Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to analyze the disparity in judicial interpretations and the application of legal progressivism in marriage dispensation decisions at the Muara Bulian Religious Court. This study seeks to explore how judges construct legal reasoning when faced with applications for underage marriage dispensation and whether their decisions reflect consistency or divergence in applying child protection principles.
Methods - This study employs a socio-legal approach with qualitative methods. Data were obtained from case decisions, field observations, and interviews with judges at the Muara Bulian Religious Court. The data were analyzed thematically to identify patterns of judicial interpretation and the extent of progressivism in the rulings’ content.
Findings - The results reveal a disparity in judges’ interpretations, particularly regarding the use of progressive legal reasoning. Some judges strictly adhere to statutory provisions, while others accommodate sociocultural considerations and parental requests, resulting in inconsistent outcomes. Although progressive legal theory provides opportunities for child protection, in practice, dispensations are often granted, thereby reinforcing early marriage practices instead of preventing them.
Contribution/Limitation of Research: This study contributes to the discourse on judicial discretion and progressive legal thought in the context of family law adjudication. However, it is limited to the Muara Bulian Religious Court; thus, its findings cannot be generalized to all religious courts in Indonesia.
Originality/Value - This study highlights the tension between statutory child protection norms and judicial discretion in marriage dispensation cases. It offers a critical socio-legal perspective on how progressivism is interpreted and practiced at the local courts.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2025 Ardian Kurniawan, Dedi Sumanto, Ana Ramadhona, Hendri. K

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References
Afif Khalid. (2014). Penafsiran Hukum, Hakim, Sistem Peradilan di Indonesia. Penafsiran Hukum, 6(11).
Al Arif, M. Y. (2019). Penegakan Hukum dalam Perspektif Hukum Progresif. Undang: Jurnal Hukum, 2(1), 169–192. https://doi.org/10.22437/ujh.2.1.169-192
Al Hasan, F. A., & Yusup, D. K. (2021). DISPENSASI KAWIN DALAM SISTEM HUKUM INDONESIA: Menjamin Kepentingan Terbaik Anak melalui Putusan Hakim. Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2021.14107
Alexy, R. (2021). Gustav Radbruch’s Concept of Law. Law’s Ideal Dimension, 26(1946), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796831.003.0008
Anggreni, D., Notobroto, H. B., & Soedirham, O. (2023). Determinants factors of early marriage in developing countries: a literature review. Journal of Public Health in Africa, 14(S2). https://doi.org/10.4081/jphia.2023.2543
Aulia, M. Z. (2018). Hukum Progresif dari Satjipto Rahardjo. Undang: Jurnal Hukum, 1(1), 159–185. https://doi.org/10.22437/ujh.1.1.159-185
Bappenas. (2020). Strategi Nasional Pencegahan Perkawinan Anak. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 53(9), xi–78.
Budiono, A., & Izziyana, wafda vivid. (2014). Theistic Legal Realism ( Suatu Pilihan Radikal bagi Pengembangan Hukum ). Jurnal Theistic Legal Realism, VI.
Bukido, R., Haris, C., Rosyadi, M. A. R., & Suleman, Z. (2023). Reception of Marriage Age Limit in Marriage Law in Indonesia. Samarah, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v7i1.15245
Bukido, R., Harun, N., Alwi, M., & Kamaru, F. F. (2023). Muslim Society’s Response to the New Rule of Marriage Age. Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v8i1.5521
Chroust, A.-H. (1944). The Philosophy of Law of Gustav Radbruch. The Philosophical Review, 53(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.2307/2181218
Chusnida, N. L., & Anggriawan, T. P. (2022). Dispensation of Marriage in The Perspective of Children’s Rights: Best Interest of The Children. Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure, 22(3). https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2022.v22.295-310
Dakhoir, A., & Sa’adah, S. L. (2023). Meta-Juridical Analysis on the Legal Arguments beyond Changes in Indonesian’s Marriage Age Rule. Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v18i1.7162
Fadhli, A., & Warman, A. B. (2021). ‘Alasan Khawatir’ Pada Penetapan Hukum Dispensasi Kawin Di Pengadilan Agama Batusangkar ‘Reasons for Concern’ on Marriage Dispensation Decisions in Batusangkar Religious Court. Al-Ahwal, 14(2).
Gani, B. A., Eriyanti, N., & Ramadhani, P. (2021). Pedoman Hakim Dalam Mengadili Permohonan Perkara Dispensasi Kawin Menurut PERMA No. 5 Tahun 2019 (Analisis Putusan Mahkamah Syar’iyah Banda Aceh Nomor Perkara 5/Pdt.P/2021/Ms.Bna). El-Hadhanah : Indonesian Journal Of Family Law And Islamic Law, 1(2).
