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Abstract
This research is developed from the author's findings of ambiguity in recent philosophical aspects of the application of Islamic law in Indonesia. Accordingly, it is crucial to immediately reform the ijtihad of Islamic law in Indonesia, because the practice is no longer in line with maqâshid al-syarî'ah and the principles of Islamic law. This can be seen from the emergence of civil disobedience toward Islamic law fatwas issued by fatwa institutions in IndonesiaThe purpose of this study is to find answers to the problems specified in the formulation of the problem. This research is a descriptive-normative research or library research that uses content analysis of the data obtained. In addition to using a conceptual approach, this study also uses a maqashidi approach (Maqâshid-Based Ijtihad) to answer the problem studied. The results of this study are: First, there is philosophical confusion regarding the application of Islamic law in Indonesia which includes ontological, epistemological, and axiological confusion. Second, maqâshid al-syarî'ah known as al-ushûl al-khamsah includes the maintenance of religion (hifz al-dn), life (hifz al-nafs), lineage (hifz al-nasab), mind (hifz al-aql), and property (hifz al-mȃl), as the dharûriyyah, hȃjiyyah and tahsȋniyyah level. Meanwhile maqâshid al-'ammah includes the following universal maqâshid principles; nature (al-fiṭroh), tolerance (al-samâhah), benefit (al-maslahah), equality (al-musâwah), and freedom (hurriyâh). Third, reformulation of Islamic law in Indonesia with the maqâshid al-syarî'ah approach can be achieved through two constructs, namely the integration of legal texts with al-ushûl al-khamsah and integration of legal texts with maqâshid al-syarî'ah al-'ammah.
Keywords: maqâshid al-syari'ah, reformulation, Islamic law, maslahah, justice
Konstruksi Ijtihad Hukum Islam Berdasarkan Pendekatan Maqâshid Al-Syarî'Ah Dalam Konteks Indonesia
Abstrak
Penelitian ini dikembangkan dari temuan penulis tentang ambiguitas aspek filosofis penerapan hukum Islam di Indonesia belakangan ini. Sejalan dengan itu, sangat penting untuk segera mereformasi ijtihad hukum Islam di Indonesia, karena praktiknya sudah tidak sejalan lagi dengan maqâshid al-syarî'ah dan prinsip-prinsip hukum Islam. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari munculnya pembangkangan sipil terhadap fatwa hukum Islam yang dikeluarkan oleh lembaga fatwa di Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan jawaban atas permasalahan yang dirumuskan dalam rumusan masalah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif-normatif atau penelitian kepustakaan yang menggunakan analisis isi terhadap data yang diperoleh. Selain menggunakan pendekatan konseptual, penelitian ini juga menggunakan pendekatan maqashidi (Ijtihad Berbasis Maqâshid) untuk menjawab permasalahan yang diteliti. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: Pertama, adanya kerancuan filosofis penerapan hukum Islam di Indonesia yang meliputi kerancuan ontologis, epistemologis, dan aksiologis. Kedua, maqâshid al-syarî'ah yang dikenal dengan al-ushûl al-khamsah meliputi pemeliharaan agama (hifz al-dn), jiwa (hifz al-nafs), keturunan (hifz al-nasab), akal (hifz al-aql). ), dan harta (hifz al-mȃl), sebagai tingkatan dharûriyyah, hȃjiyyah dan tahsȋniyyah. Sedangkan maqâshid al-'ammah meliputi prinsip-prinsip maqâshid universal berikut ini; alam (al-fiṭroh), toleransi (al-samâhah), manfaat (al-maslahah), persamaan (al-musâwah), dan kebebasan (hurriyâh). Ketiga, reformulasi hukum Islam di Indonesia dengan pendekatan maqâshid al-syarî'ah dapat dicapai melalui dua konstruksi, yaitu integrasi teks hukum dengan al-ushûl al-khamsah dan integrasi teks hukum dengan maqâshid al-syarî'ah al -'ammah.
Kata Kunci: maqâshid al-syari'ah, reformulasi, hukum Islam, maslahah, keadilan
Keywords
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References
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References
Al-Ghazȃlȋ and Muhammad bin Muhammad Abu Hamid, Al-Mustasfa min ‘ilmi al-ushûl (Dȃr al-Kitȃb al-Ilmiyyah).
Al-Qardhawi Y, Al-Khasha’ish al-Ammah li al-Islam (Dar al-Ma’rifah).
______, Dirasah fi Fiqih Maqâshid Syari’ah: Baina al-Maqâshid al-Kulliyyah wa an-Nushush al-Juz’iyyah (Dar as-Syuruq, 2006).
______, Taisîr al-Fiqh al-Muslim al-Mu‟âshirah fî Dhau‟ al-Qur‟ân wa al-Sunnah (Maktabah Wahbah, 1420 H).
______, Taysir al-Fiqh li al-Muslim al-Mu’ashirah (Maktabah Wahbah, 1420 H).
Al-Raisuni A, Al-Fikr al-Maqashidi Qawa'iduhu wa Fawa'iduhu (Mathba'ah al-Najah, 1999).
