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Abstract
The right to a nationality is an essential human right. The importance of having a nationality lies in the fact that it is a necessary condition for the protection and enjoyment of certain basic human rights. Consequently, the failure to fulfil the right of a child to get citizenship will have an impact on the fulfillment of their basic rights. This study explores the urgency of granting citizenship status for the statelessness of international refugee children born in Indonesia, and Indonesia’s responsibility to fulfill the right to a nationality for International Refugee children born in Indonesia under International Human Rights Law. This type of research is normative research using statutory and conceptual approaches. The results of this study indicate that, under international human rights law, everyone has the right to have citizenship and be recognized by their nationality from birth, including children born to refugees. Citizenship status in a person has become a practical prerequisite to be able to obtain respect, protection, and optimal fulfillment of human rights. Indonesian laws and regulations provide two approaches to obtaining citizenship status for refugee children born in Indonesia. The first solution is to prevent citizenship through positive law, and the second solution is to provide citizenship through naturalization. It is hoped that the Indonesian government will be proactive in fulfilling its obligation to provide Indonesian citizenship rights in refugee children’s best interests, and the Indonesian government is expected to ratify the 1954 and 1961 Refugee Conventions.
Keywords: Human Rights, Right to a Nationality, Citizenship, Stateless.
Mengundang Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia Internasional Untuk Mencegah Kewarganegaraan Terhadap Anak Pengungsi Internasional yang Lahir Di Indonesia
Abstrak
Hak atas kewarganegaraan adalah hak asasi manusia yang esensial. Pentingnya memiliki kewarganegaraan terletak pada kenyataan bahwa itu adalah syarat yang diperlukan untuk perlindungan dan penikmatan hak asasi manusia tertentu. Konsekuensinya, tidak terpenuhinya hak anak untuk mendapatkan kewarganegaraan akan berdampak pada pemenuhan hak dasarnya. Kajian ini mengeksplorasi urgensi pemberian status kewarganegaraan bagi anak pengungsi internasional yang lahir di Indonesia yang tidak berkewarganegaraan, dan tanggung jawab Indonesia untuk memenuhi hak kewarganegaraan bagi anak Pengungsi Internasional yang lahir di Indonesia berdasarkan Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia Internasional. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan statutoria dan konseptual. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa, berdasarkan hukum hak asasi manusia internasional, setiap orang berhak memiliki kewarganegaraan dan diakui kewarganegaraannya sejak lahir, termasuk anak yang lahir dari pengungsi. Status kewarganegaraan pada diri seseorang telah menjadi prasyarat praktis untuk dapat memperoleh penghormatan, perlindungan, dan pemenuhan hak asasi manusia secara optimal. Peraturan perundang-undangan Indonesia memberikan dua pendekatan untuk memperoleh status kewarganegaraan bagi anak-anak pengungsi yang lahir di Indonesia. Solusi pertama adalah mencegah kewarganegaraan melalui hukum positif, dan solusi kedua adalah memberikan kewarganegaraan melalui naturalisasi. Pemerintah Indonesia diharapkan proaktif dalam memenuhi kewajibannya untuk memberikan hak kewarganegaraan Indonesia untuk kepentingan terbaik bagi anak-anak pengungsi, dan pemerintah Indonesia diharapkan dapat meratifikasi Konvensi Pengungsi tahun 1954 dan 1961.
Kata kunci: Hak Asasi Manusia, Hak atas Kewarganegaraan, Kewarganegaraan, Tanpa Kewarganegaraan.
Keywords
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References
Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1990.
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966.
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1965.
Universal Declaration on Human Rights, 1948.
Vienna Declaration on Programs of Action, 1993.
Indonesian Constitution, 1945.
Law No. 12 of 2006 on Indonesian Citizenship.
Law No. 20 of 2003 on the National Education System.
Law No 12 of 2006 on Indonesian Citizenship.
Law No 24 of 2013 on the Amendment to Law No. 23 of 2006 on Population Administration.
