Visa, Visa, and Granting of Forced Stay Permit for Citizens of the Peoples Republic of China.
Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 7 of 2020 on Granting of Visa and Stay Permission to Prevent the Enty of the Corona Virus.
Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 8 of 2020 on the Provision of Free Visit Visa, Visa on Arrival and Granting of Force Stay Permit.
Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 11 of 2020 on the Temporary Prohibition for Foreigners entering the Territory of the Republic of Indonesia.
South Korea’s Personal Information Protection Act (2011).
Draft of Law on Personal Data Protection (2015 Version).
Draft of Law on Personal Data Protection (2020 Version).
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966.
UN Human Rights Committee, “General Comment No. 27: Article 12 (Freedom of Movement)”.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948.
District Court of South Jakarta No515/PdtG/2010/PNJktSel (2010)
De Vittor F, “Nationality and Freedom of Movement” in Serena Forlati dan Alessandra Annoni (ed), The Changing Role of Nationality in International Law (Routledge 2013).
Fajar M dan Yulianto A, Dualisme Penelitian Hukum Normatif & Empiris (Pustaka Pelajar 2015).
Hannum H, The Right to Leave and Return in International Law and Practice (M Nijhoff 1987).
K.H. R dan Yusra A, Lintas Sejarah Imigrasi Indonesia (General Directorate of Immigration, Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights 2005).
Karo, Rizky Prasetyo T, Pengaturan Perlindungan Data Pribadi di Indonesia (Nusa Media 2020).
Portes J, “Labour mobility in the European Union” in Steven N Durlauf dan Lawrence E Blume (ed), The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (Palgrave Macmillan 2015)
Ramstedt K and others, “Contact Tracing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection” (Sexual Transmission Diseases, 1990) 37
Scassa T, Millar J dan Bronson K, “Privacy, Ethics, and Contact-tracing Apps” in Colleen M Flood (ed), Vulnerable: The Law and Politics of COVID-19 (University of Ottawa Press 2020).
Setiawan R, Tinjauan Elementer Perbuatan Melanggar Hukum (Bina Cipta 1991).
Wijayanti H, Hukum Kewarganegaraan dan Keimigrasian (Banyuwangi Publishing 2011).
Journals
Ambia W, Doranti MD dan Wani P, “Peran Keimigrasian serta Upaya Hukum Keimigrasian Dalam Menghadapi Kejahatan Transnasional di Indonesia” (2021) 8 Jurnal Hukum dan Keadilan Mediasi.
Bigo D, “Immigration Controls and Free Movement in Europe” (2009) 91 International Review of the Red Cross 579.
Bou-Karroum L and others, “Public Health effects of Travel-related Policies on the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed-methods Systematic Review” (2021) 83 Journal of Infection 413.
Budd J and others, “Digital Technologies in the Public-health Response to COVID-19” (2020) 26 Nature Medicine 1183.
Castles S, “Migration and Community Formation under Conditions of Globalization” (2002) 36 International Migration Review 1143.
Choi HY dan Sudhinaraset M, “Analysis of Attitudes About COVID-19 Contact Tracing and Public Health Guidelines Among Undocumented Immigrants in the US” (2021) 4 JAMA Network Open.
Higgins R, “The Right in International Law of an Individual to Enter, Stay in and Leave a Country*” (1973) 49 International Affairs 341.
Hur J-Y dan Kim KW, “Crisis Learning and Flattening the Curve: South Korea’s Rapid and Massive Diagnosis of the COVID-19 Infection” (2020) 50 American Review of Public Administration 606.
Kretzschmar ME and others, “Impact of Delays on Effectiveness of Contact Tracing Strategies for COVID-19: A Modelling Study” (2020) 5 The Lancet Public Health e452.
Langbroek P and others, “Methodology of Legal Research: Challenges and Opportunities” (2017) 13 Utrecht Law Review 1.
Lee CS, “Contact Tracing Apps for Self-quarantine in South Korea: Rethinking Datafication and Dataveillance in the COVID-19 Age” (2021) 45 Online Information Review 810.
Lee U dan Kim A, “Benefits of Mobile Contact Tracing on COVID-19: Tracing Capacity Perspectives” (2021) 9 Frontiers in Public Health 1.
Lin H and others, “Tracing Sexual Contacts of HIV-infected Individuals in a Rural Prefecture, Eastern China” (2012) 12 BMC Public Health 1.
Mitchell J, “Transnational Organised Crime in Indonesia: the Need for International Cooperation” (2016) 3 Brawijaya Law Journal 176.
