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Abstract
This research examines the legal protections available to Indonesian citizens who are victims of human trafficking in Myanmar, focusing on the alignment of Indonesia's domestic laws with international standards. Specifically, it scrutinizes the harmonization of legal protection for witnesses and victims of human trafficking under Act Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of the Crime of Trafficking in Persons with the protocols established by United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, particularly its supplement, the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women, and Children. The study adopts a legal research methodology using a comparative law approach to analyze domestic and international legal frameworks. It investigates how well Act Number 21 of 2007 integrates the provisions of the UNTOC, noting areas of strong alignment and aspects that require further enhancement. The research finds that while Act Number 21 of 2007 is largely in sync with the UNTOC, it falls short in incorporating specific provisions for the special needs of trafficking victims, such as psychological support, housing, and rehabilitation services. The findings highlight significant steps taken by the Indonesian government to protect its citizens from human trafficking but also underscore the need for a more comprehensive approach that includes provisions for the unique needs of victims. The study advocates for amendments to the national legislation to fill these gaps and suggests a more robust framework for international cooperation to combat human trafficking in the region effectively.
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Copyright (c) 2024 Vania Azalia, Mahfud Fahrazi, Trinas Dewi Hariyana
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References
Abdullah, Rahmat Hi. “Tinjauan Viktimologis terhadap Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang (Human Trafficking).” Jurnal Yustika: Media Hukum dan Keadilan 22, no. 01 (30 Oktober 2019): 55–63. https://doi.org/10.24123/yustika.v22i01.1958.
Bales, Kevin. “What Predicts Human Trafficking?” International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 31, no. 2 (September 2007): 269–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2007.9678771.
Bearup, Luke S. “Reintegration as an Emerging Vision of Justice for Victims of Human Trafficking.” International Migration 54, no. 4 (Agustus 2016): 164–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12248.
Boister, Neil. An Introduction to Transnational Criminal Law. 1 ed. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Cholidah, Duflitama Astesa, dan Intan Khoirun Nisa. “Social Reintegration of Victims of Human Trafficking in Indonesia.” KnE Social Sciences, 5 Januari 2024. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v8i21.14817.
Farhana. Aspek Hukum Perdagangan Orang di Indonesia. 1 ed. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2010.
Gallagher, Anne T. The International Law of Human Trafficking. 1 ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. www.cambridge.org/9781107624559.
Ghosh, Bimal. The 2018 Global Migration Compact: A Major Breakthrough or an Opportunity Lost or Both? Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82863-9.
Gupta, Pallavi. “Transnational Human Trafficking: An Unsolved Issue.” International Journal of Political Activism and Engagement 6, no. 2 (1 April 2019): 30–41. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJPAE.2019040103.
Hadjon, Philipus M. Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Rakyat di Indonesia: Sebuah Studi tentang Prinsip-Prinsipnya, Penanganannya oleh Pengadilan dalam Lingkungan Peradilan Umum dan Pembentukan Peradilan Administrasi. Surabaya: Peradaban, 2007.
Haprifanyuna, Zeleta Feba, Mohammad Iqbal, dan Raditya Pandya Kusuma. “Penanggulangan Orang Asing yang Menjadi Korban Perdagangan Orang dan Penyeludupan Manusia di Bidang Keimigrasian.” Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 21, no. 3 (11 Oktober 2021): 1011–20. https://doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v21i3.1684.
Hennebry, Hari KC Jenna L., dan Rosemary Kimani Dupius. Linkages Between Trafficking, Smuggling, Labour and Migration Policy Regimes: Socioeconomic Implications for Women Migrant Workers. Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2024. https://mena.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl686/files/documents/2024-08/pub2024-010-el-linkages-between-trafficking.pdf.
Hopper, Elizabeth K. “The Multimodal Social Ecological (MSE) Approach: A Trauma-Informed Framework for Supporting Trafficking Survivors’ Psychosocial Health.” Dalam Human Trafficking Is a Public Health Issue, disunting oleh Makini Chisolm-Straker dan Hanni Stoklosa, 153–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47824-1_10.
Hyland, Kelly E. “Protecting Human Victims of Trafficking: An American Framework.” Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice 16, no. 1 (September 2001): 29. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z387H1DK9S.
International Labour Organization, Walk Free Foundation, dan International Organization for Migration, ed. Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage. 1 ed. Geneva: International Labour Office (ILO), Walk Free, and International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2022. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@ipec/documents/publication/wcms_854733.pdf.
International Organization for Migration. “Counter-Trafficking,” t.t. https://www.iom.int/counter-trafficking.