Law No. 35 of 2014 on the Amendments to Law No. 23 of 2002 on Children Protection.
Law No. 6 of 2011 on Immigration.
Law No. 23 of 2002 on Child Protection.
Law No. 39 of 1999 on Human Rights.
Presidential Regulation No. 96 of 2018 on Requirements and Procedures for Population Registration and Civil Registration.
Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism (Schocken Books 2004).
Betts, Alexander, and Gill Loescher. Refugee in International Relations (Oxford University Press 2011).
Harijanti SD. Report on Citizenship Law: Indonesia (Robert Schuman Centre for Advance Studies 2017).
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Manan, B. Hukum Kewarganegaran Indonesia Dalam UU No. 12 Tahun (FH UII Press 2006).
Sakharina LK and Kadarudin. Pengantar Hukum Pengungsi Internasional (Perbedaan Istilah Pencari Suaka, Pengungsi Internasional Dan Pengungsi Dalam Negeri) (Deepublish 2017).
Butt S. “The Position of International Law within the Indonesian Legal System.” Emory International Law Review 28, no. 1 (2014).
Heriyanto DSN, Sefriani, and Tamas F, ‘No Choice but to Welcome Refugees: the Non-Refoulement Principle as Customary International Law’, 10 (1) Lentera Hukum (2023).
Huda N, Heriyanto DSN, and Wardhana AFG. ‘The Urgency of the Constitutional Preview of Law on the Ratification of International Treaty by the Constitutional Court in Indonesia’ (2021) 7 (9) Heliyon 1.
Missbach, Antje. Troubled Transit: Asylum Seekers Stuck in Indonesia. Singapore: ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute, 2015.
Nurmawati M and Suantra IN. 'The Arrangement of Dual Citizenship of the Indonesian Diaspora: A Legal and Human Rights Perspective'. 9 (3) Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (2020).
Owen D. 'On the Right to Have Nationality Rights: Statelessness, Citizenship and Human Rights' 65 (3) Netherlands International Law Review (2018).
Rokilah. 'Implikasi Kewarganegaraan Ganda Bagi Warga Negara Indonesia'. 1 (2) Journal Ajudikasi (2017).
Tan, Nikolas Feith. 'The Status of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Indonesia', 28 (3) International Journal of Refugee Law (2016).
Joniad JN. 'Pengungsi Asing Di Indonesia Selama Pandemi: Mereka Menolak Saya Dan Mengatakan Vaksin Hanya Untuk WNI' (BBC News Indonesia, 2021), <https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-58068808> accessed 2 April 2023.
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Taufan SA. 'Tanpa Akta Kelahiran, Anak Tidak Bisa Akses Semua Program Pemerintah' (Jawa Pos, 2022) <https://www.jawapos.com/nasional/28/03/2022/tanpa-akta-kelahiran-anak-tidak-bisa-akses-semua-program-pemerintah/> accessed 28 April 2023.
UNHCR. 'Conclusion on Children at Risk No. 107 (LVIII)' (Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme, 2007) <https://www.refworld.org/docid/471897232.html> accessed 4 May 2023.
_____. 'Indonesia Factsheet' (2021) <https://reporting.unhcr.org/document/858> accessed 19 March 2023.
_____. “Nationality and Statelessness: A Handbook for Parliamentarians Research and Analysis: Carol Batchelor and Philippe Leclerc.” UNHCR. https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Nationality/and/Statelessness.pdf p.8.
References
Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1990.
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966.
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1965.
Universal Declaration on Human Rights, 1948.
Vienna Declaration on Programs of Action, 1993.
Indonesian Constitution, 1945.
Law No. 12 of 2006 on Indonesian Citizenship.
Law No. 20 of 2003 on the National Education System.
Law No 12 of 2006 on Indonesian Citizenship.
Law No 24 of 2013 on the Amendment to Law No. 23 of 2006 on Population Administration.
Law No. 35 of 2014 on the Amendments to Law No. 23 of 2002 on Children Protection.