Mohamed K, “Combining Methods in Legal Research” (2016) 11 The Social Sciences 5191.
Nakamoto I and others, “A QR Code–Based Contact Tracing Framework for Sustainable Containment of COVID-19: Evaluation of an Approach to Assist the Return to Normal Activity” (2020) 8 JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 1.
Pasaribu PY dan Briando B, “Pelayanan Publik Keimigrasian Berbasis HAM Sebagai Perwujudan Tata Nilai ‘PASTI’ Kemenkumham” (2019) 10 Jurnal Hak Asasi Manusia 39.
Pham TQ and others, “Timeliness of Contact Tracing Among Flight Passengers during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Vietnam” (2021) 21 BMC Infectious Diseases 1.
Steffen R, Lautenschlager S dan Fehr J, “Travel Restrictions and Lockdown during the COVID-19 Pandemic - impact on notified infectious diseases in Switzerland” (2020) 27 Journal of Travel Medicine 1.
Suleiman A and others, “Use of Movement Restrictions during an Outbreak of COVID-19 in Selangor, Malaysia” (2021) 12 Western Pacific Surveillance and Response 1.
Vasilopoulou S dan Talving L, “Opportunity or threat? Public attitudes towards EU Freedom of Movement” [2020] Journal of European Public Policy 805.
Walrave M, Waeterloos C dan Ponnet K, “Adoption of a Contact Tracing App for Containing COVID-19: A Health Belief Model Approach” (2020) 6 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance.
Warren SD dan Brandeis LD, “The Right to Privacy” (1890) 4 Harvard Law Review 193.
Wijayanto H, Daryono D dan Nasiroh S, “Analisis Forensik Pada Aplikasi Peduli Lindungi Terhadap Kebocoran Data Pribadi” (2021) 9 Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (TIKomSiN) 11.
Winkins T, “HIV 2: prevention, symptoms, diagnosis and contact tracing | Nursing Times” (2020) 116 Nursing Times 35.
Yuan HY dan Blakemore C, “The Impact of Contact Tracing and Testing on Controlling COVID-19 Outbreak Without Lockdown in Hong Kong: An Observational Study” (2022) 20 The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific 1.
Asian Development Bank, “Assessment of Covid-19 Response in the Republic of Korea” (2021).
Directorate General of Immigration, “Information on immigration regulations during the Covid-19 Pandemic” (2022).
Ernst and Young Global Ltd, “How COVID-19 is Disrupting Immigration Policies and Worker Mobility: a Tracker” (2022).
European Medicines Agency, “EMA and Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety to Share Confidential COVID-19 Information” (2020).
Ghosh S, “2 Data Leaks Reported in Indonesia’s COVID-19 Tracking Apps” (2021).
Jurje F dan Lavenex S, “ASEAN Economic Community: What Model for Labour Mobility?” (2015) 2015/02.
Kwon S, Lee T dan Kim C, “Republic of Korea Health System Review” (2005).
OECD, “Tracking and Tracing COVID: Protecting Privacy and Data while using Apps and Biometrics” (OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus, 2020).
WHO, “Contact tracing in the context of COVID-19” (Interim Guidance, 2020).
_____, “Risk-assessment Approach to the Implementation of Risk Mitigation Measures for International Travel” (2020).
_____, “Contact Tracing in the Context of COVID-19” (2021).
_____, “Technical guidance” (2022).
“Data eHAC Milik 1,3 Juta Penggunanya Dilaporkan Bocor, ‘Keamanan Data Tidak Prioritas’” (2021) < https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-58393345> accessed 10 April 2020.
“Kominfo Ministry Shares Guide to Safely Using Pedulilindungi App - News en.tempo.co” (2021) <https://en.tempo.co/read/1504131/kominfo-ministry-shares-guide-to-safely-using-pedulilindungi-app> accessed 2 April 2020.
Ibrahim R, “Indonesians’ Data ‘just sitting there’, Hackers Say” (2021) <https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2021/09/07/indonesians-data-just-sitting-there-hackers-say.html> accessed 10 April 2020
Voice of Indonesia, “eHAC Application Data Allegedly Leaked, What About PeduliLindungi?” (2021) <https://voi.id/en/news/81071/ehac-application-data-allegedly-leaked-what-about-pedulilindungi> accessed 10 April 2020
Woodyard C, “Coronavirus: Tracing COVID-19-Infected Airline Passengers Isn’t Easy” (Airline News, 2020) <https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/airline-news/2020/09/18/coronavirus-tracing-covid-19-infected-airline-passengers-isnt-easy/3477412001/> accessed 10 April 2020
Circulation Letter No. 17 of 2022 on Overseas Travel Health Protoco during the Covid-19 Pandemic.

