Main Article Content
Abstract
Toxic masculinity speech is a negative communication expression rooted in a culture of masculinity and giving rise to social constructions of maleness. Although global studies on toxic masculinity have been immensely expanded, research emphasizing this practice on social media in Indonesia is still limited. This study analyzes expressions of toxic masculinity in Instagram user comments about Emil Mario, one of the account owners who is frequently in the spotlight and the target of toxic speech on the platform. The research corpus was compiled from 160 comments on 10 posts from January to June 2025 and analyzed using qualitative content analysis methods, employing thematic coding. The results identified five main themes: gender stereotypes, verbal aggression, physical objectification, dominance and control, and rejection of feminine behavior. The results also found the presence of prominent local pejorative terms, confirming the conclusion that expressions of toxic masculinity also reflect local cultural characteristics in the digital space.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2025 M. Subhqi Gorisha, Anang Hermawan, Dian Dwi Anisa

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
- Arti kata agresi—Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online. (n.d.). Retrieved July 31, 2025, from https://kbbi.web.id/agresi
- Beynon, J. (2002). Masculinities and culture. Open University.
- Connell, R. (2005). Masculinities (2. ed., [Nachdr.]). Univ. of California Pr.
- DataReportal.com. (2025). Digital 2025: Indonesia—DataReportal – Global digital insights. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2025-indonesia
- Ferber, A. L. (2000). Racial warriors and weekend warriors: The construction of masculinity in mythopoetic and white supremacist discourse. Men and Masculinities, 3(1), 30–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X00003001002
- Foster, J., & Baker, J. (2022). Muscles, makeup, and femboys: Analyzing TikTok’s “radical” masculinities. Social Media + Society, 8(3), 20563051221126040. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051221126040
- Ging, D. (2019). Alphas, Betas, and Incels: Theorizing the masculinities of the manosphere. Men and Masculinities, 22(4), 638–657. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X17706401
- Gray, H. (2021). The age of toxicity: The influence of gender roles and toxic masculinity in harmful heterosexual relationship behaviours. Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de La Jeunesse, 13(3), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.29173/cjfy29621
- Halizah, L. R., & Faralita, E. (2023). Budaya patriarki dan kesetaraan gender. 11(2337).
- Herdania, K., Faridah, N. E., Septiawan, H. F., Gistha, R., & Septiantoko, R. (2022). Paradigma budaya patriraki di Indonesia dalam perspektif sosial budaya terhadap laju pertumbuhan penduduk. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Sosial 8(1). https://doi.org/10.23887/jiis.v11i1.85429
- Herring, S. C., & Stoerger, S. (2014). Gender and (a)nonymity in computer‐mediated communication. In S. Ehrlich, M. Meyerhoff, & J. Holmes (Eds.), The handbook of language, gender, and sexuality (1st ed., pp. 567–586). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118584248.ch29
- Hidayah, S. N., & Gumelar, R. G. (2024). Self disclosure dan kebebasan berekspresi laki-laki feminin di media sosial dalam stereotipe gender. Jurnal Harkat : Media Komunikasi Gender, 20(2), 75–84.
- IBCWE. (2023, December 24). Survei maskulinitas beracun. https://ibcwe.id/id/survei-maskulinitas-toksik/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
- Kiesling, S. (2007). Men, masculinities, and language. Language and Linguistics Compass, 1(6), 658. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00035.x
- Kupers, T. A. (2005). Toxic masculinity as a barrier to mental health treatment in prison. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 713–724. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20105
- Manafe, J. S., Ataupah, J. M., & Nahak, H. M. I. (2024). Menelaah lavender marriage: Pengaruh sosial dan konstruksi identitas dalam konteks heteronormatif. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora,3(1).