“Interpol,” 2009. https://www.interpol.int/Public/THB.
Kaye, Mike. The Migration-Trafficking Nexus: Combating Trafficking through the Protection of Migrants’ Human Rights. Disunting oleh Anti-Slavery International. London: Anti-Slavery Internat, 2003. https://www.antislavery.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/the_migration_trafficking_nexus_2003.pdf.
Kemenko PMK. “Pemerintah Kuatkan Sosialisasi dan Edukasi Untuk Cegah Korban Kejahatan Perdagangan Orang,” 18 Juli 2023. https://www.kemenkopmk.go.id/pemerintah-kuatkan-sosialisasi-dan-edukasi-untuk-cegah-korban-kejahatan-perdagangan-orang.
Kuang, Yue. “Globalization of Media: Impacts and Implications in a Connected World.” Global Media Journal 22, no. 70 (2024): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.36648/1550-7521.22.70.448.
Leffler, Melvyn P. “National Security.” The Journal of American History 77, no. 1 (Juni 1990): 143. https://doi.org/10.2307/2078646.
Mahmoud, Toman Omar, dan Christoph Trebesch. “The Economics of Human Trafficking and Labour Migration: Micro-Evidence from Eastern Europe.” Journal of Comparative Economics 38, no. 2 (Juni 2010): 173–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2010.02.001.
Méndez, Mónica. “Globalization and Human Trafficking.” Dalam International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 206–12. Elsevier, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.64131-4.
Muladi, dan Barda Nawawi. Teori-Teori dan Kebijakan Pidana. 4 ed. Bandung: Alumni, 2010.
Namy, Sophie, Catherine Carlson, Kelsey Morgan, Violet Nkwanzi, dan Jessica Neese. “Healing and Resilience After Trauma (HaRT) Yoga: Programming with Survivors of Human Trafficking in Uganda.” Journal of Social Work Practice 36, no. 1 (2 Januari 2022): 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650533.2021.1934819.
Passas, Nikos. “Cross-Border Crime and the Interface between Legal and Illegal Actors.” Security Journal 16, no. 1 (Januari 2003): 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.sj.8340123.
Peulić, Duško. “Human Trafficking: A Threat to State Security and Human Security.” БЕЗБЈЕДНОСТ ПОЛИЦИЈА ГРАЂАНИ 8, no. 1–2 (5 Januari 2018). https://doi.org/10.7251/BPG1701069P.
Putri, Asri Qhornelis. “Tanggung Jawab Badan Hukum pada Tindak Pidana Human Trafficking berdasarkan United Nation Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime terhadap Negara Indonesia dan Malaysia.” Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Ilmu Hukum 10, no. 1 (Januari 2023): 1–15.
Rani, Amalia, dan Anak Agung Ngurah Wirasila. “Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Konsumen Akibat Persaingan Curang.” Kertha Semaya: Journal Ilmu Hukum 4, no. 1 (2016). https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/kerthasemaya/article/view/13377.
Raymond, Janice G. “The New UN Trafficking Protocol.” Women’s Studies International Forum 25, no. 5 (September 2002): 491–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-5395(02)00320-5.
Sahetapy, Gabrielle Valentia Putri, Efie Baadila, dan Josina Augusthina Yvonne Wattimena. “Pertanggung Jawaban Hukum Pelaku Trafficking in Person Berdasarkan Hukum Internasional di Indonesia.” Sanisa: Jurnal Kreativitas Mahasiswa Hukum 2, no. 1 (April 2022): 32–43.
Segrave, Marie. “Order at the Border: The Repatriation of Victims of Trafficking.” Women’s Studies International Forum 32, no. 4 (Juli 2009): 251–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2009.05.006.
Shelley, Louise. Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective. 1 ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511760433.
Silvia, Evi Masrifatin. “Upaya Penanggulangan Kasus Perdagangan dan Penyelundupan Manusia Sebagai Kejahatan Transnasional Terorganisir.” Inicio Legis 1, no. 1 (12 Oktober 2020): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.21107/il.v1i1.8821.
Sinaulan, JH. “Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Warga Masyarakat.” Ideas: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial dan Budaya 4, no. 1 (Februari 2018): 79–84.
Taran, Patrick A. “Human Rights of Migrants: Challenges of the New Decade.” International Migration 38, no. 6 (Januari 2001): 7–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00141.
Todres, Jonathan. “Law, Otherness, and Human Trafficking.” Santa Clara Law Review 49, no. 3 (2009): 605–70.