Law No. 6 of 2011 on Immigration.
Law No. 23 of 2002 on Child Protection.
Law No. 39 of 1999 on Human Rights.
Presidential Regulation No. 96 of 2018 on Requirements and Procedures for Population Registration and Civil Registration.
Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism (Schocken Books 2004).
Betts, Alexander, and Gill Loescher. Refugee in International Relations (Oxford University Press 2011).
Harijanti SD. Report on Citizenship Law: Indonesia (Robert Schuman Centre for Advance Studies 2017).
Kansil, C.S.T. Hukum Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia (Sinar Grafika 1992).
Manan, B. Hukum Kewarganegaran Indonesia Dalam UU No. 12 Tahun (FH UII Press 2006).
Sakharina LK and Kadarudin. Pengantar Hukum Pengungsi Internasional (Perbedaan Istilah Pencari Suaka, Pengungsi Internasional Dan Pengungsi Dalam Negeri) (Deepublish 2017).
Butt S. “The Position of International Law within the Indonesian Legal System.” Emory International Law Review 28, no. 1 (2014).
Heriyanto DSN, Sefriani, and Tamas F, ‘No Choice but to Welcome Refugees: the Non-Refoulement Principle as Customary International Law’, 10 (1) Lentera Hukum (2023).
Huda N, Heriyanto DSN, and Wardhana AFG. ‘The Urgency of the Constitutional Preview of Law on the Ratification of International Treaty by the Constitutional Court in Indonesia’ (2021) 7 (9) Heliyon 1.
Missbach, Antje. Troubled Transit: Asylum Seekers Stuck in Indonesia. Singapore: ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute, 2015.
Nurmawati M and Suantra IN. 'The Arrangement of Dual Citizenship of the Indonesian Diaspora: A Legal and Human Rights Perspective'. 9 (3) Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (2020).
Owen D. 'On the Right to Have Nationality Rights: Statelessness, Citizenship and Human Rights' 65 (3) Netherlands International Law Review (2018).
Rokilah. 'Implikasi Kewarganegaraan Ganda Bagi Warga Negara Indonesia'. 1 (2) Journal Ajudikasi (2017).
Tan, Nikolas Feith. 'The Status of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Indonesia', 28 (3) International Journal of Refugee Law (2016).
Joniad JN. 'Pengungsi Asing Di Indonesia Selama Pandemi: Mereka Menolak Saya Dan Mengatakan Vaksin Hanya Untuk WNI' (BBC News Indonesia, 2021), <https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-58068808> accessed 2 April 2023.
Maulana V. 'Pengungsi Tidak Diperbolehkan Bekerja' (Sindonews, 2019) <https://international.sindonews.com/berita/1418654/40/soal-pengungsi-tidak-diperbolehkan-bekerja-ini-kata-kemlu> accessed 25 April 2023.
Suastha RD. 'Perkara Status Hambat Pemenuhan Hak Pengungsi Rohingya Di RI' (CNN Indonesia, 2016) https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20161205204330-106-177559/perkara-status-hambat-pemenuhan-hak-pengungsi-rohingya-di-ri accessed 1 April 2023.
Taufan SA. 'Tanpa Akta Kelahiran, Anak Tidak Bisa Akses Semua Program Pemerintah' (Jawa Pos, 2022) <https://www.jawapos.com/nasional/28/03/2022/tanpa-akta-kelahiran-anak-tidak-bisa-akses-semua-program-pemerintah/> accessed 28 April 2023.
UNHCR. 'Conclusion on Children at Risk No. 107 (LVIII)' (Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme, 2007) <https://www.refworld.org/docid/471897232.html> accessed 4 May 2023.
_____. 'Indonesia Factsheet' (2021) <https://reporting.unhcr.org/document/858> accessed 19 March 2023.
_____. “Nationality and Statelessness: A Handbook for Parliamentarians Research and Analysis: Carol Batchelor and Philippe Leclerc.” UNHCR. https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Nationality/and/Statelessness.pdf p.8.