- Mbukut, A. (2024). Media Sosial dan orientasi diri generasi muda indonesia ditanjau dari pemikiran Yuval Noah Harari. Jurnal Filsafat Indonesia, 7(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.23887/jfi.v7i1.67571
- Novalina, M., Flegon, A. S., Valentino, B., & Gea, F. S. I. (2022). Kajian isu toxic masculinity di era digital dalam perspektif sosial dan teologi. Jurnal EFATA: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pelayanan, 8(1), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.47543/efata.v8i1.56
- Nussbaum, M. C. (1995). Objectification. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 24(4), 249–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1088-4963.1995.tb00032.x
- Parent, M. C., Gobble, T. D., & Rochlen, A. (2019). Social media behavior, toxic masculinity, and depression. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 20(3), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000156
- Rahmadhani, G. A., & Virianita, R. (2020). Pengaruh stereotip gender dan konflik peran gender laki-laki terhadap motivasi kerja pemuda desa putus sekolah. Jurnal Sains Komunikasi Dan Pengembangan Masyarakat [JSKPM], 4(2), 217–234. https://doi.org/10.29244/jskpm.4.2.217-234
- Salshadilla, I., & Ismandianto (2024). Representasi Toxic masculinity pada tokoh pria dalam film seperti dendam, rindu harus dibayar tuntas. Jurnal Komunikasiana: Journal of Communication Studies, 6(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/kjcs.v6i2.29675
- Rosida, I., Merdeka, P., Chaliza, A. N., Nisa, A. A., & Sodikin, M. (2022). Toxic masculinity in Michael Rohrbaugh’s American Male. LITERA, 21(1), 66–80. https://doi.org/10.21831/ltr.v21i1.39792
- Saputro, D. H., & Yuwarti, H. (2016). Representasi maskulinitas pria di media online. 1.
- Sari, D. P., Effendy, C., & Wartiningsih, A. (2019). Maskulinitas tokoh utama dalam kumpulan cerita pendek Nadira Karya Leila S. Chudori.
- Seravim, O., Kiling, I. Y., & Mage, M. Y. C. (2023). The impact of patriarchal culture on toxic masculinity in generation Z in East Nusa Tenggara. Journal of Health and Behavioral Science, 5(2), 277–296. https://doi.org/10.35508/jhbs.v5i2.10583
- Siagian, N. N. S. U. (2021). A portrayal of toxic masculinity in Thanos’s Avengers: Endgame. Litera Kultura: Journal of Literary and Cultural Studies, 9(2).
- Solikhin, F., & Hanjani, V. Pramudita. (2025). Melampaui maskulinitas tradisional: Pelabelan ‘boti’ pada laki-laki pengguna kosmetik. SABDA : Jurnal Kajian Kebudayaan, 20(1).
- Tanner, S., & Gillardin, F. (2025). Toxic communication on TikTok: Sigma masculinities and gendered disinformation. Social Media + Society, 11(1), 20563051251313844. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051251313844
- Utami, A. (2024, April 28). Emil Mario, si “Iseng Creator” yang berani dan inspiratif. POPBELA.com. https://www.popbela.com/career/inspiration/emil-mario-si-iseng-creator-yang-berani-dan-inspiratif-00-4ych3-nt4xvk
- Warren, A. (2024). The association between social media, toxic masculinity, and depression in young adult males [National Louis University]. https://digitalcommons.nl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/diss/article/1913/&path_info=1913WarrenA.pdf
- We Are Social (2025). Digital 2025—We Are Social Indonesia. https://wearesocial.com/id/blog/2025/02/digital-2025/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
- Whitehead, S. M. (2021). Toxic masculinity: Curing the virus: making men smarter, healthier, safer. AG Books.
References
Arti kata agresi—Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online. (n.d.). Retrieved July 31, 2025, from https://kbbi.web.id/agresi
Beynon, J. (2002). Masculinities and culture. Open University.
Connell, R. (2005). Masculinities (2. ed., [Nachdr.]). Univ. of California Pr.
DataReportal.com. (2025). Digital 2025: Indonesia—DataReportal – Global digital insights. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2025-indonesia
Ferber, A. L. (2000). Racial warriors and weekend warriors: The construction of masculinity in mythopoetic and white supremacist discourse. Men and Masculinities, 3(1), 30–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X00003001002
Foster, J., & Baker, J. (2022). Muscles, makeup, and femboys: Analyzing TikTok’s “radical” masculinities. Social Media + Society, 8(3), 20563051221126040. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051221126040
Ging, D. (2019). Alphas, Betas, and Incels: Theorizing the masculinities of the manosphere. Men and Masculinities, 22(4), 638–657. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X17706401
Gray, H. (2021). The age of toxicity: The influence of gender roles and toxic masculinity in harmful heterosexual relationship behaviours. Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de La Jeunesse, 13(3), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.29173/cjfy29621
Halizah, L. R., & Faralita, E. (2023). Budaya patriarki dan kesetaraan gender. 11(2337).
Herdania, K., Faridah, N. E., Septiawan, H. F., Gistha, R., & Septiantoko, R. (2022). Paradigma budaya patriraki di Indonesia dalam perspektif sosial budaya terhadap laju pertumbuhan penduduk. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Sosial 8(1). https://doi.org/10.23887/jiis.v11i1.85429
Herring, S. C., & Stoerger, S. (2014). Gender and (a)nonymity in computer‐mediated communication. In S. Ehrlich, M. Meyerhoff, & J. Holmes (Eds.), The handbook of language, gender, and sexuality (1st ed., pp. 567–586). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118584248.ch29
Hidayah, S. N., & Gumelar, R. G. (2024). Self disclosure dan kebebasan berekspresi laki-laki feminin di media sosial dalam stereotipe gender. Jurnal Harkat : Media Komunikasi Gender, 20(2), 75–84.