Undang-undang No. 21 Tahun 2007 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang (t.t.).
United Nations. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (2000).
———. United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, Pub. L. No. 55/25 (2000).
Wagner, Johann. “The European Union’s Model of Integrated Border Management: Preventing Transnational Threats, Cross-Border Crime and Irregular Migration in the Context of the EU’s Security Policies and Strategies.” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 59, no. 4 (2 Oktober 2021): 424–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2021.1999650.
Wheaton, Elizabeth M., Edward J. Schauer, dan Thomas V. Galli. “Economics of Human Trafficking.” International Migration 48, no. 4 (Agustus 2010): 114–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00592.x.
References
Abdullah, Rahmat Hi. “Tinjauan Viktimologis terhadap Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang (Human Trafficking).” Jurnal Yustika: Media Hukum dan Keadilan 22, no. 01 (30 Oktober 2019): 55–63. https://doi.org/10.24123/yustika.v22i01.1958.
Bales, Kevin. “What Predicts Human Trafficking?” International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 31, no. 2 (September 2007): 269–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2007.9678771.
Bearup, Luke S. “Reintegration as an Emerging Vision of Justice for Victims of Human Trafficking.” International Migration 54, no. 4 (Agustus 2016): 164–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12248.
Boister, Neil. An Introduction to Transnational Criminal Law. 1 ed. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Cholidah, Duflitama Astesa, dan Intan Khoirun Nisa. “Social Reintegration of Victims of Human Trafficking in Indonesia.” KnE Social Sciences, 5 Januari 2024. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v8i21.14817.
Farhana. Aspek Hukum Perdagangan Orang di Indonesia. 1 ed. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2010.
Gallagher, Anne T. The International Law of Human Trafficking. 1 ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. www.cambridge.org/9781107624559.
Ghosh, Bimal. The 2018 Global Migration Compact: A Major Breakthrough or an Opportunity Lost or Both? Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82863-9.
Gupta, Pallavi. “Transnational Human Trafficking: An Unsolved Issue.” International Journal of Political Activism and Engagement 6, no. 2 (1 April 2019): 30–41. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJPAE.2019040103.
Hadjon, Philipus M. Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Rakyat di Indonesia: Sebuah Studi tentang Prinsip-Prinsipnya, Penanganannya oleh Pengadilan dalam Lingkungan Peradilan Umum dan Pembentukan Peradilan Administrasi. Surabaya: Peradaban, 2007.
Haprifanyuna, Zeleta Feba, Mohammad Iqbal, dan Raditya Pandya Kusuma. “Penanggulangan Orang Asing yang Menjadi Korban Perdagangan Orang dan Penyeludupan Manusia di Bidang Keimigrasian.” Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 21, no. 3 (11 Oktober 2021): 1011–20. https://doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v21i3.1684.
Hennebry, Hari KC Jenna L., dan Rosemary Kimani Dupius. Linkages Between Trafficking, Smuggling, Labour and Migration Policy Regimes: Socioeconomic Implications for Women Migrant Workers. Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2024. https://mena.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl686/files/documents/2024-08/pub2024-010-el-linkages-between-trafficking.pdf.
Hopper, Elizabeth K. “The Multimodal Social Ecological (MSE) Approach: A Trauma-Informed Framework for Supporting Trafficking Survivors’ Psychosocial Health.” Dalam Human Trafficking Is a Public Health Issue, disunting oleh Makini Chisolm-Straker dan Hanni Stoklosa, 153–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47824-1_10.
Hyland, Kelly E. “Protecting Human Victims of Trafficking: An American Framework.” Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice 16, no. 1 (September 2001): 29. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z387H1DK9S.
International Labour Organization, Walk Free Foundation, dan International Organization for Migration, ed. Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage. 1 ed. Geneva: International Labour Office (ILO), Walk Free, and International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2022. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@ipec/documents/publication/wcms_854733.pdf.
International Organization for Migration. “Counter-Trafficking,” t.t. https://www.iom.int/counter-trafficking.
“Interpol,” 2009. https://www.interpol.int/Public/THB.
Kaye, Mike. The Migration-Trafficking Nexus: Combating Trafficking through the Protection of Migrants’ Human Rights. Disunting oleh Anti-Slavery International. London: Anti-Slavery Internat, 2003. https://www.antislavery.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/the_migration_trafficking_nexus_2003.pdf.
Kemenko PMK. “Pemerintah Kuatkan Sosialisasi dan Edukasi Untuk Cegah Korban Kejahatan Perdagangan Orang,” 18 Juli 2023. https://www.kemenkopmk.go.id/pemerintah-kuatkan-sosialisasi-dan-edukasi-untuk-cegah-korban-kejahatan-perdagangan-orang.