Al-Salȃm and Izz al-Dȋn ibn Abd, Qawȃ’id al-Ahkȃm Fȋ Masȃlih al-Anȃm (Dȃr al-Qalam, 1400 H).
Al-Syahrastani, Al-Milal wa al-Nihal (Dar al-Fikr).
Al-Syathibi AI, Al-Muwafaqat fi Ushul al-Ahkam. Volume 2 (Dar al-Fikr, 1995).
______ and Abu Ishaq, Al-Muwafaqat fi Ushul al-Ahkam (Dar al-Fikr, 1995).
Atar F, Fikih Usulu (Marmara University Press, 2013).
Auda J, Maqashid al-syariah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A System Approach (IIIT, 2008).
Audah J, Al-Ijtihad al-Maqashidi (Syabkah al-Arabiyyah, 2011).
______, Membumikan Hukum Islam Melalui Maqashid Syariah: Pendekatan Sistem (Mizan, 2015).
Bin Umar US, Maqâshid al-syarî'ah 'inda al-Imam al-Izzuddin Ibn Abd al-Salam (Dar al-Nafa'is, 2003).
Dahlan M, Abdullah Ahmad An-Naim: Epistemologi Hukum Islam (Pustaka Pelajar, 2009).
Effendi S, Problematika Hukum Keluarga Islam Kontemporer (Kencana, 2004).
Ghanayim MN, Qawa’id al-Maqâshidiyah ‘inda al-Thahir ibn Asyur (Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation, 2013).
Ibn ‘Âshûr MT, Maqȃshid al-Sharî’ah al-Islȃmiyyah.
Ibn Abd al-Salȃm ID, Qawȃ’id al-Ahkȃm Fȋ Masȃlih al-Anȃm (Dȃr al-Qalam, 1400 H).
Ibn Âsyûr MT, Maqȃshid al-Syarî’ah al-Islȃmiyyah (al-Shirkah al Tuniziyyah li al-tawzi’).
______, Maqashid al-Syariah al-Islamiyah (Syirkah al-Tunisiyah li al-Tawzi').
Ibn Nujaim ZAIB, Al-Ashbah wa al-Nadha'ir 'ala Mazhab Abi Hanifah al-Nu'man (Dar al-Kutub al-Alamiyah).
Kahraman A, Fikih Usulu (Ragbet Yayinlari, 2014).
Kamali MH, “Goals and Purposes Maqasid Al-Shariah Methodological Perspectives” in Muna Tatari Idris Nessery, Rumee Ahmed (eds.), The Objectives of Islamic Law the Promises and Challenges of the Maqasid Al-Sharia (London: Lexington Books 2018).
Mawardi AI, Maqasid Syariah Dalam Pembaharuan Fiqh Pernikahan di Indonesia (Pustaka Raja, 2018).
Rahman H, Maqasid al-Syariah: Dinamika, Epistemologi, dan Aspek Pemikiran Ushuli Empat Mazhab (Setara Press, 2019).
Riyanto A and others, Pengantar Filsafat (UMM Press, 2004).
Wiramihardja S, Pengantar Filsafat (PT Refika Aditarma 2006).
Yazid A, Nalar dan Wahyu: Interrelasi Dalam Proses Pembentukan Syariah (Erlangga, 2007).
Zaid M. Al-Maslahah fi al-Tasyri’ al-Islami wa Najm al-Din al-Thufi (Dar al-Fikr, 1964).
Zuhaili W, Fiqh al-Islam wa Adilatuhu. Volume 4 (Dar al-Fikr, 1989).
Andriyani F, ‘Implementasi Hukum Waris Islam Pada Tokoh Muhammadiyah’ (2013) 1 Journal Ulumuddin.
Tohari C, ‘Fatwa Ulama tentang Hukum Nikah Misyar Perspektif Maqasid Shari'ah’ (2013) 12 Journal of al-Tahrir Volume 207.
______, ‘Pembaharuan Konsep maqâshid al-syarî'ah Dalam Pemikiran Muhammad Thahir Ibn Asyur’ (2017) 13 Journal of Maslahah 1.
Hosen N, ‘Awliya’ <https://luk.staff.ugm.ac.id/kmi/isnet/Nadirsyah/awliya/isi.html> accessed on January 9, 2022.
DSN-MUI Fatwa No.4/DSN-MUI/IV/2000 on Murabahah Contracts in the Application of Property Rights.
Hosen M, ‘Prinsip keadilan dalam putusan pengadilan agama mataram nomor 0508/pdt.g/2016/pa.mtr. Tentang penyelesaian sengketa akad murabahah Menurut hukum ekonomi syariah’ Theses Research at the University of Muhammadiyah Surabaya (2018).