IBCWE. (2023, December 24). Survei maskulinitas beracun. https://ibcwe.id/id/survei-maskulinitas-toksik/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Kiesling, S. (2007). Men, masculinities, and language. Language and Linguistics Compass, 1(6), 658. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00035.x
Kupers, T. A. (2005). Toxic masculinity as a barrier to mental health treatment in prison. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 713–724. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20105
Manafe, J. S., Ataupah, J. M., & Nahak, H. M. I. (2024). Menelaah lavender marriage: Pengaruh sosial dan konstruksi identitas dalam konteks heteronormatif. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora,3(1).
Mbukut, A. (2024). Media Sosial dan orientasi diri generasi muda indonesia ditanjau dari pemikiran Yuval Noah Harari. Jurnal Filsafat Indonesia, 7(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.23887/jfi.v7i1.67571
Novalina, M., Flegon, A. S., Valentino, B., & Gea, F. S. I. (2022). Kajian isu toxic masculinity di era digital dalam perspektif sosial dan teologi. Jurnal EFATA: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pelayanan, 8(1), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.47543/efata.v8i1.56
Nussbaum, M. C. (1995). Objectification. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 24(4), 249–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1088-4963.1995.tb00032.x
Parent, M. C., Gobble, T. D., & Rochlen, A. (2019). Social media behavior, toxic masculinity, and depression. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 20(3), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000156
Rahmadhani, G. A., & Virianita, R. (2020). Pengaruh stereotip gender dan konflik peran gender laki-laki terhadap motivasi kerja pemuda desa putus sekolah. Jurnal Sains Komunikasi Dan Pengembangan Masyarakat [JSKPM], 4(2), 217–234. https://doi.org/10.29244/jskpm.4.2.217-234
Salshadilla, I., & Ismandianto (2024). Representasi Toxic masculinity pada tokoh pria dalam film seperti dendam, rindu harus dibayar tuntas. Jurnal Komunikasiana: Journal of Communication Studies, 6(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/kjcs.v6i2.29675
Rosida, I., Merdeka, P., Chaliza, A. N., Nisa, A. A., & Sodikin, M. (2022). Toxic masculinity in Michael Rohrbaugh’s American Male. LITERA, 21(1), 66–80. https://doi.org/10.21831/ltr.v21i1.39792
Saputro, D. H., & Yuwarti, H. (2016). Representasi maskulinitas pria di media online. 1.
Sari, D. P., Effendy, C., & Wartiningsih, A. (2019). Maskulinitas tokoh utama dalam kumpulan cerita pendek Nadira Karya Leila S. Chudori.
Seravim, O., Kiling, I. Y., & Mage, M. Y. C. (2023). The impact of patriarchal culture on toxic masculinity in generation Z in East Nusa Tenggara. Journal of Health and Behavioral Science, 5(2), 277–296. https://doi.org/10.35508/jhbs.v5i2.10583
Siagian, N. N. S. U. (2021). A portrayal of toxic masculinity in Thanos’s Avengers: Endgame. Litera Kultura: Journal of Literary and Cultural Studies, 9(2).
Solikhin, F., & Hanjani, V. Pramudita. (2025). Melampaui maskulinitas tradisional: Pelabelan ‘boti’ pada laki-laki pengguna kosmetik. SABDA : Jurnal Kajian Kebudayaan, 20(1).
Tanner, S., & Gillardin, F. (2025). Toxic communication on TikTok: Sigma masculinities and gendered disinformation. Social Media + Society, 11(1), 20563051251313844. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051251313844
Utami, A. (2024, April 28). Emil Mario, si “Iseng Creator” yang berani dan inspiratif. POPBELA.com. https://www.popbela.com/career/inspiration/emil-mario-si-iseng-creator-yang-berani-dan-inspiratif-00-4ych3-nt4xvk
Warren, A. (2024). The association between social media, toxic masculinity, and depression in young adult males [National Louis University]. https://digitalcommons.nl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/diss/article/1913/&path_info=1913WarrenA.pdf
We Are Social (2025). Digital 2025—We Are Social Indonesia. https://wearesocial.com/id/blog/2025/02/digital-2025/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Whitehead, S. M. (2021). Toxic masculinity: Curing the virus: making men smarter, healthier, safer. AG Books.