Kuang, Yue. “Globalization of Media: Impacts and Implications in a Connected World.” Global Media Journal 22, no. 70 (2024): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.36648/1550-7521.22.70.448.
Leffler, Melvyn P. “National Security.” The Journal of American History 77, no. 1 (Juni 1990): 143. https://doi.org/10.2307/2078646.
Mahmoud, Toman Omar, dan Christoph Trebesch. “The Economics of Human Trafficking and Labour Migration: Micro-Evidence from Eastern Europe.” Journal of Comparative Economics 38, no. 2 (Juni 2010): 173–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2010.02.001.
Méndez, Mónica. “Globalization and Human Trafficking.” Dalam International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 206–12. Elsevier, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.64131-4.
Muladi, dan Barda Nawawi. Teori-Teori dan Kebijakan Pidana. 4 ed. Bandung: Alumni, 2010.
Namy, Sophie, Catherine Carlson, Kelsey Morgan, Violet Nkwanzi, dan Jessica Neese. “Healing and Resilience After Trauma (HaRT) Yoga: Programming with Survivors of Human Trafficking in Uganda.” Journal of Social Work Practice 36, no. 1 (2 Januari 2022): 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650533.2021.1934819.
Passas, Nikos. “Cross-Border Crime and the Interface between Legal and Illegal Actors.” Security Journal 16, no. 1 (Januari 2003): 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.sj.8340123.
Peulić, Duško. “Human Trafficking: A Threat to State Security and Human Security.” БЕЗБЈЕДНОСТ ПОЛИЦИЈА ГРАЂАНИ 8, no. 1–2 (5 Januari 2018). https://doi.org/10.7251/BPG1701069P.
Putri, Asri Qhornelis. “Tanggung Jawab Badan Hukum pada Tindak Pidana Human Trafficking berdasarkan United Nation Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime terhadap Negara Indonesia dan Malaysia.” Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Ilmu Hukum 10, no. 1 (Januari 2023): 1–15.
Rani, Amalia, dan Anak Agung Ngurah Wirasila. “Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Konsumen Akibat Persaingan Curang.” Kertha Semaya: Journal Ilmu Hukum 4, no. 1 (2016). https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/kerthasemaya/article/view/13377.
Raymond, Janice G. “The New UN Trafficking Protocol.” Women’s Studies International Forum 25, no. 5 (September 2002): 491–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-5395(02)00320-5.
Sahetapy, Gabrielle Valentia Putri, Efie Baadila, dan Josina Augusthina Yvonne Wattimena. “Pertanggung Jawaban Hukum Pelaku Trafficking in Person Berdasarkan Hukum Internasional di Indonesia.” Sanisa: Jurnal Kreativitas Mahasiswa Hukum 2, no. 1 (April 2022): 32–43.
Segrave, Marie. “Order at the Border: The Repatriation of Victims of Trafficking.” Women’s Studies International Forum 32, no. 4 (Juli 2009): 251–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2009.05.006.
Shelley, Louise. Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective. 1 ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511760433.
Silvia, Evi Masrifatin. “Upaya Penanggulangan Kasus Perdagangan dan Penyelundupan Manusia Sebagai Kejahatan Transnasional Terorganisir.” Inicio Legis 1, no. 1 (12 Oktober 2020): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.21107/il.v1i1.8821.
Sinaulan, JH. “Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Warga Masyarakat.” Ideas: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial dan Budaya 4, no. 1 (Februari 2018): 79–84.
Taran, Patrick A. “Human Rights of Migrants: Challenges of the New Decade.” International Migration 38, no. 6 (Januari 2001): 7–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00141.
Todres, Jonathan. “Law, Otherness, and Human Trafficking.” Santa Clara Law Review 49, no. 3 (2009): 605–70.
Undang-undang No. 21 Tahun 2007 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang (t.t.).
United Nations. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (2000).
———. United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, Pub. L. No. 55/25 (2000).
Wagner, Johann. “The European Union’s Model of Integrated Border Management: Preventing Transnational Threats, Cross-Border Crime and Irregular Migration in the Context of the EU’s Security Policies and Strategies.” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 59, no. 4 (2 Oktober 2021): 424–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2021.1999650.
Wheaton, Elizabeth M., Edward J. Schauer, dan Thomas V. Galli. “Economics of Human Trafficking.” International Migration 48, no. 4 (Agustus 2010): 114–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00592.x.