References

Constitution.

Indonesian Civil Code.

Law No. 26 of 2007 on Regional Space Management.

Law No. 11 of 2008 on Information and Electronic Transactions.

Law No. 6 of 2011 on Immigration.

President Regulation No. 82 of 2020 on Committee for Handling Covid-19 and National Economic Recovery.

Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 29 of 2015 on Organization and Structure of Indonesian Minister of Law and Human Rights.

Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 3 of 2020 on the Temporary Termination of Free Visit Visa, Visa, and Granting of Forced Stay Permit for Citizens of the Peoples Republic of China.

Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 7 of 2020 on Granting of Visa and Stay Permission to Prevent the Enty of the Corona Virus.

Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 8 of 2020 on the Provision of Free Visit Visa, Visa on Arrival and Granting of Force Stay Permit.

Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 11 of 2020 on the Temporary Prohibition for Foreigners entering the Territory of the Republic of Indonesia.

South Korea’s Personal Information Protection Act (2011).

Draft of Law on Personal Data Protection (2015 Version).

Draft of Law on Personal Data Protection (2020 Version).

Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966.

UN Human Rights Committee, “General Comment No. 27: Article 12 (Freedom of Movement)”.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948.

District Court of South Jakarta No515/PdtG/2010/PNJktSel (2010)

De Vittor F, “Nationality and Freedom of Movement” in Serena Forlati dan Alessandra Annoni (ed), The Changing Role of Nationality in International Law (Routledge 2013).

Fajar M dan Yulianto A, Dualisme Penelitian Hukum Normatif & Empiris (Pustaka Pelajar 2015).

Hannum H, The Right to Leave and Return in International Law and Practice (M Nijhoff 1987).

K.H. R dan Yusra A, Lintas Sejarah Imigrasi Indonesia (General Directorate of Immigration, Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights 2005).

Karo, Rizky Prasetyo T, Pengaturan Perlindungan Data Pribadi di Indonesia (Nusa Media 2020).

Portes J, “Labour mobility in the European Union” in Steven N Durlauf dan Lawrence E Blume (ed), The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (Palgrave Macmillan 2015)

Ramstedt K and others, “Contact Tracing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection” (Sexual Transmission Diseases, 1990) 37

Scassa T, Millar J dan Bronson K, “Privacy, Ethics, and Contact-tracing Apps” in Colleen M Flood (ed), Vulnerable: The Law and Politics of COVID-19 (University of Ottawa Press 2020).

Setiawan R, Tinjauan Elementer Perbuatan Melanggar Hukum (Bina Cipta 1991).

Wijayanti H, Hukum Kewarganegaraan dan Keimigrasian (Banyuwangi Publishing 2011).

Journals

Ambia W, Doranti MD dan Wani P, “Peran Keimigrasian serta Upaya Hukum Keimigrasian Dalam Menghadapi Kejahatan Transnasional di Indonesia” (2021) 8 Jurnal Hukum dan Keadilan Mediasi.

Bigo D, “Immigration Controls and Free Movement in Europe” (2009) 91 International Review of the Red Cross 579.

Bou-Karroum L and others, “Public Health effects of Travel-related Policies on the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed-methods Systematic Review” (2021) 83 Journal of Infection 413.

Budd J and others, “Digital Technologies in the Public-health Response to COVID-19” (2020) 26 Nature Medicine 1183.

Castles S, “Migration and Community Formation under Conditions of Globalization” (2002) 36 International Migration Review 1143.

Choi HY dan Sudhinaraset M, “Analysis of Attitudes About COVID-19 Contact Tracing and Public Health Guidelines Among Undocumented Immigrants in the US” (2021) 4 JAMA Network Open.

Higgins R, “The Right in International Law of an Individual to Enter, Stay in and Leave a Country*” (1973) 49 International Affairs 341.

Hur J-Y dan Kim KW, “Crisis Learning and Flattening the Curve: South Korea’s Rapid and Massive Diagnosis of the COVID-19 Infection” (2020) 50 American Review of Public Administration 606.

Kretzschmar ME and others, “Impact of Delays on Effectiveness of Contact Tracing Strategies for COVID-19: A Modelling Study” (2020) 5 The Lancet Public Health e452.

Langbroek P and others, “Methodology of Legal Research: Challenges and Opportunities” (2017) 13 Utrecht Law Review 1.

Lee CS, “Contact Tracing Apps for Self-quarantine in South Korea: Rethinking Datafication and Dataveillance in the COVID-19 Age” (2021) 45 Online Information Review 810.

Lee U dan Kim A, “Benefits of Mobile Contact Tracing on COVID-19: Tracing Capacity Perspectives” (2021) 9 Frontiers in Public Health 1.

Lin H and others, “Tracing Sexual Contacts of HIV-infected Individuals in a Rural Prefecture, Eastern China” (2012) 12 BMC Public Health 1.

Mitchell J, “Transnational Organised Crime in Indonesia: the Need for International Cooperation” (2016) 3 Brawijaya Law Journal 176.

