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Abstract
Flight cancellations lead to passenger inconvenience and financial loss, as pre-purchased plane tickets are rendered null and void. The primary objective of this research is to examine whether flight cancellations by airlines, impacting passengers as consumers, constitute a breach of contract or not. This research also identified the legal responsibilities of airlines as business entities in such scenarios. Several research questions were proposed. The first issue is whether flight cancellations by airlines for passengers as consumers represent a breach of contract?; Second, we examined the legal responsibilities of airlines towards passengers as consumers when flights are canceled. Finally, we approached the legal responsibility of airlines for cancelled flights from a prophetic law perspective. In this normative research, a statutory approach was used to analyze the legal framework on the issue. This research regarded secondary data collected through library research, including primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. This research concludes that airline flight cancellations constitute a breach of contract from the perspective of passengers as consumers under Indonesian law. Besides that, two primary forms of legal responsibilities for airlines in cases of flight cancellations were identified. Airlines can either rebook affected passengers on the next available flight or refund the full ticket price previously paid by the passenger in cash and non-cash compensation. Moreover, those legal responsibilities imposed on the airlines are known in Islamic law with the ‘daman’ concept and in line with prophetic law pillars.
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Itmam, M. Shohibul. Positivisasi Hukum Islam Di Indonesia. Ponorogo: STAIN Po PRESS, 2015.
Kučko, Magdalena. “The Right to Double Compensation Where the Re-Routed Flight Suffers A Long Delay – Upholding High Standards Of Eu Consumer Protection.” Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 28, no. 1 (2021): 143–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X20984635.
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Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection (n.d.).
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Montolalu, Kristania, Jemmy Sondakh, and Boby Pinasang. “Tanggung Jawab Pelaku Usaha Terhadap Konsumen Tentang Kesalahan Pengiriman Pesanan Makanan Melalui Aplikasi Gojek.” Lex Administratum 11, no. 4 (May 2023): 1–10.
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Nasruloh, Ade Riyan. “Tinjauan Hukum Islam Terhadap Penyelesaian Wanprestasi Perjanjian Sewa Mobil Di Nugraha Trans Sleman.” Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2018. https://dspace.uii.ac.id/handle/123456789/10291.
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Ozali, Imam, Muhammad Fadli, and Euis Saribanon. “Analisis Perubahan Sistem Refund Tiket Pesawat Terhadap Minat Beli Pelanggan Maskapai Garuda Indonesia.” Jurnal Sosial Dan Teknologi 2, no. 8 (August 15, 2022): 705–10. https://doi.org/10.59188/jurnalsostech.v2i8.395.
Pavliha, Marko. Transport Law on Passenger Rights. 1st ed. London: Routledge, 2021. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003182504.
Piovesani, Ennio. “The Response to the Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Contracts for the Carriage of Passengers by Air and Package Travel in the German and Italian Law Systems.” ELTE Law Journal, no. 2 (2021): 49–68. https://doi.org/10.54148/ELTELJ.2021.2.49.
Poniman. “AirAsia Membatalkan Penerbangan Sepihak Pada Saat Keberangkatan.” Media Konsumen, August 15, 2022. https://mediakonsumen.com/2022/08/15/surat-pembaca/airasia-membatalkan-penerbangan-sepihak-pada-saat-keberangkatan.
Pramono, Nindyo. Hukum Komersial. 1st ed. Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka, 2003.
Rahayu, Dwi, Dendy Djumadil Akhir, Tri Oktiadi Umbara, Amri Destriani Hasnan, Rezi Niti Utami, and Jauhari Jauhari. “Perlindungan Konsumen Bagi Penundaan (Delay) Dalam Penerbangan.” Consensus 2, no. 2 (November 17, 2023): 65–76. https://doi.org/10.46839/consensus.v2i1.44.
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Rahmad, Asmuni A. Ilmu Fiqh 3. Jakarta: Direktorat Pemberdayaan Wakaf direktorat Jendral Bimbingan Masyarakat Islam, 2007.
Ratnawati, Elfrida. “The Impacts of Government Policy on Covid-19 to Airlines Liability: A Case Study in Indonesia.” Jambura Law Review 3, no. 1 (December 21, 2020): 72–92. https://doi.org/10.33756/jlr.v3i1.7227.
Regulation of the Minister of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 89 of 2015 on Handling of Flight Delays (Delay Management) in Scheduled Commercial Air Transport Business Entities in Indonesia (n.d.).
