Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper investigates English pre-service teachers' perceptions of a project-based learning (PjBL) class exhibition as the output of a Multiculturalism in Language Learning (MLL) course. Employing a qualitative approach, this study analysed student reflections written specifically those related to the PjBL class exhibition. The data analysis was conducted using thematic analysis. The findings are categorized into three main themes: Valuable Experiences and Educational Benefits, Skill Development, and Engagement, Innovation, and Improvement. A limitation of this study is its reliance solely on student written reflections, without supplementary data from interviews. Therefore, for future research, it is recommended that interview sessions be incorporated to further elaborate on students' narratives. The findings of this study implies that reflection is an essential and integral component of the learning assessment process through project-based learning. Accordingly, the implementation of effective reflection mechanisms should be a key focus for teachers.
Keywords
Article Details
References
- Bennett Power A. Thomson C. Mason B. & Bartleet B.-L., D. (2016). Reflection for learning, learning for reflection: Developing Indigenous competencies in higher education. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 13(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.53761/1.13.2.7
- Blumenfeld Fishman B. J. Krajcik J. Marx R. W. & Soloway E., P. (2000). Creating usable innovations in systemic reform: Scaling up technology-embedded project-based science in urban schools. Educational Psychologist, 35(3), 149–164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3503_2
- Boud Keogh R. & Walker D., D. (1985). Reflection: Turning experience into learning. Routledge.
- Braun & Clarke V., V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Clarkeburn & Kettula K., H. (2012). Fairness and using reflective journals in assessment. Teaching in Higher Education, 17(4), 439–452. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2011.641000
- De Walt & Barker N., P. S. (2020). Pedagogical intersectionality: Exploring content, technology, and student-centered learning through a problem-based/project-based approach. Educational Media International, 57(1), 29–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2020.1744847
- DeFillippi, R. J. (2001). Introduction: Project-based learning, reflective practices and learning. Management Learning, 32(1), 5–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507601321001
- Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. Macmillan.
- Du Lundberg A. Ayari M. A. Naji K. K. & Hawari A., X. (2022). Examining engineering students’ perceptions of learner agency enactment in problem‐ and project‐based learning using Q methodology. Journal of Engineering Education, 111(1), 111–136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jee.20430
- Duke Halvorsen A.-L. Strachan S. L. Kim J. & Konstantopoulos S., N. K. (2021). Putting PjBL to the test: The impact of project-based learning on second graders’ social studies and literacy learning and motivation in low-SES school settings. American Educational Research Journal, 58(1), 160–200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831220929638
- Edström & Kolmos A., K. (2014). PBL and CDIO: Complementary models for engineering education development. European Journal of Engineering Education, 39(5), 539–555. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2014.895703
- Evita & Aisyah S., F. (2025). Strategi manajemen pameran desain grafis berbasis project-based learning pada mata kuliah desain media dan pamer pajang. Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Business (RIGGS), 4(1), 902–911.
- Fahlevi, M. R. (2024). Analisis penerapan project-based learning dengan metode pameran dalam mata kuliah statistik. Journal of Mathematics Learning Innovation (JMLI), 3(2), 29–45. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35905/jmlipare.v3i1
- Høyrup, S. (2004). Reflection as a core process in organisational learning. Journal of Workplace Learning, 16(8), 442–454. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620410566414
- Kokotsaki Menzies V. & Wiggins A., D. (2016). Project-based learning: A review of the literature. Improving Schools, 19(3), 267–277. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1365480216659733
- Kolodner Camp P. J. Crismond D. et al., J. L. (2003). Problem-based learning meets case-based reasoning in the middle-school science classroom: Putting Learning by DesignTM into practice. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 12(4), 495–547.
- Krajcik & Blumenfeld P. C., J. S. (2005). Project-based learning. The Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511816833.020
- Lau, K. (2013). Evaluating the effectiveness of an out-of-class reflection component in a technical English course by tracing participants’ perceptual changes. Reflective Practice, 14(6), 691–704. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2013.810620
- Lave & Wenger E., J. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge University Press.
- Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Jossey-Bass.