Islamiyati, I. (2018). Kritik Filsafat Hukum Positivisme Sebagai Upaya Mewujudkan Hukum Yang Berkeadilan. Law, Development and Justice Review, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.14710/ldjr.v1i1.3574
Isman, I. (2020). LEGAL REASONING COMPARATIVE MODEL OF ASY SYATIBI AND GUSTAV RADBRUCH. Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari’ah Dan Masyarakat, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.19109/nurani.v20i1.6089
Karima, A., Rahma, N. L., Kasdi, A., & Nubahai, L. (2023). Kepentingan Terbaik Anak Pemohon Dispensasi Pernikahan Dalam Penafsiran Hukum Oleh Hakim. Al-Syakhsiyyah: Journal of Law & Family Studies, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.21154/syakhsiyyah.v5i2.7082
Karlsson, G. V. (2014). The legal philosophy of Ronald Dworkin 1977. February, 1–63. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3668&context=theses
Kurniawan, M. B., & Refiasari, D. (2022). Penafsiran Makna “Alasan Sangat Mendesak” Dalam Penolakan Permohonan Dispensasi Kawin. Jurnal Yudisial, 15(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.29123/jy.v15i1.508
Maimunah, M., Helim, A., Aina, N., & Adawiyah, R. (2021). Juridical and Sociological Considerations of Judges in Granting Marriage Dispensation after Enactment Law No. 16 Of 2019. Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir’ah, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.30984/jis.v19i2.1460
Marilang, M. (2017). Menimbang Paradigma Keadilan Hukum Progresif. Jurnal Konstitusi, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1424
Mursyid, S., & Yusuf, N. (2022). Changes in Marriage Age Limits and Marriage Dispensations: A Study of Causes and Impacts on the Religious Courts in North Sulawesi. Samarah, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v6i2.12439
Muzayyanah Dini Fajriyah, I., Marhamah, S., & Anggriani, S. (2023). The Pitfall of Child Marriage Dispensation: A Study of Court Judgments in East Java. The Indonesian Journal of Socio-Legal Studies, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.54828/ijsls.2023v2n2.5
Nasution, K., & Nasution, S. (2021). Implementation of Indonesian Islamic Family Law To Guarantee Children’S Rights. Al-Jami’ah, 59(2), 347–374. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2021.592.347-374
Nawawi, M. A., Sulastri, Edi, R. N., & Setiawan, A. (2022). Harmonization of Islam and human rights: judges’ legal arguments in rejecting child marriage dispensation in Sukadana, Indonesia. Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v22i1.117-133
Norhasanah, N. (2019). DISPENSASI KAWIN DI BAWAH UMUR (ANALISIS PUTUSAN MK NO.74?PUU-XII/2014 UJI MATERIIL PASAL 7 AYAT 2 UU PERKAWINAN). El-Mashlahah, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.23971/el-mas.v8i1.1092
Purnomo, A., & Rohmatulloh, D. M. (2022). LEGAL SYSTEM THEORY PERSPECTIVE ON CHILD MARRIAGE IN INDONESIA AFTER AMENDMENT TO THE MARRIAGE LAW. ULUL ALBAB Jurnal Studi Islam, 23(2). https://doi.org/10.18860/ua.v23i2.17426
Putri, Kania Dewi Andhika & Arifin, R. (2018). Tinjauan Teoritis Keadilan Dan Kepastian Dalam Hukum Di Indonesia. Mimbar Yustitia, 2(2).
Putri, D., & Santika, V. (2022). Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Innovation on Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences (ICOSI-HESS 2022). In Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Innovation on Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences (ICOSI-HESS 2022). Atlantis Press SARL. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-65-7
Radbruch, G. (2020). Law’s image of the human. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 40(4), 667–681. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqaa026
Rahardjo, S. (2009). Hukum Progresif. Yogyakarta Genta Press.
Rahmawati, M., & Nuraeni, H. A. (2021). Peran Dispensasi Kawin dalam Peningkatan Angka Pernikahan Dini di Wilayah Kotamadya Jakarta Barat. Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v6i1.1578
Riwanto, A. (2018). Mewujudkan Hukum Berkeadilan Secara Progresif Perspektif Pancasila. Al-Ahkam Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah Dan Hukum, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.22515/alahkam.v2i2.1068
Rizki, D., Oktalita, F., & Sodiqin, A. (2022). Maqasid Sharia Perspective in Changes the Marriage Age Limits for Women According to Law Number 16 of 2019. Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v7i2.4016
Rohmawati, R., & Rofiq, A. (2021). Legal reasonings of religious court judges in deciding the origin of children: a study on the protection of biological children’s civil rights. Ijtihad : Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v21i1.1-20
Rosih oci, V. P. R. (2023). Analisis Dikabulkannya Dispensasi Perkawinan Pada Anak Di Bawah Umur Ditinjau Perma Nomor 5 Tahun 2019 Tentang Dispensasi Perkawinan (Studi Kasus Putusan Hakim Di Pengadilan Agama Tasikmalaya). Bandung Conference Series: Islamic Family Law. https://doi.org/10.29313/bcsifl.vi.7749
Sarip, Fitriana, D., Syarifudin, A., Romdoni, A., & Multahibun. (2022). Legal Dialectics: Age Limits for Marriage and Political Rights in Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum Novelty, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.26555/novelty.v13i1.a19018
Schoolmedia News. (2023). Indonesia Peringkat Empat Kasus Kawin Anak di Dunia, 25,52 Juta Anak Menikah Usia Dini. https://news.schoolmedia.id/lipsus/Indonesia-Peringkat-Empat-Kasus-Kawin-Anak-di-Dunia-2552-Juta-Anak-Menikah-Usia-Dini-3898
Suadi, A., & Candra, M. (2022). PREVENTION OF CHILD MARRIAGE IN INDONESIA BASED ON SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 57(6). https://doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.57.6.79
Sumaya, P. S. (2018). Relevansi Penerapan Teori Hukum Dalam Penegakan Hukum Guna Mewujudkan Nilai Keadilan Sosial. Jurnal Hukum Responsif FH UNPAB, 6(6).
Supraptiningsih, U. (2021). Pro and cons contestation on the increase of marriage age in Indonesia. Samarah, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i1.9136
Susanti, R. D. I. (2015). Penafsiran Hukum Yang Komprehensif Berbasis Lingkar Hermeneutika (Cet. 1). IPHILS (Indonesian Philosophical Studies).
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