Mohamed K, “Combining Methods in Legal Research” (2016) 11 The Social Sciences 5191.

Nakamoto I and others, “A QR Code–Based Contact Tracing Framework for Sustainable Containment of COVID-19: Evaluation of an Approach to Assist the Return to Normal Activity” (2020) 8 JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 1.

Pasaribu PY dan Briando B, “Pelayanan Publik Keimigrasian Berbasis HAM Sebagai Perwujudan Tata Nilai ‘PASTI’ Kemenkumham” (2019) 10 Jurnal Hak Asasi Manusia 39.

Pham TQ and others, “Timeliness of Contact Tracing Among Flight Passengers during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Vietnam” (2021) 21 BMC Infectious Diseases 1.

Steffen R, Lautenschlager S dan Fehr J, “Travel Restrictions and Lockdown during the COVID-19 Pandemic - impact on notified infectious diseases in Switzerland” (2020) 27 Journal of Travel Medicine 1.

Suleiman A and others, “Use of Movement Restrictions during an Outbreak of COVID-19 in Selangor, Malaysia” (2021) 12 Western Pacific Surveillance and Response 1.

Vasilopoulou S dan Talving L, “Opportunity or threat? Public attitudes towards EU Freedom of Movement” [2020] Journal of European Public Policy 805.

Walrave M, Waeterloos C dan Ponnet K, “Adoption of a Contact Tracing App for Containing COVID-19: A Health Belief Model Approach” (2020) 6 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance.

Warren SD dan Brandeis LD, “The Right to Privacy” (1890) 4 Harvard Law Review 193.

Wijayanto H, Daryono D dan Nasiroh S, “Analisis Forensik Pada Aplikasi Peduli Lindungi Terhadap Kebocoran Data Pribadi” (2021) 9 Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (TIKomSiN) 11.

Winkins T, “HIV 2: prevention, symptoms, diagnosis and contact tracing | Nursing Times” (2020) 116 Nursing Times 35.

Yuan HY dan Blakemore C, “The Impact of Contact Tracing and Testing on Controlling COVID-19 Outbreak Without Lockdown in Hong Kong: An Observational Study” (2022) 20 The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific 1.

Asian Development Bank, “Assessment of Covid-19 Response in the Republic of Korea” (2021).

Directorate General of Immigration, “Information on immigration regulations during the Covid-19 Pandemic” (2022).

Ernst and Young Global Ltd, “How COVID-19 is Disrupting Immigration Policies and Worker Mobility: a Tracker” (2022).

European Medicines Agency, “EMA and Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety to Share Confidential COVID-19 Information” (2020).

Ghosh S, “2 Data Leaks Reported in Indonesia’s COVID-19 Tracking Apps” (2021).

Jurje F dan Lavenex S, “ASEAN Economic Community: What Model for Labour Mobility?” (2015) 2015/02.

Kwon S, Lee T dan Kim C, “Republic of Korea Health System Review” (2005).

OECD, “Tracking and Tracing COVID: Protecting Privacy and Data while using Apps and Biometrics” (OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus, 2020).

WHO, “Contact tracing in the context of COVID-19” (Interim Guidance, 2020).

_____, “Risk-assessment Approach to the Implementation of Risk Mitigation Measures for International Travel” (2020).

_____, “Contact Tracing in the Context of COVID-19” (2021).

_____, “Technical guidance” (2022).

“Data eHAC Milik 1,3 Juta Penggunanya Dilaporkan Bocor, ‘Keamanan Data Tidak Prioritas’” (2021) < https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-58393345> accessed 10 April 2020.

“Kominfo Ministry Shares Guide to Safely Using Pedulilindungi App - News en.tempo.co” (2021) <https://en.tempo.co/read/1504131/kominfo-ministry-shares-guide-to-safely-using-pedulilindungi-app> accessed 2 April 2020.

Ibrahim R, “Indonesians’ Data ‘just sitting there’, Hackers Say” (2021) <https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2021/09/07/indonesians-data-just-sitting-there-hackers-say.html> accessed 10 April 2020

Voice of Indonesia, “eHAC Application Data Allegedly Leaked, What About PeduliLindungi?” (2021) <https://voi.id/en/news/81071/ehac-application-data-allegedly-leaked-what-about-pedulilindungi> accessed 10 April 2020

Woodyard C, “Coronavirus: Tracing COVID-19-Infected Airline Passengers Isn’t Easy” (Airline News, 2020) <https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/airline-news/2020/09/18/coronavirus-tracing-covid-19-infected-airline-passengers-isnt-easy/3477412001/> accessed 10 April 2020

Circulation Letter No. 17 of 2022 on Overseas Travel Health Protoco during the Covid-19 Pandemic.

In Favor Of An Immigration Data Protection Law In Indonesia And Its Utilization For Contact Tracing

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