- Mezirow, J. (1996). Contemporary paradigms of learning. Adult Education Quarterly, 46(3), 158–172. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/074171369604600303
- Miranda Saiz-Linares Á. Da Costa A. & Castro J., M. (2020). Active, experiential and reflective training in civil engineering: Evaluation of a project-based learning proposal. European Journal of Engineering Education, 45(6), 937–956. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2020.1785400
- Moon, J. A. (2013). Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory and practice. Routledge.
- Murtonen Aldahdouh T. Z. Vilppu H. Thi Thu Trang N. Riekkinen J. & Vermunt J. D., M. (2024). Importance of regulation and the quality of teacher learning in student-centred teaching. Teacher Development, 28(4), 534–552. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530.2024.2318329
- Pardede & Rahmawaty D., R. M. (2022). Implementasi pameran seni berbasis project-based learning. Jurnal Desain - Kajian Penelitian Bidang Desain, 2(2), 370–375.
- Pretorius & Ford A., L. (2016). Reflection for learning: Teaching reflective practice at the beginning of university study. Teaching in Higher Education, 21(2), 241–253.
- Scheidegger, A. R. (2020). Incorporating reflective writing into criminal justice courses. Reflective Practice, 21(1), 122–131. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2020.1712196
- Sung, C. C. M. (2025). Students’ reflections on their learning in a digital research project: The case of an integrated skills approach to project-based learning in higher education. Reflective Practice, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2025.2504223
- Suprayogi & Pranoto B. E., S. (2020). The implementation of a virtual exhibition project in English for tourism class for university students. Academic Journal PERSPECTIVE: Language, Education and Literature, 8(2), 87–97. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33603/perspective.v8i2.4210
- Thomas, J. W. (2000). A review of research on project-based learning. https://doi.org/http://www.bobpearlman.org/BestPractices/PBL_Research.pdf
- Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
- Ward & Duda G., K. (2014). The role of student reflection in project-based learning physics courses. 2014 Physics Education Research Conference Proceedings, 263–266.
- Yamada, H. (2021). An implementation of project‐based learning in an EFL context: Japanese students’ and teachers’ perceptions regarding team learning. TESOL Journal, 12(1), e00519. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.519
- Yuliaristiawan Praherdhiono H. & Surahman E., E. D. (2025). Implementation of student-centered approach (SCA) with station rotation learning model to support 21st century learning. Dinasti International Journal of Education Management and Social Science, 6(4), 3173–3181.
- Žerovnik & Šerbeck N., A. (2021). Project-based learning in higher education. Technology supported active learning: Student-centered approaches.
- Zhang & Ma Y., L. (2023). A study of the impact of project-based learning on student learning effects: A meta-analysis study. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1202728. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1202728
References
Bennett Power A. Thomson C. Mason B. & Bartleet B.-L., D. (2016). Reflection for learning, learning for reflection: Developing Indigenous competencies in higher education. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 13(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.53761/1.13.2.7
Blumenfeld Fishman B. J. Krajcik J. Marx R. W. & Soloway E., P. (2000). Creating usable innovations in systemic reform: Scaling up technology-embedded project-based science in urban schools. Educational Psychologist, 35(3), 149–164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3503_2
Boud Keogh R. & Walker D., D. (1985). Reflection: Turning experience into learning. Routledge.
Braun & Clarke V., V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Clarkeburn & Kettula K., H. (2012). Fairness and using reflective journals in assessment. Teaching in Higher Education, 17(4), 439–452. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2011.641000
De Walt & Barker N., P. S. (2020). Pedagogical intersectionality: Exploring content, technology, and student-centered learning through a problem-based/project-based approach. Educational Media International, 57(1), 29–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2020.1744847
DeFillippi, R. J. (2001). Introduction: Project-based learning, reflective practices and learning. Management Learning, 32(1), 5–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507601321001
Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. Macmillan.
Du Lundberg A. Ayari M. A. Naji K. K. & Hawari A., X. (2022). Examining engineering students’ perceptions of learner agency enactment in problem‐ and project‐based learning using Q methodology. Journal of Engineering Education, 111(1), 111–136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jee.20430
Duke Halvorsen A.-L. Strachan S. L. Kim J. & Konstantopoulos S., N. K. (2021). Putting PjBL to the test: The impact of project-based learning on second graders’ social studies and literacy learning and motivation in low-SES school settings. American Educational Research Journal, 58(1), 160–200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831220929638
Edström & Kolmos A., K. (2014). PBL and CDIO: Complementary models for engineering education development. European Journal of Engineering Education, 39(5), 539–555. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2014.895703
Evita & Aisyah S., F. (2025). Strategi manajemen pameran desain grafis berbasis project-based learning pada mata kuliah desain media dan pamer pajang. Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Business (RIGGS), 4(1), 902–911.