Ridiyan, Weny, Lita Tyestas Alw, and Anggita Doramia Lumbanraja. “Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pengguna Jasa Penerbangan Atas Keterlambatan Angkutan Penerbangan.” Notarius 13, no. 1 (May 2, 2020): 277–87. https://doi.org/10.14710/nts.v13i1.30397.
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Shihab, Muhammad Quraish. Tafsir Al-Mishbah Volume 1 : Pesan, Kesan Dan Keserasian Al-Qur’an. 1st ed. 1. Jakarta: Lentera Hati, 2012.
Subekti. Pokok-Pokok Hukum Perdata. Jakarta: Intermasa, 1994.
Supeno. Dasar-Dasar Hukum Perikatan: Hukum Perjanjian Pada Umumnya, Perjanjian Dalam Perspektif Hukum Internasional, Dan Perjanjian Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam. Jambi: Salim Media Indonesia, 2019.
Supreme Court Regulation No. 2 of 2008 on Compilation of Sharia Economic Law (n.d.).
Syamsudin, M., ed. Ilmu Hukum Profetik: Gagasan Awal, Landasan Kefilsafatan, Dan Kemungkinan Pengembangannya Di Era Postmodern. 1st ed. Yogyakarta: Pusat Studi Hukum (PSH) FH UII kerja sama dengan FH UII Press, 2013.
Tileagă, Cosmin, and Oana Oprișan. “Flights Delay Compensation 261/2004: A Challenge for Airline Companies?” In Organizations and Performance in a Complex World, edited by Ramona Orăștean, Claudia Ogrean, and Silvia Cristina Mărginean, 335–44. Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50676-6_27.
Yahanan, Annalisa, Febrian Febrian, and Rohani Abdul Rahim. “The Protection of Consumer Rights for Aviation Safety and Security in Indonesia and Malaysia.” Sriwijaya Law Review 1, no. 1 (January 30, 2017): 027. https://doi.org/10.28946/slrev.Vol1.Iss1.7.pp027-043.
Yuliana, Tora. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Penumpang Pesawat Atas Keterlambatan Penerbangan (Flight Delayed).” Disiplin : Majalah Civitas Akademika Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum Sumpah Pemuda 28, no. 2 (June 24, 2022): 99–108. https://doi.org/10.46839/disiplin.v28i2.78.
References
Absori. Pemikiran Hukum Profetik: Ragam Paradigma Menuju Hukum Berketuhanan. Ruas Media, 2018. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1BiJzwEACAAJ.
Adati, Medika Andarika, Marnan A T Mokorimban, and Laurens L S Hermanus. “Wanprestasi Dalam Perjanjian Yang Dapat Di Pidana Menurut Pasal 378 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana.” Lex Privatum 6, no. 4 (June 2018): 5–15.
Admin Radar Sorong. “Pembatalan Sepihak, Penumpang Air Asia Kecewa.” Radar Sorong, October 28, 2022. https://www.radarsorong.id/2022/10/pembatalan-sepihak-penumpang-air-asia-kecewa.
Aljufri, Muhamad Rizal, Godlieb N Mamahit, and Meiske T Sondakh. “Tanggungjawab Para Pihak Dalam Perjanjian Pengangkutan Barang Melalui Laut.” Lex Privatum 8, no. 2 (April 2020): 116–25.
Anwar, Syamsul. Hukum Perjanjian Syariah: Studi Tentang Teori Akad Dalam Fikih Muamalat. 1st ed. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2010.
Aprita, Serlika, and Atika Ismail. Hukum Dagang. 1st ed. Vol. 1. Jakarta: Kencana, 2023.
Apsaridewi, Komang Indra. “Tindakan Hukum Penyelamatan Kredit Bermasalah Pada Bank.” Kertha Wicaksana: Sarana Komunikasi Dosen dan Mahasiswa 17, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 59–73. https://doi.org/10.22225/kw.17.1.2023.59-73.
Berlianty, Teng, and Yosia Hethari. Hukum Perikatan. Klaten: Lakeisha, 2023.
Dewi, Ni Made Trisna. “Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Penumpang Pesawat Udara Jika Terjadi Keterlambatan Jadwal Penerbangan Menurut Undang - Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2009 Tentang Penerbangan.” Kertha Wicaksana 15, no. 2 (July 21, 2021): 122–29. https://doi.org/10.22225/kw.15.2.2021.122-129.