Fahlevi, M. R. (2024). Analisis penerapan project-based learning dengan metode pameran dalam mata kuliah statistik. Journal of Mathematics Learning Innovation (JMLI), 3(2), 29–45. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35905/jmlipare.v3i1
Høyrup, S. (2004). Reflection as a core process in organisational learning. Journal of Workplace Learning, 16(8), 442–454. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620410566414
Kokotsaki Menzies V. & Wiggins A., D. (2016). Project-based learning: A review of the literature. Improving Schools, 19(3), 267–277. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1365480216659733
Kolodner Camp P. J. Crismond D. et al., J. L. (2003). Problem-based learning meets case-based reasoning in the middle-school science classroom: Putting Learning by DesignTM into practice. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 12(4), 495–547.
Krajcik & Blumenfeld P. C., J. S. (2005). Project-based learning. The Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511816833.020
Lau, K. (2013). Evaluating the effectiveness of an out-of-class reflection component in a technical English course by tracing participants’ perceptual changes. Reflective Practice, 14(6), 691–704. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2013.810620
Lave & Wenger E., J. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge University Press.
Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Jossey-Bass.
Mezirow, J. (1996). Contemporary paradigms of learning. Adult Education Quarterly, 46(3), 158–172. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/074171369604600303
Miranda Saiz-Linares Á. Da Costa A. & Castro J., M. (2020). Active, experiential and reflective training in civil engineering: Evaluation of a project-based learning proposal. European Journal of Engineering Education, 45(6), 937–956. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2020.1785400
Moon, J. A. (2013). Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory and practice. Routledge.
Murtonen Aldahdouh T. Z. Vilppu H. Thi Thu Trang N. Riekkinen J. & Vermunt J. D., M. (2024). Importance of regulation and the quality of teacher learning in student-centred teaching. Teacher Development, 28(4), 534–552. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530.2024.2318329
Pardede & Rahmawaty D., R. M. (2022). Implementasi pameran seni berbasis project-based learning. Jurnal Desain - Kajian Penelitian Bidang Desain, 2(2), 370–375.
Pretorius & Ford A., L. (2016). Reflection for learning: Teaching reflective practice at the beginning of university study. Teaching in Higher Education, 21(2), 241–253.
Scheidegger, A. R. (2020). Incorporating reflective writing into criminal justice courses. Reflective Practice, 21(1), 122–131. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2020.1712196
Sung, C. C. M. (2025). Students’ reflections on their learning in a digital research project: The case of an integrated skills approach to project-based learning in higher education. Reflective Practice, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2025.2504223
Suprayogi & Pranoto B. E., S. (2020). The implementation of a virtual exhibition project in English for tourism class for university students. Academic Journal PERSPECTIVE: Language, Education and Literature, 8(2), 87–97. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33603/perspective.v8i2.4210
Thomas, J. W. (2000). A review of research on project-based learning. https://doi.org/http://www.bobpearlman.org/BestPractices/PBL_Research.pdf
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
Ward & Duda G., K. (2014). The role of student reflection in project-based learning physics courses. 2014 Physics Education Research Conference Proceedings, 263–266.
Yamada, H. (2021). An implementation of project‐based learning in an EFL context: Japanese students’ and teachers’ perceptions regarding team learning. TESOL Journal, 12(1), e00519. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.519
Yuliaristiawan Praherdhiono H. & Surahman E., E. D. (2025). Implementation of student-centered approach (SCA) with station rotation learning model to support 21st century learning. Dinasti International Journal of Education Management and Social Science, 6(4), 3173–3181.
Žerovnik & Šerbeck N., A. (2021). Project-based learning in higher education. Technology supported active learning: Student-centered approaches.
Zhang & Ma Y., L. (2023). A study of the impact of project-based learning on student learning effects: A meta-analysis study. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1202728. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1202728