Gnutzmann, Hinnerk, and Piotr Śpiewanowski. “Can Consumer Rights Improve On-Time Performance? Evidence From European Air Passenger Rights.” Transport Policy 136 (June 2023): 155–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2023.03.017.
Hipp, Claudia. “The Enforcement of Air Passenger Rights: An Analysis and Comparison of Claims Management Companies and Recently Established Conciliation Bodies.” In Eurasian Business Perspectives, edited by Mehmet Huseyin Bilgin, Hakan Danis, Ender Demir, and Ugur Can, 10/1:341–53. Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11872-3_22.
Indonesian Civil Code (n.d.).
Instruction of Dewan Syariah Nasional-Majelis Ulama Indonesia No. 129/DSN-MUI/VII/2019 on Real Costs as Ta’widh Due to Breach of Contract’ (n.d.).
Itmam, M. Shohibul. Positivisasi Hukum Islam Di Indonesia. Ponorogo: STAIN Po PRESS, 2015.
Kučko, Magdalena. “The Right to Double Compensation Where the Re-Routed Flight Suffers A Long Delay – Upholding High Standards Of Eu Consumer Protection.” Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 28, no. 1 (2021): 143–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X20984635.
Kuntowijoyo. Islam Sebagai Ilmu: Epistemologi, Metodologi, Dan Etika. 1st ed. Jakarta : Ujung Berung, Bandung: Teraju, 2004.
Law No. 1 of 2009 on Aviation (n.d.).
Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection (n.d.).
Matippanna, Ampera. Tanggung Jawab Hukum Pelayanan Medis Dalam Praktek Kedokteran. 1st ed. Ponorogo: Uwais Inspirasi indonesia, 2019.
Miharja, Jaya. “Konsep Ganti Rugi Perspektif Hukum Islam.” Muamalat: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Ekonomi Syariah 8, no. 2 (December 2016): 133–55. https://doi.org/10.20414/mu.v8i2.1997.
Montolalu, Kristania, Jemmy Sondakh, and Boby Pinasang. “Tanggung Jawab Pelaku Usaha Terhadap Konsumen Tentang Kesalahan Pengiriman Pesanan Makanan Melalui Aplikasi Gojek.” Lex Administratum 11, no. 4 (May 2023): 1–10.
Mufidah, and Abu Tamrin. “Pengembangan Ilmu Hukum Profetik Sebagai Model Integrasi Keilmuan Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum di PTKIN.” Salam: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i 9, no. 2 (April 4, 2022): 503–20. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v9i2.25539.
Mulian, Cendono. “Kerugian Immateriil Tak Terperinci di Gugatan Tak Dapat Dikabulkan Hakim,” February 23, 2023. https://www.antvklik.com/berita/581287-kerugian-immateriil-tak-terperinci-di-gugatan-tak-dapat-dikabulkan-hakim.
Munawaroh, Nafiatul. “Ini Aturan Kompensasi Pembatalan Penerbangan oleh Maskapai.” hukumonline.com, February 17, 2023. https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/kompensasi-pembatalan-penerbangan-lt4e6e56a7b9e82.
Nasruloh, Ade Riyan. “Tinjauan Hukum Islam Terhadap Penyelesaian Wanprestasi Perjanjian Sewa Mobil Di Nugraha Trans Sleman.” Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2018. https://dspace.uii.ac.id/handle/123456789/10291.
Nurdianto, Fauzan Thariq. “Pembayaran Ganti Rugi Oleh Debitur Kepada Kreditur Akibat Wanprestasi Dalam Perjanjian Berdasarkan Pasal 1236 Kuhperdata.” Lex Et Societatis 6, no. 7 (September 2018): 58–65. https://doi.org/10.35796/les.v6i7.21605.
Ozali, Imam, Muhammad Fadli, and Euis Saribanon. “Analisis Perubahan Sistem Refund Tiket Pesawat Terhadap Minat Beli Pelanggan Maskapai Garuda Indonesia.” Jurnal Sosial Dan Teknologi 2, no. 8 (August 15, 2022): 705–10. https://doi.org/10.59188/jurnalsostech.v2i8.395.
Pavliha, Marko. Transport Law on Passenger Rights. 1st ed. London: Routledge, 2021. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003182504.
Piovesani, Ennio. “The Response to the Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Contracts for the Carriage of Passengers by Air and Package Travel in the German and Italian Law Systems.” ELTE Law Journal, no. 2 (2021): 49–68. https://doi.org/10.54148/ELTELJ.2021.2.49.
Poniman. “AirAsia Membatalkan Penerbangan Sepihak Pada Saat Keberangkatan.” Media Konsumen, August 15, 2022. https://mediakonsumen.com/2022/08/15/surat-pembaca/airasia-membatalkan-penerbangan-sepihak-pada-saat-keberangkatan.
Pramono, Nindyo. Hukum Komersial. 1st ed. Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka, 2003.
Rahayu, Dwi, Dendy Djumadil Akhir, Tri Oktiadi Umbara, Amri Destriani Hasnan, Rezi Niti Utami, and Jauhari Jauhari. “Perlindungan Konsumen Bagi Penundaan (Delay) Dalam Penerbangan.” Consensus 2, no. 2 (November 17, 2023): 65–76. https://doi.org/10.46839/consensus.v2i1.44.
Rahayu, Isnar Rifka Ari, and Muhammad Idris. “Daftar Nama Maskapai Penerbangan Di Indonesia.” money.kompas.com, December 30, 2021. https://money.kompas.com/read/2021/12/30/154240326/daftar-nama-maskapai-penerbangan-di-indonesia?page=all#google_vignette.
Rahmad, Asmuni A. Ilmu Fiqh 3. Jakarta: Direktorat Pemberdayaan Wakaf direktorat Jendral Bimbingan Masyarakat Islam, 2007.
Ratnawati, Elfrida. “The Impacts of Government Policy on Covid-19 to Airlines Liability: A Case Study in Indonesia.” Jambura Law Review 3, no. 1 (December 21, 2020): 72–92. https://doi.org/10.33756/jlr.v3i1.7227.
Regulation of the Minister of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 89 of 2015 on Handling of Flight Delays (Delay Management) in Scheduled Commercial Air Transport Business Entities in Indonesia (n.d.).
Ridiyan, Weny, Lita Tyestas Alw, and Anggita Doramia Lumbanraja. “Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pengguna Jasa Penerbangan Atas Keterlambatan Angkutan Penerbangan.” Notarius 13, no. 1 (May 2, 2020): 277–87. https://doi.org/10.14710/nts.v13i1.30397.
Shidarta. “Keterlambatan Dan Pembatalan Penerbangan.” usiness-law.binus.ac.id, January 19, 2018. https://business-law.binus.ac.id/2018/01/19/keterlambatan-dan-pembatalan-penerbangan/.
Shihab, Muhammad Quraish. Tafsir Al-Mishbah Volume 1 : Pesan, Kesan Dan Keserasian Al-Qur’an. 1st ed. 1. Jakarta: Lentera Hati, 2012.
Subekti. Pokok-Pokok Hukum Perdata. Jakarta: Intermasa, 1994.
Supeno. Dasar-Dasar Hukum Perikatan: Hukum Perjanjian Pada Umumnya, Perjanjian Dalam Perspektif Hukum Internasional, Dan Perjanjian Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam. Jambi: Salim Media Indonesia, 2019.
Supreme Court Regulation No. 2 of 2008 on Compilation of Sharia Economic Law (n.d.).
Syamsudin, M., ed. Ilmu Hukum Profetik: Gagasan Awal, Landasan Kefilsafatan, Dan Kemungkinan Pengembangannya Di Era Postmodern. 1st ed. Yogyakarta: Pusat Studi Hukum (PSH) FH UII kerja sama dengan FH UII Press, 2013.
Tileagă, Cosmin, and Oana Oprișan. “Flights Delay Compensation 261/2004: A Challenge for Airline Companies?” In Organizations and Performance in a Complex World, edited by Ramona Orăștean, Claudia Ogrean, and Silvia Cristina Mărginean, 335–44. Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50676-6_27.
Yahanan, Annalisa, Febrian Febrian, and Rohani Abdul Rahim. “The Protection of Consumer Rights for Aviation Safety and Security in Indonesia and Malaysia.” Sriwijaya Law Review 1, no. 1 (January 30, 2017): 027. https://doi.org/10.28946/slrev.Vol1.Iss1.7.pp027-043.
Yuliana, Tora. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Penumpang Pesawat Atas Keterlambatan Penerbangan (Flight Delayed).” Disiplin : Majalah Civitas Akademika Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum Sumpah Pemuda 28, no. 2 (June 24, 2022): 99–108. https://doi.org/10.46839/disiplin.v28i2.78.